update

README.md

@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ So i tried to write a new interpreter to help them checking syntax error and eve
 I wrote the lexer, parser and runtime(nasal virtual machine/ast-runtime virtual machine) to help checking errors.
 
 They found it easier for them to check errors before copying nasal-codes in nasal-console in Flightgear to test.
+
+# How to Compile
+
+> g++ -std=c++11 main.cpp -o main.exe
   
 # Lexical Analysis
 
@@ -30,43 +34,64 @@ The flow chart of lexer is here:
 
 [![nasal_lexer.png](pic/nasal_lexer.png?raw=true)](https://github.com/ValKmjolnir/Nasal-Interpreter/blob/master/pic/nasal_lexer.png)
 
+This picture seems ugly. I will re-draw it later(maybe 1000 years later).
+
 # Parser
 
-## In __version 2.0__
-```javascript
-(var a,b,c)=(1,2,3);
-var (r,g,b)=color;
-```
-These two types of statements are both definition_expr.
-
-```javascript
-(a,b,c)=(1,2,3);
-(a,b)=(b,a);
-```
-This type of statement is multi_assignment.
-
-And to check if an expr in '(' ')' is multi_scalar or multi_id.
-
-i used bool nasal_parse::check_multi_scalar() and bool nasal_parse::check_multi_assignment().
-
-## In __version 3.0__
+## Version 3.0
 
 I refactored parser and make it easier to maintain.
 
-the EBNF is also refactored.
+The EBNF is also refactored.
 
 # Abstract Syntax Tree
 
-In __version 1.2__ the ast has been completed.
+## Version 1.2
 
-In __version 3.0__ the ast is refactored and is now easier to read and maintain.
+The ast has been completed in this version.
 
-# Version 2.0
+## Version 2.0
 
-a completed ast-interpreter with unfinished lib functions.
+A completed ast-interpreter with unfinished lib functions.
 
-# Version 3.0
+## Version 3.0
 
-ast-interpreter uses new techniques so it can run codes more efficiently.
+The ast is refactored and is now easier to read and maintain.
 
-byte-code-interpreter is in progress(i need a lot of time to learn that :( ).
+Ast-interpreter uses new techniques so it can run codes more efficiently.
+
+Now you can add your own functions as builtin-functions in this interpreter!
+
+I decide to save the ast interpreter after releasing v4.0. Because it took me a long time to think and write...
+
+# Byte Code Interpreter
+
+## Version 4.0
+
+I have just finished the first version of byte-code-interpreter.
+
+This interpreter is still in test.After this test,i will release version 4.0!
+
+Now i am trying to search hidden bugs in this interpreter.Hope you could help me! :)
+
+There's an example of byte code below:
+
+```javascript
+var (a,b,c)=(1,2,3);
+```
+
+```asm
+.number 1
+.number 2
+.number 3
+.symbol a
+.symbol b
+.symbol c
+0x00000000: pone   0x00000000
+0x00000001: load   0x00000000  (a)
+0x00000002: pnum   0x00000001  (2)
+0x00000003: load   0x00000001  (b)
+0x00000004: pnum   0x00000002  (3)
+0x00000005: load   0x00000002  (c)
+0x00000006: nop    0x00000000
+```

lib.nas

@@ -86,10 +86,14 @@ var die=func(str)
     nasal_call_builtin_die(str);
     return nil;
 }
-var type=func(object)
+var typeof=func(object)
 {
     return nasal_call_builtin_type(object);
 }
+var substr=func(str,begin,length)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_substr(str,begin,length);
+}
 
 var io=
 {
@@ -131,7 +135,7 @@ var bits=
 var math=
 {
     e:2.7182818284590452354,
-    pi:3.14159265358979323846,
+    pi:3.14159265358979323846264338327950288,
     sin:func(x)
     {
         return nasal_call_builtin_sin(x);

main.cpp

@@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
 #include "nasal.h"
 
-nasal_resource resource;
 nasal_lexer    lexer;
 nasal_parse    parse;
-nasal_import   preprocessor;
-nasal_codegen  code_generator;
-std::string    command;
+nasal_import   import;
 std::string    inputfile="null";
 nasal_runtime  runtime;
+nasal_codegen  code_generator;
+nasal_bytecode_vm bytevm;
 
 void help()
 {
 	std::cout<<">> [\"file\"] input a file name.\n";
+	std::cout<<">> [help  ] show help.\n";
 	std::cout<<">> [clear ] clear the screen.\n";
 	std::cout<<">> [del   ] clear the input filename.\n";
-	std::cout<<">> [rs    ] print source code.\n";
 	std::cout<<">> [lex   ] use lexer to turn code into tokens.\n";
 	std::cout<<">> [ast   ] do parsing and check the abstract syntax tree.\n";
 	std::cout<<">> [run   ] run abstract syntax tree.\n";
-	std::cout<<">> [exec  ] generate byte code.\n";
-	std::cout<<">> [erun  ] run byte code.\n";
+	std::cout<<">> [code  ] show byte code.\n";
+	std::cout<<">> [exec  ] execute program on bytecode vm.\n";
 	std::cout<<">> [logo  ] print logo of nasal .\n";
 	std::cout<<">> [exit  ] quit nasal interpreter.\n";
 	return;
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@ void logo()
 
 void del_func()
 {
-	resource.clear();
 	lexer.clear();
 	parse.clear();
 	inputfile="null";
@@ -53,12 +51,8 @@ void die(std::string stage,std::string filename)
 
 void lex_func()
 {
-	if(!resource.input_file(inputfile))
-	{
-		die("resource",inputfile);
-		return;
-	}
-	lexer.scanner(resource.get_file());
+	lexer.openfile(inputfile);
+	lexer.scanner();
 	if(lexer.get_error())
 	{
 		die("lexer",inputfile);
@@ -70,12 +64,8 @@ void lex_func()
 
 void ast_print()
 {
-	if(!resource.input_file(inputfile))
-	{
-		die("resource",inputfile);
-		return;
-	}
-	lexer.scanner(resource.get_file());
+	lexer.openfile(inputfile);
+	lexer.scanner();
 	if(lexer.get_error())
 	{
 		die("lexer",inputfile);
@@ -91,14 +81,11 @@ void ast_print()
 	parse.get_root().print_ast(0);
 	return;
 }
+
 void runtime_start()
 {
-	if(!resource.input_file(inputfile))
-	{
-		die("resource",inputfile);
-		return;
-	}
-	lexer.scanner(resource.get_file());
+	lexer.openfile(inputfile);
+	lexer.scanner();
 	if(lexer.get_error())
 	{
 		die("lexer",inputfile);
@@ -111,25 +98,21 @@ void runtime_start()
 		die("parse",inputfile);
 		return;
 	}
-	preprocessor.preprocessing(parse.get_root());
-	if(preprocessor.get_error())
+	import.link(parse.get_root());
+	if(import.get_error())
 	{
 		die("import",inputfile);
 		return;
 	}
-	runtime.set_root(preprocessor.get_root());
+	runtime.set_root(import.get_root());
 	runtime.run();
 	return;
 }
 
-void codegen_start()
+void show_bytecode()
 {
-	if(!resource.input_file(inputfile))
-	{
-		die("resource",inputfile);
-		return;
-	}
-	lexer.scanner(resource.get_file());
+	lexer.openfile(inputfile);
+	lexer.scanner();
 	if(lexer.get_error())
 	{
 		die("lexer",inputfile);
@@ -142,53 +125,57 @@ void codegen_start()
 		die("parse",inputfile);
 		return;
 	}
-	preprocessor.preprocessing(parse.get_root());
-	if(preprocessor.get_error())
+	import.link(parse.get_root());
+	if(import.get_error())
 	{
 		die("import",inputfile);
 		return;
 	}
-	runtime.set_root(preprocessor.get_root());
-	code_generator.output_exec(inputfile+".naexec",preprocessor.get_root());
-	if(code_generator.get_error())
-	{
-		die("code",inputfile);
-		return;
-	}
+	code_generator.main_progress(import.get_root());
+	code_generator.print_byte_code();
 	return;
 }
 
-void execution_start()
+void execute()
 {
-	code_generator.load_exec(inputfile,preprocessor.get_root());
-	if(code_generator.get_error())
+	lexer.openfile(inputfile);
+	lexer.scanner();
+	if(lexer.get_error())
 	{
-		die("code",inputfile);
+		die("lexer",inputfile);
 		return;
 	}
-	runtime.set_root(preprocessor.get_root());
-	runtime.run();
+	parse.set_toklist(lexer.get_token_list());
+	parse.main_process();
+	if(parse.get_error())
+	{
+		die("parse",inputfile);
+		return;
+	}
+	import.link(parse.get_root());
+	if(import.get_error())
+	{
+		die("import",inputfile);
+		return;
+	}
+	code_generator.main_progress(import.get_root());
+	bytevm.run(
+		code_generator.get_string_table(),
+		code_generator.get_number_table(),
+		code_generator.get_exec_code()
+	);
 	return;
 }
 
 int main()
 {
+	std::string command;
 #ifdef _WIN32
 	// use chcp 65001 to use unicode io
 	system("chcp 65001");
 	system("cls");
 #endif
 	logo();
-#ifdef _WIN32
-	std::cout<<">> [system] Windows system.\n";
-#endif
-#ifdef _linux_
-	std::cout<<">> [system] Linux system.\n";
-#endif
-#ifdef TARGET_OS_MAC
-	std::cout<<">> [system] MacOS system.\n";
-#endif
-	
 	std::cout<<">> Nasal interpreter ver 3.0 .\n";
 	std::cout<<">> Code: https://github.com/ValKmjolnir/Nasal-Interpreter\n";
 	std::cout<<">> Info: http://wiki.flightgear.org/Nasal_scripting_language\n";
@@ -213,36 +200,22 @@ int main()
 		}
 		else if(command=="del")
 			del_func();
-		else if(command=="rs")
-		{
-			if(resource.input_file(inputfile))
-				resource.print_file();
-		}
 		else if(command=="lex")
 			lex_func();
 		else if(command=="ast")
 			ast_print();
 		else if(command=="run")
 			runtime_start();
+		else if(command=="code")
+			show_bytecode();
 		else if(command=="exec")
-			codegen_start();
-		else if(command=="erun")
-			execution_start();
+			execute();
 		else if(command=="logo")
 			logo();
 		else if(command=="exit")
 			break;
 		else
-		{
 			inputfile=command;
-			std::ifstream fin(command);
-			if(fin.fail())
-			{
-				std::cout<<">> [file] cannot open file \""<<command<<"\".\n";
-				inputfile="null";
-			}
-			fin.close();
-		}
 	}
     return 0;
 }

nasal.ebnf

@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ multive_expr::=
     (unary|scalar) ('*' | '/') (unary|scalar)
 ;
 unary::=
-    ('-'|'!') scalar
+    ('-'|'!') (unary|scalar)
 ;
 scalar::=
     function {call_scalar}
-    |identifier {call_scalar}
+    |[func] identifier {call_scalar}
     |vector {call_scalar}
     |hash {call_scalar}
     |number

nasal.h

@@ -1,34 +1,140 @@
 #ifndef __NASAL_H__
 #define __NASAL_H__
 
+#pragma GCC optimize(2)
+
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <ctime>
 #include <cmath>
-/* if thread is used, don't forget to add -std=c++11 or higher standard before executing */
-// #include <thread>
+#include <thread>
 #include <list>
 #include <stack>
 #include <queue>
 #include <vector>
 #include <map>
 
-#include "nasal_enum.h"
-#include "nasal_misc.h"
-#include "nasal_resource.h"
+/*
+	check if a string can be converted to a number
+	if this string cannot be converted to a number,it will return nan
+*/
+inline double hex_to_double(std::string str)
+{
+	double ret=0;
+	for(int i=2;str[i];++i)
+	{
+		ret*=16;
+		if('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9')
+			ret+=(str[i]-'0');
+		else if('a'<=str[i] && str[i]<='f')
+			ret+=(str[i]-'a'+10);
+		else if('A'<=str[i] && str[i]<='F')
+			ret+=(str[i]-'A'+10);
+		else
+			return std::nan("");
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+inline double oct_to_double(std::string str)
+{
+	double ret=0;
+	for(int i=2;str[i];++i)
+	{
+		ret*=8;
+		if('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='8')
+			ret+=(str[i]-'0');
+		else
+			return std::nan("");
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+inline double dec_to_double(std::string str,int len)
+{
+	double ret=0;
+	int i=0;
+	while('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9' && i<len)
+		ret=ret*10+(str[i++]-'0');
+	if(i==len) return ret;
+	if(str[i]!='.' && str[i]!='e' && str[i]!='E')
+		return std::nan("");
+	if(str[i]=='.')
+	{
+		++i;
+		if(i==len) return std::nan("");
+		double num_pow=0.1;
+		while('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9' && i<len)
+		{
+			ret+=num_pow*(str[i++]-'0');
+			num_pow*=0.1;
+		}
+	}
+	if(i==len) return ret;
+	if(str[i]!='e' && str[i]!='E')
+		return std::nan("");
+	++i;
+	if(i==len) return std::nan("");
+	double negative=(str[i]=='-'? -1:1);
+	if(str[i]=='-' || str[i]=='+')
+		++i;
+	if(i==len) return std::nan("");
+	double num_pow=0;
+	for(;i<len;++i)
+	{
+		if('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9')
+			num_pow=num_pow*10+(str[i]-'0');
+		else
+			return std::nan("");
+	}
+	return ret*std::pow(10,negative*num_pow);
+}
+double trans_string_to_number(std::string str)
+{
+	double is_negative=1;
+	int len=str.length();
+	double ret_num=0;
+	if(!len) return std::nan("");
+	if(str[0]=='-' || str[0]=='+')
+	{
+		if(len==1) return std::nan("");
+		is_negative=(str[0]=='-'?-1:1);
+		str=str.substr(1,len--);
+	}
+	if(len>1 && str[0]=='0' && str[1]=='x')
+		ret_num=hex_to_double(str);
+	else if(len>1 && str[0]=='0' && str[1]=='o')
+		ret_num=oct_to_double(str);
+	else
+		ret_num=dec_to_double(str,len);
+	return is_negative*ret_num;
+}
+
+/*
+	trans_number_to_string:
+	convert number to string
+*/
+std::string trans_number_to_string(double number)
+{
+	std::string res;
+	std::stringstream ss;
+	ss<<number;
+	ss>>res;
+	return res;
+}
 #include "nasal_lexer.h"
 #include "nasal_ast.h"
 #include "nasal_parse.h"
 #include "nasal_import.h"
-#include "nasal_codegen.h"
 #include "nasal_gc.h"
-#include "nasal_runtime.h"
 #include "nasal_builtin.h"
+#include "nasal_runtime.h"
+#include "nasal_codegen.h"
+#include "nasal_bytecode_vm.h"
 
 #endif

nasal_ast.h

@@ -1,15 +1,103 @@
 #ifndef __NASAL_AST_H__
 #define __NASAL_AST_H__
 
+enum ast_node
+{
+    ast_null=0,ast_root,ast_block,
+    ast_nil,ast_number,ast_string,ast_identifier,ast_function,ast_hash,ast_vector,
+    ast_hashmember,ast_call,ast_call_hash,ast_call_vec,ast_call_func,ast_subvec,
+    ast_args,ast_default_arg,ast_dynamic_id,
+    ast_and,ast_or,
+    ast_equal,ast_add_equal,ast_sub_equal,ast_mult_equal,ast_div_equal,ast_link_equal,
+    ast_cmp_equal,ast_cmp_not_equal,
+    ast_less_than,ast_less_equal,
+    ast_greater_than,ast_greater_equal,
+    ast_add,ast_sub,ast_mult,ast_div,ast_link,
+    ast_unary_sub,ast_unary_not,
+    ast_trinocular,
+    ast_for,ast_forindex,ast_foreach,ast_while,ast_new_iter,
+    ast_conditional,ast_if,ast_elsif,ast_else,
+    ast_multi_id,ast_multi_scalar,
+    ast_definition,ast_multi_assign,
+    ast_continue,ast_break,ast_return
+};
+
+std::string ast_str(int type)
+{
+    std::string str;
+    switch(type)
+    {
+        case ast_null:         str="null";break;
+        case ast_root:         str="root";break;
+        case ast_block:        str="block";break;
+        case ast_nil:          str="nil";break;
+        case ast_number:       str="number";break;
+        case ast_string:       str="string";break;
+        case ast_identifier:   str="id";break;
+        case ast_function:     str="function";break;
+        case ast_hash:         str="hash";break;
+        case ast_vector:       str="vector";break;
+        case ast_hashmember:   str="hashmember";break;
+        case ast_call:         str="call";break;
+        case ast_call_hash:    str="call_hash";break;
+        case ast_call_vec:     str="call_vector";break;
+        case ast_call_func:    str="call_func";break;
+        case ast_subvec:       str="subvec";break;
+        case ast_args:         str="arguments";break;
+        case ast_default_arg:  str="default_arg";break;
+        case ast_dynamic_id:   str="dynamic_id";break;
+        case ast_and:          str="and";break;
+        case ast_or:           str="or";break;
+        case ast_equal:        str="=";break;
+        case ast_add_equal:    str="+=";break;
+        case ast_sub_equal:    str="-=";break;
+        case ast_mult_equal:   str="*=";break;
+        case ast_div_equal:    str="/=";break;
+        case ast_link_equal:   str="~=";break;
+        case ast_cmp_equal:    str="==";break;
+        case ast_cmp_not_equal:str="!=";break;
+        case ast_less_than:    str="<";break;
+        case ast_less_equal:   str="<=";break;
+        case ast_greater_than: str=">";break;
+        case ast_greater_equal:str=">=";break;
+        case ast_add:          str="+";break;
+        case ast_sub:          str="-";break;
+        case ast_mult:         str="*";break;
+        case ast_div:          str="/";break;
+        case ast_link:         str="~";break;
+        case ast_unary_sub:    str="unary-";break;
+        case ast_unary_not:    str="unary!";break;
+        case ast_trinocular:   str="trinocular";break;
+        case ast_for:          str="for";break;
+        case ast_forindex:     str="forindex";break;
+        case ast_foreach:      str="foreach";break;
+        case ast_while:        str="while";break;
+        case ast_new_iter:     str="new_iterator";break;
+        case ast_conditional:  str="conditional";break;
+        case ast_if:           str="if";break;
+        case ast_elsif:        str="elsif";break;
+        case ast_else:         str="else";break;
+        case ast_multi_id:     str="multi_id";break;
+        case ast_multi_scalar: str="multi_scalar";break;
+        case ast_definition:   str="definition";break;
+        case ast_multi_assign: str="multi_assignment";break;
+        case ast_continue:     str="continue";break;
+        case ast_break:        str="break";break;
+        case ast_return:       str="return";break;
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
 class nasal_ast
 {
 private:
     int line;
     int type;
     std::string str;
+    double num;
     std::vector<nasal_ast> children;
 public:
-    nasal_ast();
+    nasal_ast(int,int);
     nasal_ast(const nasal_ast&);
     ~nasal_ast();
     nasal_ast& operator=(const nasal_ast&);
@@ -17,19 +105,20 @@ public:
     void set_line(int);
     void set_type(int);
     void set_str(std::string&);
+    void set_num(double);
     void add_child(nasal_ast);
-    int  get_line();
-    int  get_type();
+    int         get_line();
+    int         get_type();
     std::string get_str();
+    double      get_num();
     std::vector<nasal_ast>& get_children();
     void print_ast(int);
 };
 
-nasal_ast::nasal_ast()
+nasal_ast::nasal_ast(int init_line=0,int init_type=ast_null)
 {
-    this->line=0;
-    this->type=ast_null;
-    this->str="";
+    this->line=init_line;
+    this->type=init_type;
     return;
 }
 
@@ -38,13 +127,13 @@ nasal_ast::nasal_ast(const nasal_ast& tmp)
     this->line=tmp.line;
     this->type=tmp.type;
     this->str=tmp.str;
+    this->num=tmp.num;
     this->children=tmp.children;
     return;
 }
 
 nasal_ast::~nasal_ast()
 {
-    this->str.clear();
     this->children.clear();
     return;
 }
@@ -54,6 +143,7 @@ nasal_ast& nasal_ast::operator=(const nasal_ast& tmp)
     this->line=tmp.line;
     this->type=tmp.type;
     this->str=tmp.str;
+    this->num=tmp.num;
     this->children=tmp.children;
     return *this;
 }
@@ -61,8 +151,9 @@ nasal_ast& nasal_ast::operator=(const nasal_ast& tmp)
 void nasal_ast::clear()
 {
     this->line=0;
-    this->type=ast_null;
     this->str="";
+    this->num=0;
+    this->type=ast_null;
     this->children.clear();
     return;
 }
@@ -85,6 +176,12 @@ void nasal_ast::set_str(std::string& s)
     return;
 }
 
+void nasal_ast::set_num(double n)
+{
+    this->num=n;
+    return;
+}
+
 void nasal_ast::add_child(nasal_ast ast)
 {
     children.push_back(ast);
@@ -106,6 +203,11 @@ std::string nasal_ast::get_str()
     return this->str;
 }
 
+double nasal_ast::get_num()
+{
+    return this->num;
+}
+
 std::vector<nasal_ast>& nasal_ast::get_children()
 {
     return this->children;
@@ -117,8 +219,10 @@ void nasal_ast::print_ast(int depth)
     for(int i=0;i<depth;++i) indentation+="|  ";
     indentation+=ast_str(this->type);
     std::cout<<indentation;
-    if(this->type==ast_number || this->type==ast_string || this->type==ast_identifier || this->type==ast_dynamic_id || this->type==ast_call_hash)
+    if(this->type==ast_string || this->type==ast_identifier || this->type==ast_dynamic_id || this->type==ast_call_hash)
         std::cout<<":"<<this->str;
+    else if(this->type==ast_number)
+        std::cout<<":"<<this->num;
     std::cout<<std::endl;
     int child_size=this->children.size();
     for(int i=0;i<child_size;++i)

nasal_builtin.h

@@ -1,17 +1,115 @@
 #ifndef __NASAL_BUILTIN_H__
 #define __NASAL_BUILTIN_H__
 
+// builtin functions must be called inside a outer function like this:
+// var print=func(elements...)
+// {
+//     nasal_call_builtin_std_cout(elements);
+//     return nil;
+// }
+// builtin function nasal_call_builtin_std_cout is wrapped up by print
+
+// used to find values that builtin function uses
 #define in_builtin_find(value_name_string) (local_scope_addr>=0?nasal_vm.gc_get(local_scope_addr).get_closure().get_value_address(value_name_string):-1)
+// used to check found value's type
+// types are:vm_nil vm_number vm_string vm_vector vm_hash vm_function
+// dynamic values will be generated as vector by the outer function
 #define in_builtin_check(value_addr,value_type) (nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()==(value_type))
 
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_print(int local_scope_addr)
+// declaration of builtin functions
+// to add new builtin function,declare it here and write the definition below
+int builtin_print(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_append(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_setsize(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_system(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_input(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_sleep(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_finput(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_foutput(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_split(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_rand(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_id(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_int(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_num(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_pop(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_str(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_size(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_xor(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_and(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_or(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_nand(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_not(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_sin(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_cos(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_tan(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_exp(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_ln(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_sqrt(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_atan2(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_time(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_contains(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_delete(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_getkeys(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_import(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+bool builtin_die_state;// used in builtin_die
+int builtin_die(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_type(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+int builtin_substr(int,nasal_virtual_machine&);
+
+// register builtin function's name and it's address here in this table below
+// this table must and with {"",NULL}
+struct FUNC_TABLE
+{
+    std::string func_name;
+    int (*func_pointer)(int x,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm);
+} builtin_func_table[]=
+{
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_std_cout",      builtin_print},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_push_back",     builtin_append},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_set_size",      builtin_setsize},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_system",        builtin_system},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_input",         builtin_input},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_sleep",         builtin_sleep},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_finput",        builtin_finput},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_foutput",       builtin_foutput},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_split",         builtin_split},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_rand",          builtin_rand},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_get_id",        builtin_id},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_trans_int",     builtin_int},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_trans_num",     builtin_num},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_pop_back",      builtin_pop},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_trans_str",     builtin_str},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_size",          builtin_size},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_xor",           builtin_xor},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_and",           builtin_and},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_or",            builtin_or},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_nand",          builtin_nand},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_not",           builtin_not},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_sin",           builtin_sin},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_cos",           builtin_cos},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_tan",           builtin_tan},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_exp",           builtin_exp},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_cpp_math_ln",   builtin_ln},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_cpp_math_sqrt", builtin_sqrt},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_cpp_atan2",     builtin_atan2},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_time",          builtin_time},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_contains",      builtin_contains},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_delete",        builtin_delete},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_get_keys",      builtin_getkeys},
+    {"nasal_call_import",                builtin_import},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_die",           builtin_die},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_type",          builtin_type},
+    {"nasal_call_builtin_substr",        builtin_substr},
+    {"",                                 NULL}
+};
+
+int builtin_print(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     // get arguments
     int vector_value_addr=in_builtin_find("elements");
     if(vector_value_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(vector_value_addr,vm_vector))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_print: \"elements\" has wrong value type(must be vector).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     // main process
@@ -25,33 +123,28 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_print(int local_scope_addr)
             case vm_nil:std::cout<<"nil";break;
             case vm_number:std::cout<<tmp.get_number();break;
             case vm_string:std::cout<<tmp.get_string();break;
-            case vm_vector:std::cout<<"[...]";break;
-            case vm_hash:std::cout<<"{...}";break;
+            case vm_vector:tmp.get_vector().print();break;
+            case vm_hash:tmp.get_hash().print();break;
             case vm_function:std::cout<<"func(...){...}";break;
-            case vm_closure:std::cout<<"closure{{...}}";break;
         }
-        if(i==size-1)
-            std::cout<<'\n';
     }
+    std::cout<<"\n";
     // generate return value
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_append(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_append(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int vector_value_addr=in_builtin_find("vector");
     int elem_value_addr=in_builtin_find("elements");
     if(vector_value_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(vector_value_addr,vm_vector))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_append: \"vector\" has wrong value type(must be vector).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(elem_value_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(elem_value_addr,vm_vector))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_append: \"elements\" has wrong value type(must be vector).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     nasal_vector& ref_vector=nasal_vm.gc_get(vector_value_addr).get_vector();
@@ -63,31 +156,27 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_append(int local_scope_addr)
         nasal_vm.add_reference(value_address);
         ref_vector.add_elem(value_address);
     }
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_setsize(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_setsize(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int vector_value_addr=in_builtin_find("vector");
     int size_value_addr=in_builtin_find("size");
     if(vector_value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(vector_value_addr).get_type()!=vm_vector)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_setsize: \"vector\" has wrong value type(must be vector).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(size_value_addr<0)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_setsize: \"size\" has wrong value type(must be string or number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int type=nasal_vm.gc_get(size_value_addr).get_type();
     if(type!=vm_number && type!=vm_string)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_setsize: size is not a number.\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int number;
@@ -96,19 +185,17 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_setsize(int local_scope_addr)
     else
     {
         std::string str=nasal_vm.gc_get(size_value_addr).get_string();
-        if(check_numerable_string(str))
-            number=(int)trans_string_to_number(str);
-        else
+        double tmp=trans_string_to_number(str);
+        if(std::isnan(tmp))
         {
             std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_setsize: size is not a numerable string.\n";
-            ++error;
             return -1;
         }
+        number=(int)tmp;
     }
     if(number<0)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_setsize: size must be greater than -1.\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     nasal_vector& ref_vector=nasal_vm.gc_get(vector_value_addr).get_vector();
@@ -123,22 +210,19 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_setsize(int local_scope_addr)
     else if(number>vec_size)
         for(int i=vec_size;i<number;++i)
         {
-            int new_val_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-            nasal_vm.gc_get(new_val_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+            int new_val_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
             ref_vector.add_elem(new_val_addr);
         }
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     return ret_addr;
 }
 
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_system(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_system(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int str_value_addr=in_builtin_find("str");
     if(str_value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(str_value_addr).get_type()!=vm_string)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_system: \"str\" has wrong value type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     std::string str=nasal_vm.gc_get(str_value_addr).get_string();
@@ -149,58 +233,51 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_system(int local_scope_addr)
     command[size]='\0';
     system(command);
     delete []command;
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     return ret_addr;
 }
 
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_input(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_input(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_string);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_string);
     std::string str;
     std::cin>>str;
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_string(str);
     return ret_addr;
 }
 
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_sleep(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_sleep(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("duration");
     if(value_addr<0 || (nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_string && nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_sleep: \"duration\" has wrong value type(must be string or number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     unsigned long sleep_time=0;
     if(nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()==vm_string)
     {
         std::string str=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_string();
-        if(check_numerable_string(str))
-            sleep_time=(unsigned long)trans_string_to_number(str);
-        else
+        double number=trans_string_to_number(str);
+        if(std::isnan(number))
         {
             std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_sleep: this is not a numerable string.\n";
-            ++error;
             return -1;
-        }
+        }sleep_time=(unsigned long)number;
     }
     else
         sleep_time=(unsigned long)nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
     sleep(sleep_time); // sleep in unistd.h will make this progress sleep sleep_time seconds.
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     return ret_addr;
 }
 
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_finput(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_finput(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("filename");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_string)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_finput: \"filename\" has wrong value type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     std::string filename=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_string();
@@ -209,33 +286,31 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_finput(int local_scope_addr)
     if(!fin.fail())
         while(!fin.eof())
         {
-            file_content.push_back(fin.get());
+            char c=fin.get();
             if(fin.eof())
                 break;
+            file_content.push_back(c);
         }
     else
-        file_content="cannot open file named \'"+filename+"\'.";
+        file_content="";
     fin.close();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_string);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_string);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_string(file_content);
     return ret_addr;
 }
 
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_foutput(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_foutput(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("filename");
     int str_value_addr=in_builtin_find("str");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_string)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_foutput: \"filename\" has wrong value type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(str_value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(str_value_addr).get_type()!=vm_string)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_foutput: \"str\" has wrong value type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     std::string filename=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_string();
@@ -243,42 +318,46 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_foutput(int local_scope_addr)
     std::ofstream fout(filename);
     fout<<file_content;
     fout.close();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     return ret_addr;
 }
 
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_split(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_split(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int delimeter_value_addr=in_builtin_find("delimeter");
     int string_value_addr=in_builtin_find("string");
     if(delimeter_value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(delimeter_value_addr).get_type()!=vm_string)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_split: \"delimeter\" has wrong value type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(string_value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(string_value_addr).get_type()!=vm_string)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_split: \"string\" has wrong value type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     std::string delimeter=nasal_vm.gc_get(delimeter_value_addr).get_string();
     std::string source=nasal_vm.gc_get(string_value_addr).get_string();
     int delimeter_len=delimeter.length();
-    if(delimeter_len<1)
-    {
-        std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_split: delimeter's length must be greater than 0.\n";
-        ++error;
-        return -1;
-    }
     int source_len=source.length();
 
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_vector);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_vector);
     nasal_vector& ref_vec=nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).get_vector();
     std::string tmp="";
+
+    if(!delimeter_len)
+    {
+        for(int i=0;i<source_len;++i)
+        {
+            tmp+=source[i];
+            int str_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_string);
+            nasal_vm.gc_get(str_addr).set_string(tmp);
+            ref_vec.add_elem(str_addr);
+            tmp="";
+        }
+        return ret_addr;
+    }
+    
     for(int i=0;i<source_len;++i)
     {
         bool check_delimeter=false;
@@ -292,8 +371,7 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_split(int local_scope_addr)
             }
         if(check_delimeter)
         {
-            int str_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-            nasal_vm.gc_get(str_addr).set_type(vm_string);
+            int str_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_string);
             nasal_vm.gc_get(str_addr).set_string(tmp);
             ref_vec.add_elem(str_addr);
             tmp="";
@@ -304,124 +382,103 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_split(int local_scope_addr)
     }
     if(tmp.length())
     {
-        int str_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-        nasal_vm.gc_get(str_addr).set_type(vm_string);
+        int str_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_string);
         nasal_vm.gc_get(str_addr).set_string(tmp);
         ref_vec.add_elem(str_addr);
         tmp="";
     }
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_rand(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_rand(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("seed");
     if(value_addr<0 || (nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number && nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_nil))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_rand: \"seed\" has wrong value type(must be nil or number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()==vm_number)
     {
         unsigned int number=(unsigned int)nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
         srand(number);
-        int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-        nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+        int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
         return ret_addr;
     }
     double num=0;
     for(int i=0;i<5;++i)
         num=(num+rand())*(1.0/(RAND_MAX+1.0));
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(num);
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_id(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_id(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
-    int value_addr=in_builtin_find("id");
+    int value_addr=in_builtin_find("thing");
     if(value_addr<0)
     {
-        std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_id: cannot find \"id\".\n";
-        ++error;
+        std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_id: cannot find \"thing\".\n";
         return -1;
     }
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)value_addr);
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_int(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_int(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("value");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_int: \"value\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int number=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)number);
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_num(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_num(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("value");
-    if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_string)
+    if(value_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(value_addr,vm_string))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_num: \"value\" has wrong value type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     std::string str=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_string();
-    if(!check_numerable_string(str))
-    {
-        std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_num: this is not a numerable string.\n";
-        ++error;
-        return -1;
-    }
-    double number=trans_string_to_number(str);
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
+    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(trans_string_to_number(str));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_pop(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_pop(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("vector");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_vector)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_pop: \"vector\" has wrong value type(must be vector).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_vector().del_elem();
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_str(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_str(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("number");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_str: \"number\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     double number=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_string);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_string(trans_number_to_string(number));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_size(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_size(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("object");
     if(value_addr<0)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_size: cannot find value \"object\".\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int type=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type();
@@ -436,345 +493,301 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_size(int local_scope_addr)
         case vm_vector:number=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_vector().size();break;
         case vm_hash:number=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_hash().size();break;
     }
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
+    int ret_addr=-1;
     if(number<0)
-        nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+        ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     else
     {
-        nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+        ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
         nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)number);
     }
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_xor(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_xor(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int a_addr=in_builtin_find("a");
     int b_addr=in_builtin_find("b");
     if(a_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_xor: \"a\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(b_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(b_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_xor: \"b\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int number_a=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_number();
     int number_b=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(b_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)(number_a^number_b));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_and(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_and(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int a_addr=in_builtin_find("a");
     int b_addr=in_builtin_find("b");
     if(a_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_and: \"a\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(b_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(b_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_and: \"b\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int number_a=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_number();
     int number_b=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(b_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)(number_a&number_b));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_or(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_or(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int a_addr=in_builtin_find("a");
     int b_addr=in_builtin_find("b");
     if(a_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_or: \"a\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(b_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(b_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_or: \"b\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int number_a=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_number();
     int number_b=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(b_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)(number_a|number_b));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_nand(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_nand(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int a_addr=in_builtin_find("a");
     int b_addr=in_builtin_find("b");
     if(a_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_nand: \"a\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(b_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(b_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_nand: \"b\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int number_a=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_number();
     int number_b=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(b_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)(~(number_a&number_b)));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_not(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_not(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int a_addr=in_builtin_find("a");
     if(a_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_not: \"a\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int number=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(a_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)(~number));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_sin(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_sin(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("x");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_sin: \"x\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     double number=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(sin(number));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_cos(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_cos(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("x");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_cos: \"x\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     double number=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(cos(number));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_tan(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_tan(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("x");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_tan: \"x\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     double number=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(tan(number));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_exp(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_exp(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("x");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_exp: \"x\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     double number=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(exp(number));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_ln(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_ln(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("x");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_ln: \"x\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     double number=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(log(number)/log(2.7182818284590452354));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_sqrt(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_sqrt(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("x");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_sqrt: \"x\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     double number=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(sqrt(number));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_atan2(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_atan2(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int x_value_addr=in_builtin_find("x");
     int y_value_addr=in_builtin_find("y");
     if(x_value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(x_value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_atan2: \"x\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(y_value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(y_value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_atan2: \"y\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     double x=nasal_vm.gc_get(x_value_addr).get_number();
     double y=nasal_vm.gc_get(y_value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number(atan2(y,x));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_time(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_time(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("begin_time");
     if(value_addr<0 || nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type()!=vm_number)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_time: \"begin_time\" has wrong value type(must be number).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     time_t begin_time=(time_t)nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_number();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)time(&begin_time));
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_contains(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_contains(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int hash_addr=in_builtin_find("hash");
     int key_addr=in_builtin_find("key");
     if(hash_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(hash_addr,vm_hash))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_contains: \"hash\" has wrong type(must be hash).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(key_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(key_addr,vm_string))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_contains: \"key\" has wrong type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     std::string key=nasal_vm.gc_get(key_addr).get_string();
     bool contains=nasal_vm.gc_get(hash_addr).get_hash().check_contain(key);
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_number);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_number);
     nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_number((double)contains);
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_delete(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_delete(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int hash_addr=in_builtin_find("hash");
     int key_addr=in_builtin_find("key");
     if(hash_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(hash_addr,vm_hash))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_delete: \"hash\" has wrong type(must be hash).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     if(key_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(key_addr,vm_string))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_delete: \"key\" has wrong type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     std::string key=nasal_vm.gc_get(key_addr).get_string();
     nasal_vm.gc_get(hash_addr).get_hash().del_elem(key);
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_getkeys(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_getkeys(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int hash_addr=in_builtin_find("hash");
     if(hash_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(hash_addr,vm_hash))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_delete: \"hash\" has wrong type(must be hash).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_get(hash_addr).get_hash().get_keys();
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_import(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_import(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     // this function is used in preprocessing.
     // this function will return nothing when running.
-    ++error;
     std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_import: cannot use import when running.\n";
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_die(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_die(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int str_addr=in_builtin_find("str");
     if(str_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(str_addr,vm_string))
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_die: \"str\" has wrong type(must be string).\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
-    ++error;
+    builtin_die_state=true;
     std::cout<<">> [runtime] error: "<<nasal_vm.gc_get(str_addr).get_string()<<'\n';
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_nil);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_nil);
     return ret_addr;
 }
-int nasal_runtime::builtin_type(int local_scope_addr)
+int builtin_type(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
 {
     int value_addr=in_builtin_find("object");
     if(value_addr<0)
     {
         std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_type: cannot find \"object\".\n";
-        ++error;
         return -1;
     }
     int type=nasal_vm.gc_get(value_addr).get_type();
-    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc();
-    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_type(vm_string);
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_string);
     switch(type)
     {
         case vm_nil:      nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_string("nil");break;
@@ -786,4 +799,39 @@ int nasal_runtime::builtin_type(int local_scope_addr)
     }
     return ret_addr;
 }
+int builtin_substr(int local_scope_addr,nasal_virtual_machine& nasal_vm)
+{
+    int str_addr=in_builtin_find("str");
+    int begin_addr=in_builtin_find("begin");
+    int length_addr=in_builtin_find("length");
+    if(str_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(str_addr,vm_string))
+    {
+        std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_substr: cannot find \"str\" or wrong type(must be string).\n";
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if(begin_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(begin_addr,vm_number))
+    {
+        std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_substr: cannot find \"begin\" or wrong type(must be number).\n";
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if(length_addr<0 || !in_builtin_check(length_addr,vm_number))
+    {
+        std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_substr: cannot find \"length\" or wrong type(must be number).\n";
+        return -1;
+    }
+    std::string str=nasal_vm.gc_get(str_addr).get_string();
+    int begin=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(begin_addr).get_number();
+    int len=(int)nasal_vm.gc_get(length_addr).get_number();
+    if(begin>=str.length() || begin+len>=str.length())
+    {
+        std::cout<<">> [runtime] builtin_substr: index out of range.\n";
+        return -1;
+    }
+    std::string tmp="";
+    for(int i=begin;i<begin+len;++i)
+        tmp+=str[i];
+    int ret_addr=nasal_vm.gc_alloc(vm_string);
+    nasal_vm.gc_get(ret_addr).set_string(tmp);
+    return ret_addr;
+}
 #endif

nasal_enum.h

@@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __NASAL_ENUM_H__
-#define __NASAL_ENUM_H__
-
-/* token_type is used in lexer */
-enum token_type
-{
-    tok_null=0,
-    tok_number,tok_string,tok_identifier,
-    tok_for,tok_forindex,tok_foreach,tok_while,
-    tok_var,tok_func,tok_break,tok_continue,
-    tok_return,tok_if,tok_elsif,tok_else,tok_nil,
-    tok_left_curve,tok_right_curve,
-    tok_left_bracket,tok_right_bracket,
-    tok_left_brace,tok_right_brace,
-    tok_semi,tok_and,tok_or,tok_comma,tok_dot,tok_ellipsis,tok_quesmark,
-    tok_colon,tok_add,tok_sub,tok_mult,tok_div,tok_link,tok_not,
-    tok_equal,
-    tok_add_equal,tok_sub_equal,tok_mult_equal,tok_div_equal,tok_link_equal,
-    tok_cmp_equal,tok_cmp_not_equal,tok_less_than,tok_greater_than,tok_less_equal,tok_greater_equal
-};
-
-enum ast_node
-{
-    ast_null=0,ast_root,ast_block,
-    ast_nil,ast_number,ast_string,ast_identifier,ast_function,ast_hash,ast_vector,
-    ast_hashmember,ast_call,ast_call_hash,ast_call_vec,ast_call_func,ast_subvec,
-    ast_args,ast_default_arg,ast_dynamic_id,
-    ast_and,ast_or,
-    ast_equal,ast_add_equal,ast_sub_equal,ast_mult_equal,ast_div_equal,ast_link_equal,
-    ast_cmp_equal,ast_cmp_not_equal,ast_less_than,ast_less_equal,ast_greater_than,ast_greater_equal,
-    ast_add,ast_sub,ast_mult,ast_div,ast_link,
-    ast_unary_sub,ast_unary_not,
-    ast_trinocular,
-    ast_for,ast_forindex,ast_foreach,ast_while,ast_new_iter,
-    ast_conditional,ast_if,ast_elsif,ast_else,
-    ast_multi_id,ast_multi_scalar,
-    ast_definition,ast_multi_assign,
-    ast_continue,ast_break,ast_return
-};
-
-std::string ast_str(int type)
-{
-    std::string str;
-    switch(type)
-    {
-        case ast_null:         str="null";break;
-        case ast_root:         str="root";break;
-        case ast_block:        str="block";break;
-        case ast_nil:          str="nil";break;
-        case ast_number:       str="number";break;
-        case ast_string:       str="string";break;
-        case ast_identifier:   str="id";break;
-        case ast_function:     str="function";break;
-        case ast_hash:         str="hash";break;
-        case ast_vector:       str="vector";break;
-        case ast_hashmember:   str="hashmember";break;
-        case ast_call:         str="call";break;
-        case ast_call_hash:    str="call_hash";break;
-        case ast_call_vec:     str="call_vector";break;
-        case ast_call_func:    str="call_func";break;
-        case ast_subvec:       str="subvec";break;
-        case ast_args:         str="arguments";break;
-        case ast_default_arg:  str="default_arg";break;
-        case ast_dynamic_id:   str="dynamic_id";break;
-        case ast_and:          str="and";break;
-        case ast_or:           str="or";break;
-        case ast_equal:        str="=";break;
-        case ast_add_equal:    str="+=";break;
-        case ast_sub_equal:    str="-=";break;
-        case ast_mult_equal:   str="*=";break;
-        case ast_div_equal:    str="/=";break;
-        case ast_link_equal:   str="~=";break;
-        case ast_cmp_equal:    str="==";break;
-        case ast_cmp_not_equal:str="!=";break;
-        case ast_less_than:    str="<";break;
-        case ast_less_equal:   str="<=";break;
-        case ast_greater_than: str=">";break;
-        case ast_greater_equal:str=">=";break;
-        case ast_add:          str="+";break;
-        case ast_sub:          str="-";break;
-        case ast_mult:         str="*";break;
-        case ast_div:          str="/";break;
-        case ast_link:         str="~";break;
-        case ast_unary_sub:    str="unary-";break;
-        case ast_unary_not:    str="unary!";break;
-        case ast_trinocular:   str="trinocular";break;
-        case ast_for:          str="for";break;
-        case ast_forindex:     str="forindex";break;
-        case ast_foreach:      str="foreach";break;
-        case ast_while:        str="while";break;
-        case ast_new_iter:     str="new_iterator";break;
-        case ast_conditional:  str="conditional";break;
-        case ast_if:           str="if";break;
-        case ast_elsif:        str="elsif";break;
-        case ast_else:         str="else";break;
-        case ast_multi_id:     str="multi_id";break;
-        case ast_multi_scalar: str="multi_scalar";break;
-        case ast_definition:   str="definition";break;
-        case ast_multi_assign: str="multi_assignment";break;
-        case ast_continue:     str="continue";break;
-        case ast_break:        str="break";break;
-        case ast_return:       str="return";break;
-    }
-    return str;
-}
-
-enum parse_error
-{
-    unknown,
-    error_token,
-    error_expr,
-    lack_left_curve,
-    lack_right_curve,
-    lack_left_bracket,
-    lack_right_bracket,
-    lack_left_brace,
-    lack_right_brace,
-    exprs_lack_rbrace,
-    lack_semi,
-    lack_comma,
-    lack_colon,
-    lack_equal,
-    lack_scalar,
-    lack_identifier,
-    lack_calculation,
-    lack_exprs,
-    lack_token,
-    lack_args,
-    default_arg_not_end,
-    dynamic_id_not_end,
-    name_repetition,
-    definition_use_call,
-    multi_id_use_call,
-    multi_assign_lack_val,
-    lack_definition,
-    lack_loop_iter,
-    lack_func_content
-};
-
-void error_info(int line,int error_type,std::string error_str="")
-{
-    std::string detail;
-    std::cout<<">> [parse] error_info: [line "<<line<<"] ";
-    switch(error_type)
-    {
-        case unknown:              std::cout<<"unknown error.\n";                       break;
-        case error_token:          std::cout<<"error token \""+error_str+"\".\n";       break;
-        case error_expr:           std::cout<<"error expression \""+error_str+"\".\n";  break;
-        case lack_left_curve:      std::cout<<"expected \"(\".\n";                      break;
-        case lack_right_curve:     std::cout<<"expected \")\".\n";                      break;
-        case lack_left_bracket:    std::cout<<"expected \"[\".\n";                      break;
-        case lack_right_bracket:   std::cout<<"expected \"]\".\n";                      break;
-        case lack_left_brace:      std::cout<<"expected \"{\".\n";                      break;
-        case lack_right_brace:     std::cout<<"expected \"}\".\n";                      break;
-        case exprs_lack_rbrace:    std::cout<<"expected \"}\" with this line\'s \"{\".\n";break;
-        case lack_semi:            std::cout<<"expected \";\".\n";                      break;
-        case lack_comma:           std::cout<<"expected \",\".\n";                      break;
-        case lack_colon:           std::cout<<"expected \":\".\n";                      break;
-        case lack_equal:           std::cout<<"expected \"=\".\n";                      break;
-        case lack_scalar:          std::cout<<"expected scalar here.\n";                break;
-        case lack_identifier:      std::cout<<"expected identifier here.\n";            break;
-        case lack_calculation:     std::cout<<"expected arithmetic-expression here.\n"; break;
-        case lack_exprs:           std::cout<<"expected expression block here.\n";      break;
-        case lack_token:           std::cout<<"expected \""+error_str+"\" here.\n";     break;
-        case lack_args:            std::cout<<"expected arguments here.\n";             break;
-        case default_arg_not_end:  std::cout<<"default argument missing for parameter of "+error_str+".\n";break;
-        case dynamic_id_not_end:   std::cout<<"dynamic id must be the end of "+error_str+".\n";break;
-        case name_repetition:      std::cout<<"this identifier name has existed.\n";break;
-        case definition_use_call:  std::cout<<"should not use call_scalar in definition progress.\n";break;
-        case multi_id_use_call:    std::cout<<"should not use call_scalar in multi_id progress.\n";break;
-        case multi_assign_lack_val:std::cout<<"multi-assignment lacks value list.\n";break;
-        case lack_definition:      std::cout<<"expected a definition expression here.\n";break;
-        case lack_loop_iter:       std::cout<<"expected an iterator to loop through.\n";break;
-        case lack_func_content:    std::cout<<"expected arguments or expression block here.\n";break;
-    }
-    return;
-}
-
-enum runtime_scalar_type
-{
-    vm_nil=0,
-    vm_number,
-    vm_string,
-    vm_closure,
-    vm_function,
-    vm_vector,
-    vm_hash
-};
-
-#endif

nasal_import.h

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 class nasal_import
 {
 private:
-    nasal_resource import_src;
     nasal_lexer    import_lex;
     nasal_parse    import_par;
     nasal_ast      import_ast;
@@ -20,13 +19,12 @@ private:
 public:
     nasal_import();
     int  get_error();
-    void preprocessing(nasal_ast&);
+    void link(nasal_ast&);
     nasal_ast& get_root();
 };
 
 nasal_import::nasal_import()
 {
-    import_src.clear();
     import_lex.clear();
     import_par.clear();
     import_ast.clear();
@@ -43,7 +41,6 @@ void nasal_import::die(std::string filename,std::string error_stage)
 
 void nasal_import::init()
 {
-    import_src.clear();
     import_lex.clear();
     import_par.clear();
     return;
@@ -112,12 +109,8 @@ nasal_ast nasal_import::file_import(nasal_ast& node)
         return tmp;
     
     // start importing...
-    if(!import_src.input_file(filename))
-    {
-        this->die(filename,"resource");
-        return tmp;
-    }
-    import_lex.scanner(import_src.get_file());
+    import_lex.openfile(filename);
+    import_lex.scanner();
     if(import_lex.get_error())
     {
         this->die(filename,"lexer");
@@ -160,7 +153,7 @@ nasal_ast nasal_import::load(nasal_ast& root)
     return new_root;
 }
 
-void nasal_import::preprocessing(nasal_ast& root)
+void nasal_import::link(nasal_ast& root)
 {
     // initializing
     error=0;

nasal_lexer.h

@@ -1,26 +1,40 @@
 #ifndef __NASAL_LEXER_H__
 #define __NASAL_LEXER_H__
 
-#define IS_IDENTIFIER_HEAD(c) ((c=='_')||('a'<=c && c<='z')||('A'<=c&&c<='Z'))
-#define IS_IDENTIFIER_BODY(c) ((c=='_')||('a'<=c && c<='z')||('A'<=c&&c<='Z')||('0'<=c&&c<='9'))
+#define IS_IDENTIFIER(c)      ((c=='_')||('a'<=c && c<='z')||('A'<=c&&c<='Z'))
 #define IS_HEX_NUMBER(c)      (('0'<=c&&c<='9')||('a'<=c&&c<='f')||('A'<=c && c<='F'))
 #define IS_OCT_NUMEBR(c)      ('0'<=c&&c<='7')
 #define IS_DIGIT(c)           ('0'<=c&&c<='9')
-#define IS_STRING_HEAD(c)     (c=='\''||c=='\"')
+#define IS_STRING(c)          (c=='\''||c=='\"'||c=='`')
 // single operators have only one character
 #define IS_SINGLE_OPRATOR(c)  (c=='('||c==')'||c=='['||c==']'||c=='{'||c=='}'||c==','||c==';'||c=='|'||c==':'||\
 							   c=='?'||c=='`'||c=='&'||c=='@'||c=='%'||c=='$'||c=='^'||c=='\\')
 // calculation operators may have two chars, for example: += -= *= /= ~= != == >= <=
 #define IS_CALC_OPERATOR(c)   (c=='='||c=='+'||c=='-'||c=='*'||c=='!'||c=='/'||c=='<'||c=='>'||c=='~')
-#define IS_NOTE_HEAD(c)       (c=='#')
+#define IS_NOTE(c)            (c=='#')
 
-#ifndef TOKEN_TABLE_SIZE
-#define TOKEN_TABLE_SIZE 45
-struct token_table
+enum token_type
 {
-    std::string str;
+    tok_null=0,
+    tok_number,tok_string,tok_identifier,
+    tok_for,tok_forindex,tok_foreach,tok_while,
+    tok_var,tok_func,tok_break,tok_continue,
+    tok_return,tok_if,tok_elsif,tok_else,tok_nil,
+    tok_left_curve,tok_right_curve,
+    tok_left_bracket,tok_right_bracket,
+    tok_left_brace,tok_right_brace,
+    tok_semi,tok_and,tok_or,tok_comma,tok_dot,tok_ellipsis,tok_quesmark,
+    tok_colon,tok_add,tok_sub,tok_mult,tok_div,tok_link,tok_not,
+    tok_equal,
+    tok_add_equal,tok_sub_equal,tok_mult_equal,tok_div_equal,tok_link_equal,
+    tok_cmp_equal,tok_cmp_not_equal,tok_less_than,tok_less_equal,tok_greater_than,tok_greater_equal
+};
+
+struct
+{
+    const char* str;
     int tok_type;
-}tok_tbl[TOKEN_TABLE_SIZE]=
+}token_table[]=
 {
     {"for"     ,tok_for          },
     {"forindex",tok_forindex     },
@@ -64,11 +78,11 @@ struct token_table
     {"=="      ,tok_cmp_equal    },
     {"!="      ,tok_cmp_not_equal},
     {"<"       ,tok_less_than    },
+	{"<="      ,tok_less_equal   },
     {">"       ,tok_greater_than },
-    {"<="      ,tok_less_equal   },
     {">="      ,tok_greater_equal},
+	{NULL      ,-1               }
 };
-#endif
 
 struct token
 {
@@ -81,14 +95,20 @@ class nasal_lexer
 {
 private:
     int error;
+	int res_size;
+	int line;
+	int ptr;
+	std::string line_code;
+	std::vector<char> res;
     std::vector<token> token_list;
-	std::string identifier_gen(std::vector<char>&,int&,int&);
-	void generate_number_error(int,std::string);
-    std::string number_gen(std::vector<char>&,int&,int&);
-    std::string string_gen(std::vector<char>&,int&,int&);
+	std::string identifier_gen();
+    std::string number_gen();
+    std::string string_gen();
 public:
     void clear();
-    void scanner(std::vector<char>&);
+	void openfile(std::string);
+	void die(std::string,int,int);
+    void scanner();
     void print_token();
     int  get_error();
 	std::vector<token>& get_token_list();
@@ -96,29 +116,59 @@ public:
 
 void nasal_lexer::clear()
 {
+	error=0;
+	res_size=0;
+	line=0;
+	ptr=0;
+	line_code="";
+	res.clear();
     token_list.clear();
     return;
 }
 
-std::string nasal_lexer::identifier_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
+void nasal_lexer::openfile(std::string filename)
+{
+	error=0;
+	res.clear();
+    std::ifstream fin(filename,std::ios::binary);
+    if(fin.fail())
+    {
+		++error;
+        std::cout<<">> [lexer] cannot open file \""<<filename<<"\".\n";
+        fin.close();
+        return;
+    }
+    while(!fin.eof())
+    {
+        char c=fin.get();
+        if(fin.eof())
+            break;
+        res.push_back(c);
+    }
+    fin.close();
+	res_size=res.size();
+    return;
+}
+
+void nasal_lexer::die(std::string error_info,int line=-1,int column=-1)
+{
+	++error;
+	std::cout<<">> [lexer] line "<<line<<" column "<<column<<": "<<error_info<<"\n";
+	return;
+}
+
+std::string nasal_lexer::identifier_gen()
 {
-	int res_size=res.size();
 	std::string token_str="";
-	while(ptr<res_size && IS_IDENTIFIER_BODY(res[ptr]))
+	while(ptr<res_size && (IS_IDENTIFIER(res[ptr])||IS_DIGIT(res[ptr])))
 		token_str+=res[ptr++];
+	line_code+=token_str;
 	return token_str;
 	// after running this process, ptr will point to the next token's beginning character
 }
 
-void nasal_lexer::generate_number_error(int line,std::string token_str)
+std::string nasal_lexer::number_gen()
 {
-	++error;
-	std::cout<<">> [lexer] line "<<line<<": \""<<token_str<<"\" is not a correct number.\n";
-	return;
-}
-std::string nasal_lexer::number_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
-{
-	int res_size=res.size();
 	bool scientific_notation=false;// numbers like 1e8 are scientific_notation
 	std::string token_str="";
 	// generate hex number
@@ -128,9 +178,10 @@ std::string nasal_lexer::number_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
 		ptr+=2;
 		while(ptr<res_size && IS_HEX_NUMBER(res[ptr]))
 			token_str+=res[ptr++];
+		line_code+=token_str;
 		if(token_str=="0x")
 		{
-			generate_number_error(line,token_str);
+			die("["+line_code+"_] incorrect number.",line,line_code.length());
 			return "0";
 		}
 		return token_str;
@@ -142,17 +193,16 @@ std::string nasal_lexer::number_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
 		ptr+=2;
 		while(ptr<res_size && IS_OCT_NUMEBR(res[ptr]))
 			token_str+=res[ptr++];
+		line_code+=token_str;
 		if(token_str=="0o")
 		{
-			generate_number_error(line,token_str);
+			die("["+line_code+"_] incorrect number.",line,line_code.length());
 			return "0";
 		}
 		return token_str;
 	}
 	// generate dec number
-	// dec number -> 0|[1~9][0~9]*(.[0~9]*)(e|E(+|-)0|[1~9][0~9]*)
-	if(ptr<res_size && res[ptr]=='0')
-		token_str+=res[ptr++];
+	// dec number -> [0~9][0~9]*(.[0~9]*)(e|E(+|-)0|[1~9][0~9]*)
 	while(ptr<res_size && IS_DIGIT(res[ptr]))
 		token_str+=res[ptr++];
 	if(ptr<res_size && res[ptr]=='.')
@@ -161,7 +211,8 @@ std::string nasal_lexer::number_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
 		// "xxxx." is not a correct number
 		if(ptr>=res_size)
 		{
-			generate_number_error(line,token_str);
+			line_code+=token_str;
+			die("["+line_code+"_] incorrect number.",line,line_code.length());
 			return "0";
 		}
 		while(ptr<res_size && IS_DIGIT(res[ptr]))
@@ -169,7 +220,8 @@ std::string nasal_lexer::number_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
 		// "xxxx." is not a correct number
 		if(token_str.back()=='.')
 		{
-			generate_number_error(line,token_str);
+			line_code+=token_str;
+			die("["+line_code+"_] incorrect number.",line,line_code.length());
 			return "0";
 		}
 	}
@@ -179,14 +231,16 @@ std::string nasal_lexer::number_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
 		// "xxxe" is not a correct number
 		if(ptr>=res_size)
 		{
-			generate_number_error(line,token_str);
+			line_code+=token_str;
+			die("["+line_code+"_] incorrect number.",line,line_code.length());
 			return "0";
 		}
 		if(ptr<res_size && (res[ptr]=='-' || res[ptr]=='+'))
 			token_str+=res[ptr++];
 		if(ptr>=res_size)
 		{
-			generate_number_error(line,token_str);
+			line_code+=token_str;
+			die("["+line_code+"_] incorrect number.",line,line_code.length());
 			return "0";
 		}
 		if(ptr<res_size && res[ptr]=='0')
@@ -196,25 +250,32 @@ std::string nasal_lexer::number_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
 		// "xxxe(-|+)" is not a correct number
 		if(token_str.back()=='e' || token_str.back()=='E' || token_str.back()=='-' || token_str.back()=='+')
 		{
-			generate_number_error(line,token_str);
+			line_code+=token_str;
+			die("["+line_code+"_] incorrect number.",line,line_code.length());
 			return "0";
 		}
 	}
+	line_code+=token_str;
 	return token_str;
 }
 
-std::string nasal_lexer::string_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
+std::string nasal_lexer::string_gen()
 {
-	int res_size=res.size();
 	std::string token_str="";
+	line_code+=res[ptr];
 	char str_begin=res[ptr++];
-	if(ptr>=res_size) return token_str;
 	while(ptr<res_size && res[ptr]!=str_begin)
 	{
-		if(res[ptr]=='\n') ++line;
-		if(res[ptr]=='\\' && ptr+1<res.size())
+		line_code+=res[ptr];
+		if(res[ptr]=='\n')
+		{
+			line_code="";
+			++line;
+		}
+		if(res[ptr]=='\\' && ptr+1<res_size)
 		{
 			++ptr;
+			line_code+=res[ptr];
 			switch(res[ptr])
 			{
 				case 'a':token_str.push_back('\a');break;
@@ -238,40 +299,44 @@ std::string nasal_lexer::string_gen(std::vector<char>& res,int& ptr,int& line)
 	}
 	// check if this string ends with a " or '
 	if(ptr>=res_size)
-	{
-		++error;
-		std::cout<<">> [lexer] line "<<line<<": get EOF when generating string.\n";
-	}
+		die("["+line_code+"_] get EOF when generating string.",line,line_code.length());
 	++ptr;
 	return token_str;
 }
 
-void nasal_lexer::scanner(std::vector<char>& res)
+void nasal_lexer::scanner()
 {
-    error=0;
     token_list.clear();
-    int line=1,ptr=0,res_size=res.size();
+    line=1;
+	ptr=0;
+	line_code="";
+
 	std::string token_str;
 	while(ptr<res_size)
 	{
 		while(ptr<res_size && (res[ptr]==' ' || res[ptr]=='\n' || res[ptr]=='\t' || res[ptr]=='\r' || res[ptr]<0))
 		{
 			// these characters will be ignored, and '\n' will cause ++line
-			if(res[ptr]=='\n') ++line;
+			line_code+=res[ptr];
+			if(res[ptr]=='\n')
+			{
+				++line;
+				line_code="";
+			}
 			++ptr;
 		}
 		if(ptr>=res_size) break;
-		if(IS_IDENTIFIER_HEAD(res[ptr]))
+		if(IS_IDENTIFIER(res[ptr]))
 		{
-			token_str=identifier_gen(res,ptr,line);
+			token_str=identifier_gen();
 			token new_token;
 			new_token.line=line;
             new_token.str=token_str;
             new_token.type=0;
-            for(int i=0;i<TOKEN_TABLE_SIZE;++i)
-                if(token_str==tok_tbl[i].str)
+            for(int i=0;token_table[i].str;++i)
+                if(token_str==token_table[i].str)
                 {
-                    new_token.type=tok_tbl[i].tok_type;
+                    new_token.type=token_table[i].tok_type;
                     break;
                 }
             if(!new_token.type)
@@ -280,16 +345,16 @@ void nasal_lexer::scanner(std::vector<char>& res)
 		}
 		else if(IS_DIGIT(res[ptr]))
 		{
-			token_str=number_gen(res,ptr,line);
+			token_str=number_gen();
 			token new_token;
 			new_token.line=line;
             new_token.str=token_str;
 			new_token.type=tok_number;
 			token_list.push_back(new_token);
 		}
-		else if(IS_STRING_HEAD(res[ptr]))
+		else if(IS_STRING(res[ptr]))
 		{
-			token_str=string_gen(res,ptr,line);
+			token_str=string_gen();
 			token new_token;
 			new_token.line=line;
 			new_token.type=tok_string;
@@ -300,15 +365,19 @@ void nasal_lexer::scanner(std::vector<char>& res)
 		{
 			token_str="";
 			token_str+=res[ptr];
+			line_code+=res[ptr];
 			token new_token;
 			new_token.line=line;
             new_token.str=token_str;
-            for(int i=0;i<TOKEN_TABLE_SIZE;++i)
-                if(token_str==tok_tbl[i].str)
+			new_token.type=-1;
+            for(int i=0;token_table[i].str;++i)
+                if(token_str==token_table[i].str)
                 {
-                    new_token.type=tok_tbl[i].tok_type;
+                    new_token.type=token_table[i].tok_type;
                     break;
                 }
+			if(new_token.type<0)
+				die("["+line_code+"_] incorrect operator.",line,line_code.length());
 			token_list.push_back(new_token);
 			++ptr;
 		}
@@ -324,13 +393,14 @@ void nasal_lexer::scanner(std::vector<char>& res)
                 token_str=".";
                 ++ptr;
             }
+			line_code+=token_str;
             token new_token;
             new_token.line=line;
             new_token.str=token_str;
-            for(int i=0;i<TOKEN_TABLE_SIZE;++i)
-                if(token_str==tok_tbl[i].str)
+            for(int i=0;token_table[i].str;++i)
+                if(token_str==token_table[i].str)
                 {
-                    new_token.type=tok_tbl[i].tok_type;
+                    new_token.type=token_table[i].tok_type;
                     break;
                 }
 			token_list.push_back(new_token);
@@ -338,26 +408,26 @@ void nasal_lexer::scanner(std::vector<char>& res)
 		else if(IS_CALC_OPERATOR(res[ptr]))
 		{
 			// get calculation operator
-			token_str="";
-			token_str+=res[ptr];
+			token_str=res[ptr];
 			++ptr;
 			if(ptr<res.size() && res[ptr]=='=')
 			{
 				token_str+=res[ptr];
 				++ptr;
 			}
+			line_code+=token_str;
 			token new_token;
 			new_token.line=line;
 			new_token.str=token_str;
-            for(int i=0;i<TOKEN_TABLE_SIZE;++i)
-                if(token_str==tok_tbl[i].str)
+            for(int i=0;token_table[i].str;++i)
+                if(token_str==token_table[i].str)
                 {
-                    new_token.type=tok_tbl[i].tok_type;
+                    new_token.type=token_table[i].tok_type;
                     break;
                 }
 			token_list.push_back(new_token);
 		}
-		else if(IS_NOTE_HEAD(res[ptr]))
+		else if(IS_NOTE(res[ptr]))
 		{
 			// avoid note
 			while(ptr<res_size && res[ptr]!='\n') ++ptr;
@@ -366,8 +436,8 @@ void nasal_lexer::scanner(std::vector<char>& res)
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			++error;
-			std::cout<<">> [lexer] line "<<line<<": unknown char "<<(int)res[ptr]<<'.'<<std::endl;
+			line_code+=res[ptr];
+			die("["+line_code+"_] unknown character.",line,line_code.length());
 			++ptr;
 		}
 	}

nasal_misc.h

@@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __NASAL_MISC_H__
-#define __NASAL_MISC_H__
-
-/*
-	check_numerable_string:
-	check if a string can be converted to a number
-	
-	strings like these below is correct:
-	'0.00012'
-	'12314.234'
-	'1234'
-	'0xdeadbeef'
-	'0xDEADBEEF'
-	'0o71230'
-	'1e23'
-	'1E-123'
-	'1.34E10'
-*/
-inline bool check_hex_string(std::string str,int len)
-{
-	for(int i=2;i<len;++i)
-		if(!(('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9') || ('a'<=str[i] && str[i]<='f') || ('A'<=str[i] && str[i]<='F')))
-			return false;
-	return true;
-}
-inline bool check_oct_string(std::string str,int len)
-{
-	for(int i=2;i<len;++i)
-		if(str[i]<'0' || str[i]>'7')
-			return false;
-	return true;
-}
-inline bool check_dec_string(std::string str,int len)
-{
-	int i=0;
-	// check integer part
-	while('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9' && i<len) ++i;
-	if(i==len) return true;
-	if(str[i]!='e' && str[i]!='E' && str[i]!='.') return false;
-	// check decimal part
-	if(str[i]=='.')
-	{
-		++i;
-		if(i==len) return false;
-		while('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9' && i<len) ++i;
-	}
-	if(i==len) return true;
-	if(str[i]!='e' && str[i]!='E') return false;
-	// check scientific notation
-	if(str[i]=='e' || str[i]=='E')
-	{
-		++i;
-		if(i==len) return false;
-		if(str[i]=='-' || str[i]=='+')
-		{
-			++i;
-			if(i==len) return false;
-		}
-		for(;i<len;++i)
-			if(str[i]<'0' || str[i]>'9')
-				return false;
-	}
-	return true;
-}
-
-bool check_numerable_string(std::string str)
-{
-	int len=str.length();
-	if(!len) return false;
-	if(str[0]=='-' || str[0]=='+')
-	{
-		if(len==1) return false;
-		std::string tmp="";
-		for(int i=1;i<len;++i)
-			tmp+=str[i];
-		str=tmp;
-		--len;
-	}
-	if(len>2 && str[0]=='0' && str[1]=='x')
-		return check_hex_string(str,len);
-	else if(len>2 && str[0]=='0' && str[1]=='o')
-		return check_oct_string(str,len);
-	else if('0'<=str[0] && str[0]<='9')
-		return check_dec_string(str,len);
-	return false;
-}
-
-/*
-	trans_string_to_number:
-	convert string to number
-*/
-inline double hex_to_double(std::string str,int len)
-{
-	double ret=0,num_pow=1;
-	for(int i=len-1;i>1;--i)
-	{
-		if('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9')
-			ret+=num_pow*(str[i]-'0');
-		else if('a'<=str[i] && str[i]<='f')
-			ret+=num_pow*(str[i]-'a'+10);
-		else if('A'<=str[i] && str[i]<='F')
-			ret+=num_pow*(str[i]-'A'+10);
-		num_pow*=16;
-	}
-	return ret;
-}
-inline double oct_to_double(std::string str,int len)
-{
-	double ret=0,num_pow=1;
-	for(int i=len-1;i>1;--i)
-	{
-		ret+=num_pow*(str[i]-'0');
-		num_pow*=8;
-	}
-	return ret;
-}
-inline double dec_to_double(std::string str,int len)
-{
-	double ret=0;
-	int i=0;
-	while('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9' && i<len)
-	{
-		ret=ret*10+(str[i]-'0');
-		++i;
-	}
-	if(i==len) return ret;
-	if(str[i]=='.')
-	{
-		++i;
-		double num_pow=0.1;
-		while('0'<=str[i] && str[i]<='9' && i<len)
-		{
-			ret+=num_pow*(str[i]-'0');
-			num_pow*=0.1;
-			++i;
-		}
-	}
-	if(i==len) return ret;
-	if(str[i]=='e' || str[i]=='E')
-	{
-		++i;
-		bool is_negative=(str[i]=='-');
-		if(str[i]=='-' || str[i]=='+') ++i;
-		double num_pow=0;
-		for(;i<len;++i) num_pow=num_pow*10+(str[i]-'0');
-		num_pow=std::pow(10,is_negative?-num_pow:num_pow);
-		ret*=num_pow;
-	}
-	return ret;
-}
-double trans_string_to_number(std::string str)
-{
-	bool is_negative=false;
-	int len=str.length();
-	double ret_num=0;
-	if(!len) return 0;
-	if(str[0]=='-' || str[0]=='+')
-	{
-		is_negative=(str[0]=='-');
-		std::string tmp="";
-		for(int i=1;i<len;++i)
-			tmp.push_back(str[i]);
-		str=tmp;
-		--len;
-	}
-	if(len>2 && str[0]=='0' && str[1]=='x')
-		ret_num=hex_to_double(str,len);
-	else if(len>2 && str[0]=='0' && str[1]=='o')
-		ret_num=oct_to_double(str,len);
-	else if('0'<=str[0] && str[0]<='9')
-		ret_num=dec_to_double(str,len);
-	return is_negative?-ret_num:ret_num;
-}
-
-/*
-	trans_number_to_string:
-	convert number to string
-*/
-std::string trans_number_to_string(double number)
-{
-	std::string trans_num_string="";
-	if(number<0)
-	{
-		trans_num_string+='-';
-		number=-number;
-	}
-	if(number==0)
-		return "0";
-	double integer_bit=1;
-	while(number>=integer_bit)
-		integer_bit*=10;
-	integer_bit/=10;
-	if(integer_bit==0.1)
-		trans_num_string+='0';
-	while(integer_bit!=0.1)
-	{
-		trans_num_string+=(char)('0'+(int(number/integer_bit)));
-		number-=(double)(int(number/integer_bit))*integer_bit;
-		integer_bit/=10;
-	}
-	if(number!=0)
-		trans_num_string+='.';
-	while(number!=0)
-	{
-		trans_num_string+=(char)('0'+int(number*10));
-		number*=10;
-		number-=(double)(int(number));
-	}
-	return trans_num_string;
-}
-
-/*
-	prt_hex:
-	transform int to hex format and print it out (std::cout)
-*/
-void prt_hex(const int ptr)
-{
-	char hex[9];
-	hex[8]=0;
-	int tmp_plc=ptr;
-	if(tmp_plc<0)
-	{
-		tmp_plc=-tmp_plc;
-		std::cout<<"-0x";
-	}
-	else
-		std::cout<<"0x";
-	/*
-		int: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
-		int: 0x00 00 00 00
-		example:
-			a=0x13 57 9b df
-			a=00010011 01010111 10011011 11011111
-			a & 0x00 00 00 0f:
-				00010011 01010111 10011011 11011111
-			and	00000000 00000000 00000000 00001111
-			---------------------------------------
-				00000000 00000000 00000000 00001111
-			a>>=4:
-				00000001 00110101 01111001 10111101
-			a & 0x00 00 00 0f
-				00000001 00110101 01111001 10111101
-			and 00000000 00000000 00000000 00001111
-			---------------------------------------
-				00000000 00000000 00000000 00001101
-			then convert 0~15 to 0~9 a~f
-	*/
-	for(int j=7;j>=0;--j)
-	{
-		int tmp=(tmp_plc & 0x0000000f);
-		hex[j]=tmp<10? (char)('0'+tmp):(char)('a'+tmp-10);
-		tmp_plc>>=4;
-	}
-	std::cout<<hex;
-	return;
-}
-
-#endif

nasal_resource.h

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef __NASAL_RESOURCE_H__
-#define __NASAL_RESOURCE_H__
-
-class nasal_resource
-{
-private:
-    std::vector<char> res;
-public:
-    bool input_file(std::string);
-    void clear();
-    void print_file();
-    std::vector<char>& get_file();
-};
-
-bool nasal_resource::input_file(std::string filename)
-{
-    res.clear();
-    std::ifstream fin(filename,std::ios::binary);
-    if(fin.fail())
-    {
-        std::cout<<">> [resource] cannot open file \""<<filename<<"\".\n";
-        fin.close();
-        return false;
-    }
-    while(!fin.eof())
-    {
-        char c=fin.get();
-        if(fin.eof())
-            break;
-        res.push_back(c);
-    }
-    fin.close();
-    return true;
-}
-
-void nasal_resource::clear()
-{
-    res.clear();
-    return;
-}
-
-void nasal_resource::print_file()
-{
-    int size=res.size(),line=1;
-	std::cout<<line<<"\t";
-	std::string unicode_str="";
-	for(int i=0;i<size;++i)
-	{
-		if(res[i]>=0 && unicode_str.length())
-		{
-			std::cout<<unicode_str;
-			unicode_str="";
-		}
-		if(32<=res[i])
-            std::cout<<res[i];
-		else if(res[i]<0)
-            unicode_str+=res[i];
-		else
-            std::cout<<" ";
-		if(res[i]=='\n')
-		{
-			++line;
-			std::cout<<std::endl<<line<<"\t";
-		}
-	}
-	std::cout<<(unicode_str.length()?unicode_str:"")<<'\n';
-	return;
-}
-
-std::vector<char>& nasal_resource::get_file()
-{
-    return res;
-}
-
-#endif

test/NasNeuron.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# NasNeuron lib written by ValKmjolnir
+
+# Basic Class NasMatrix
+# NasMatGen  : generate a new matrix
+# NasMatAdd  : add two matrixes
+# NasMatSub  : sub two matrixes
+# NasMatMul  : multiply two matrix
+# NasMatTrans: transpose a matrix
+# NasMatPrt  : print a matrix
+var NasMatrix=
+{
+    NasMatGen:func(row,col)
+    {
+        var GenMat={Row:row,Col:col,Elem:[]};
+        for(var i=0;i<row;i+=1)
+        {
+            var TmpVec=[];
+            for(var j=0;j<col;j+=1)
+                append(TmpVec,0);
+            append(GenMat.Elem,TmpVec);
+        }
+        return GenMat;
+    },
+    NasMatAdd:func(mat1,mat2)
+    {
+        var ResultMat=nil;
+        if(mat1.Row==mat2.Row and mat1.Col==mat2.Col)
+        {
+            ResultMat=me.NasMatGen(mat1.Row,mat1.Col);
+            for(var i=0;i<ResultMat.Row;i+=1)
+                for(var j=0;j<ResultMat.Col;j+=1)
+                    ResultMat.Elem[i][j]=mat1.Elem[i][j]+mat2.Elem[i][j];
+        }
+        else
+            print("NasNeuron: Mat1 and Mat2 have different rows and cols.");
+        return ResultMat;
+    },
+    NasMatSub:func(mat1,mat2)
+    {
+        var ResultMat=nil;
+        if(mat1.Row==mat2.Row and mat1.Col==mat2.Col)
+        {
+            ResultMat=me.NasMatGen(mat1.Row,mat1.Col);
+            for(var i=0;i<ResultMat.Row;i+=1)
+                for(var j=0;j<ResultMat.Col;j+=1)
+                    ResultMat.Elem[i][j]=mat1.Elem[i][j]-mat2.Elem[i][j];
+        }
+        else
+            print("NasNeuron: Mat1 and Mat2 have different rows and cols.");
+        return ResultMat;
+    },
+    NasMatMul:func(mat1,mat2)
+    {
+        var ResultMat=nil;
+        if(mat1.Col==mat2.Row)
+        {
+            ResultMat=me.NasMatGen(mat1.Row,mat2.Col);
+            for(var i=0;i<ResultMat.Row;i+=1)
+                for(var j=0;j<ResultMat.Col;j+=1)
+                {
+                    var sum=0;
+                    for(var k=0;k<mat1.Col;k+=1)
+                        sum+=mat1.Elem[i][k]*mat2.Elem[k][j];
+                    ResultMat.Elem[i][j]=sum;
+                }  
+        }
+        else
+            print("NasNeuron: Mat1's Col is different from Mat2's Row.");
+        return ResultMat;
+    },
+    NasMatTrans:func(mat)
+    {
+        var ResultMat=nil;
+        ResultMat=me.NasMatGen(mat.Col,mat.Row);
+        for(var i=0;i<ResultMat.Row;i+=1)
+            for(var j=0;j<ResultMat.Col;j+=1)
+                ResultMat.Elem[i][j]=mat.Elem[j][i];
+        return ResultMat;
+    },
+    NasMatPrt:func(mat)
+    {
+        for(var i=0;i<mat.Row;i+=1)
+        {
+            for(var j=0;j<mat.Col;j+=1)
+                print(mat.Elem[i][j],' ');
+            print('\n');
+        }
+        return nil;
+    }
+};
+
+NasMatrix.NasMatPrt(
+    NasMatrix.NasMatGen(
+        10,100
+        )
+    );

test/bfs.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import("lib.nas");
+import("queue.nas");
+
+rand(time(0));
+
+var map=[];
+for(var i=0;i<10;i+=1)
+{
+    append(map,[]);
+    for(var j=0;j<10;j+=1)
+        append(map[i],(rand()>0.7));
+}
+
+var prt=func()
+{
+    var s="";
+    for(var i=0;i<10;i+=1)
+    {
+        for(var j=0;j<10;j+=1)
+            s~=map[i][j];
+        s~='\n';
+    }
+    print(s);
+}
+
+var bfs=func(begin,end)
+{
+    var move=[[1,0],[0,1],[-1,0],[0,-1]];
+    var queue=new_queue();
+    queue_push(queue,begin);
+    map[begin[0]][begin[1]]=3;
+    while(!queue_empty(queue))
+    {
+        var vertex=queue_front(queue);
+        queue_pop(queue);
+        foreach(var i;move)
+        {
+            var x=vertex[0]+i[0];
+            var y=vertex[1]+i[1];
+            if(x==end[0] and y==end[1])
+            {
+                map[x][y]='*';
+                return;
+            }
+            if(0<=x and x<10 and 0<=y and y<10 and map[x][y]==0)
+            {
+                queue_push(queue,[x,y]);
+                map[x][y]=3;
+            }
+        }
+        prt();
+    }
+    print("cannot reach.");
+    return;
+}
+
+prt();
+var x=num(input());
+var y=num(input());
+var begin=[x,y];
+x=num(input());
+y=num(input());
+var end=[x,y];
+bfs(begin,end);
+prt();

test/choice.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+
+var condition_true=1;
+var condition_false=0;
+if(condition_true)
+{
+    var a=1;
+}
+else if(!condition_false)
+{
+    var b=1;
+}
+elsif(!condition_true and condition_false)
+{
+    print("impossible");
+}
+else
+{
+    var c=1;
+    var d=1;
+}
+
+if(condition_true)
+    var a=1;
+else if(!condition_false)
+    var b=1;
+elsif(!condition_true and condition_false)
+    print("impossible");
+else
+    var c=1;

test/final.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+var smartScreen = canvas.new({
+  "name": "smartScreen",   # The name is optional but allow for easier identification
+  "size": [2048, 2048], # Size of the underlying texture (should be a power of 2, required) [Resolution]
+  "view": [768, 768],  # Virtual resolution (Defines the coordinate system of the canvas [Dimensions]
+                        # which will be stretched the size of the texture, required)
+  "mipmapping": 1       # Enable mipmapping (optional)
+});
+
+smartScreen.addPlacement({"node": "screen", "texture": "screen.jpeg"});
+var group = smartScreen.createGroup();
+
+# Create a text element and set some values
+var text = group.createChild("text", "optional-id-for element")
+          .setTranslation(10, 20)      # The origin is in the top left corner
+          .setAlignment("left-center") # All values from osgText are supported (see $FG_ROOT/Docs/README.osgtext)
+          .setFont("LiberationFonts/LiberationSans-Regular.ttf") # Fonts are loaded either from $AIRCRAFT_DIR/Fonts or $FG_ROOT/Fonts
+          .setFontSize(14, 1.2)        # Set fontsize and optionally character aspect ratio
+          .setColor(1,0,0)             # Text color
+          .setText("This is a text element");
+text.hide();
+text.setText("SELF TEST NORMAL").show();
+
+
+
+var ui_root = smartScreen.createGroup();
+var vbox = canvas.VBoxLayout.new();
+smartScreen.setLayout(vbox);
+
+
+var button_onl = canvas.gui.widgets.Button.new(ui_root, canvas.style, {}).setText("Online OSM").listen("clicked", func showOnlineMap());
+var button_offl = canvas.gui.widgets.Button.new(ui_root, canvas.style, {}).setText("Offline OSM").listen("clicked", func showOfflineMap());
+button_onl.setSizeHint([32, 128]);
+button_offl.setSizeHint([32, 128]);
+
+var label = canvas.gui.widgets.Label.new(ui_root, canvas.style, {});
+
+var button_box = canvas.HBoxLayout.new();
+button_box.addItem(button_onl);
+button_box.addItem(button_offl);
+button_box.addItem(label);
+button_box.addStretch(1);
+
+vbox.addItem(button_box);
+vbox.addStretch(1);
+
+
+var showOnlineMap = func(){
+  TestMap.show();
+  g.hide();
+  label.setText("Online Mode");
+}
+
+
+var showOfflineMap = func(){
+  TestMap.hide();
+  g.show();
+  label.setText("Offline Mode");
+}
+
+
+# Online Map using MapStructure
+var TestMap = smartScreen.createGroup().createChild("map");
+TestMap.setTranslation(smartScreen.get("view[0]")/2,smartScreen.get("view[1]")/2);
+
+
+var ctrl_ns = canvas.Map.Controller.get("Aircraft position");
+var source = ctrl_ns.SOURCES["map-dialog"];
+if (source == nil) {
+  # TODO: amend
+  var source = ctrl_ns.SOURCES["map-dialog"] = {
+    getPosition: func subvec(geo.aircraft_position().latlon(), 0, 2),# ? ? ?
+    getAltitude: func getprop('/position/altitude-ft'),
+    getHeading:  func {
+      if (me.aircraft_heading)
+        getprop('/orientation/heading-deg');
+      else
+        0;
+    },
+    aircraft_heading: 1,
+  };
+}
+setlistener("/sim/gui/dialogs/map-canvas/aircraft-heading-up", func(n){source.aircraft_heading = n.getBoolValue();}, 1);
+TestMap.setController("Aircraft position", "map-dialog");
+TestMap.setRange(1); 
+
+var r = func(name,vis=1,zindex=nil){return caller(0)[0];};
+# TODO: we'll need some z-indexing here, right now it's just random
+
+foreach(var type; [r('APS')] ){
+    TestMap.addLayer(factory: canvas.SymbolLayer, type_arg: type.name, visible: type.vis, priority: 2);
+}
+
+foreach(var type; [ r('OSM')]) {
+    TestMap.addLayer(factory: canvas.OverlayLayer,
+                    type_arg: type.name,
+                     visible: type.vis,
+                    priority: 1);
+}
+
+
+TestMap.hide();
+
+# Offline map
+
+var g = smartScreen.createGroup();
+var zoom = 15;
+var type = "intl";
+var tile_size = 256;
+
+
+var changeZoom = func(d)
+{
+  zoom = math.max(2, math.min(19, zoom + d));
+  updateTiles();
+}
+
+# http://polymaps.org/docs/
+# https://github.com/simplegeo/polymaps
+# https://github.com/Leaflet/Leaflet
+
+var maps_base = getprop("/sim/fg-home") ~ '/cache/maps';
+
+var makePath =
+string.compileTemplate(maps_base ~ '/osm-{type}/{z}/{x}/{y}.jpg');
+var num_tiles = [4, 4];
+
+var center_tile_offset = [(num_tiles[0]-1)/2, (num_tiles[1]-1)/ 2];
+
+# simple aircraft icon at current position/center of the map
+g.createChild("path")
+  .moveTo( tile_size*center_tile_offset[0]-10, tile_size*center_tile_offset[1])
+  .horiz(20)
+  .move(-10,-10)
+  .vert(20)
+  .set("stroke", "red")
+  .set("stroke-width", 2)
+  .set("z-index", 1);
+
+# initialize the map by setting up
+# a grid of raster images  
+
+var tiles = setsize([], num_tiles[0]);
+for(var x=0; x<num_tiles[0]; x+=1)
+{
+  tiles[x] = setsize([], num_tiles[1]);
+  for(var y=0; y<num_tiles[1]; y+=1)
+    tiles[x][y] = g.createChild("image", "map-tile");
+}
+
+var last_tile = [-1,-1];
+var last_type = type;
+
+# this is the callback that will be regularly called by the timer
+# to update the map
+var updateTiles = func()
+{
+  # get current position
+  var lat = getprop('/position/latitude-deg');
+  var lon = getprop('/position/longitude-deg');
+
+  var n = math.pow(2, zoom);
+  var offset = [n*((lon+180)/360)-center_tile_offset[0], (1-math.ln(math.tan(lat*math.pi/180)+1/math.cos(lat*math.pi/180))/math.pi)/2*n-center_tile_offset[1]];
+  var tile_index = [int(offset[0]), int(offset[1])];
+
+  var ox = tile_index[0] - offset[0];
+  var oy = tile_index[1] - offset[1];
+
+  for(var x = 0; x < num_tiles[0]; x += 1)
+    for(var y = 0; y < num_tiles[1]; y += 1)
+      tiles[x][y].setTranslation(int((ox + x) * tile_size + 0.5), int((oy + y) * tile_size + 0.5));
+
+  if(  tile_index[0] != last_tile[0]
+    or tile_index[1] != last_tile[1]
+    or type != last_type )
+  {
+    for(var x = 0; x < num_tiles[0]; x += 1)
+      for(var y = 0; y < num_tiles[1]; y += 1)
+      {
+        var pos = {
+          z: zoom,
+          x: int(offset[0] + x),
+          y: int(offset[1] + y),
+          type: type
+        };
+
+        (func {
+            var img_path = makePath(pos);
+            var tile = tiles[x][y];
+            print('loading ' ~ img_path);
+            tile.set("src", img_path);
+          })();
+        # lambda
+      }
+
+      last_tile = tile_index;
+      last_type = type;
+  }
+};
+
+# set up a timer that will invoke updateTiles at 2-second intervals
+var update_timer = maketimer(2, updateTiles);
+# actually start the timer
+update_timer.start();
+
+# set up default zoom level
+changeZoom(0);
+
+#g.hide();
+
+

test/final2.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+###############################################################################
+##
+## Nasal module for dual control over the multiplayer network.
+##
+##  Copyright (C) 2007 - 2010  Anders Gidenstam  (anders(at)gidenstam.org)
+##  This file is licensed under the GPL license version 2 or later.
+##
+###############################################################################
+## MP properties
+var lat_mpp     = "position/latitude-deg";
+var lon_mpp     = "position/longitude-deg";
+var alt_mpp     = "position/altitude-ft";
+var heading_mpp = "orientation/true-heading-deg";
+var pitch_mpp   = "orientation/pitch-deg";
+var roll_mpp    = "orientation/roll-deg";
+
+# Import components from the mp_broadcast module.
+var Binary         = mp_broadcast.Binary;
+var MessageChannel = mp_broadcast.MessageChannel;
+
+###############################################################################
+# Utility classes
+
+############################################################
+# Translate a property into another.
+#  Factor and offsets are only used for numeric values.
+#   src    - source      : property node
+#   dest   - destination : property node
+#   factor -             : double
+#   offset -             : double
+var Translator = {};
+Translator.new = func (src = nil, dest = nil, factor = 1, offset = 0) {
+  var obj = { parents   : [Translator],
+              src       : src,
+              dest      : dest,
+              factor    : factor,
+              offset    : offset };
+  if (obj.src == nil or obj.dest == nil) {
+    print("Translator[");
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.src));
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.dest));
+    print("]");
+    fail();
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+}
+Translator.update = func () {
+  var v = me.src.getValue();
+  if (is_num(v)) {
+    me.dest.setValue(me.factor * v + me.offset);
+  } else {
+    if (typeof(v) == "scalar")
+      me.dest.setValue(v);
+  }
+}
+
+############################################################
+# Detects flanks on two insignals encoded in a property.
+# - positive signal up/down flank
+# - negative signal up/down flank
+#   n                 - source : property node
+#   on_positive_flank - action : func (v)
+#   on_negative_flank - action : func (v)
+var EdgeTrigger = {};
+EdgeTrigger.new = func (n, on_positive_flank, on_negative_flank) {
+  var obj = { parents   : [EdgeTrigger],
+              old       : 0,
+              node      : n, 
+              pos_flank : on_positive_flank,
+              neg_flank : on_negative_flank };
+  if (obj.node == nil) {
+    print("EdgeTrigger[");
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.node));
+    print("]");
+    fail();
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+EdgeTrigger.update = func {
+  # NOTE: float MP properties get interpolated.
+  #       This detector relies on that steady state is reached between
+  #       flanks.
+  var val = me.node.getValue();
+  if (!is_num(val)) return;
+  if (me.old == 1) {
+    if (val < me.old) {
+      me.pos_flank(0);
+    }
+  } elsif (me.old == 0) {
+    if (val > me.old) {
+      me.pos_flank(1);
+    } elsif (val < me.old) {
+      me.neg_flank(1);
+    }
+  } elsif (me.old == -1) {
+    if (val > me.old) {
+      me.neg_flank(0);
+    }
+  }
+  me.old = val;
+}
+
+############################################################
+# StableTrigger: Triggers an action when a MPP property
+#                becomes stable (i.e. doesn't change for
+#                MIN_STABLE seconds).
+#   src     - MP prop : property node
+#   action  - action to take when the value becomes stable : [func(v)]
+# An action is triggered when value has stabilized.
+var StableTrigger = {};
+StableTrigger.new = func (src, action) {
+  var obj = { parents      : [StableTrigger],
+              src          : src,
+              action       : action,
+              old          : 0,
+              stable_since : 0,
+              wait         : 0,
+              MIN_STABLE   : 0.01 };
+  # Error checking.
+  var bad = (obj.src == nil) or (action = nil);
+
+  if (bad) {
+    print("StableTrigger[");
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.src));
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.action));
+    print("]");
+    fail();
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+}
+StableTrigger.update = func () {
+  var v   = me.src.getValue();
+  if (!is_num(v)) return;
+  var t = getprop("/sim/time/elapsed-sec"); # NOTE: simulated time.
+
+  if ((me.old == v) and
+      ((t - me.stable_since) > me.MIN_STABLE) and (me.wait == 1)) {
+    # Trigger action.
+    me.action(v);
+
+    me.wait = 0;
+  } elsif (me.old == v) {
+    # Wait. This is either before the signal is stable or after the action. 
+  } else {
+    me.stable_since = t;
+    me.wait         = 1;
+    me.old          = me.src.getValue();
+  }
+}
+
+############################################################
+# Selects the most recent value of two properties.
+#   src1      -  : property node
+#   src2      -  : property node
+#   dest      -  : property node
+#   threshold -  : double
+var MostRecentSelector = {};
+MostRecentSelector.new = func (src1, src2, dest, threshold) {
+  var obj = { parents   : [MostRecentSelector],
+              old1      : 0,
+              old2      : 0,
+              src1      : src1,
+              src2      : src2,
+              dest      : dest,
+              thres     : threshold };
+  if (obj.src1 == nil or obj.src2 == nil or obj.dest == nil) {
+    print("MostRecentSelector[");
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.src1));
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.src2));
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.dest));
+    print("]");
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+}
+MostRecentSelector.update = func {
+  var v1 = me.src1.getValue();
+  var v2 = me.src2.getValue();
+  if (!is_num(v1) and !is_num(v2)) return;
+  elsif (!is_num(v1)) me.dest.setValue(v2);
+  elsif (!is_num(v2)) me.dest.setValue(v1);
+  else {
+      if (abs (v2 - me.old2) > me.thres) {
+          me.old2 = v2;
+          me.dest.setValue(me.old2);
+      }
+      if (abs (v1 - me.old1) > me.thres) {
+          me.old1 = v1;
+          me.dest.setValue(me.old1);
+      }
+  }
+}
+
+############################################################
+# Adds two input properties.
+#   src1      -  : property node
+#   src2      -  : property node
+#   dest      -  : property node
+var Adder = {};
+Adder.new = func (src1, src2, dest) {
+  var obj = { parents : [DeltaAccumulator],
+              src1    : src1,
+              src2    : src2,
+              dest    : dest };
+  if (obj.src1 == nil or obj.src2 == nil or obj.dest == nil) {
+    print("Adder[");
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.src1));
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.src2));
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.dest));
+    print("]");
+    fail();
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+}
+Adder.update = func () {
+  var v1 = me.src1.getValue();
+  var v2 = me.src2.getValue();
+  if (!is_num(v1) or !is_num(v2)) return;
+  me.dest.setValue(v1 + v2);
+}
+
+############################################################
+# Adds the delta of src to dest.
+#   src       -  : property node
+#   dest      -  : property node
+var DeltaAdder = {};
+DeltaAdder.new = func (src, dest) {
+  var obj = { parents : [DeltaAdder],
+              old     : 0,
+              src     : src,
+              dest    : dest };
+  if (obj.src == nil or obj.dest == nil) {
+    print("DeltaAdder[", debug.string(obj.src), ", ",
+          debug.string(obj.dest), "]");
+    fail();
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+}
+DeltaAdder.update = func () {
+  var v = me.src.getValue();
+  if (!is_num(v)) return;
+  me.dest.setValue((v - me.old) + me.dest.getValue());
+  me.old = v;
+}
+
+############################################################
+# Switch encoder: Encodes upto 32 boolean properties in one
+# int property.
+#   inputs    - list of property nodes
+#   dest      - where the bitmask is stored : property node
+var SwitchEncoder = {};
+SwitchEncoder.new = func (inputs, dest) {
+  var obj = { parents : [SwitchEncoder],
+              inputs  : inputs,
+              dest    : dest };
+  # Error checking.
+  var bad = (obj.dest == nil);
+  foreach (var i; inputs) {
+    if (i == nil) { bad = 1; }
+  }
+
+  if (bad) {
+    print("SwitchEncoder[");
+    foreach (var i; inputs) {
+      print("  ", debug.string(i));
+    }
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.dest));
+    print("]");
+    fail();
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+}
+SwitchEncoder.update = func () {
+  var v = 0;
+  var b = 1;
+  forindex (var i; me.inputs) {
+    if (me.inputs[i].getBoolValue()) {
+      v = v + b;
+    }
+    b *= 2;
+  }
+  me.dest.setIntValue(v);
+}
+
+############################################################
+# Switch decoder: Decodes a bitmask in an int property.
+#   src     -                 : property node
+#   actions - list of actions : [func(b)]
+# Actions are triggered when their input bit change.
+# Due to interpolation the decoder needs to wait for a
+# stable input value.
+var SwitchDecoder = {};
+SwitchDecoder.new = func (src, actions) {
+  var obj = { parents : [SwitchDecoder],
+              wait         : 0,
+              old          : 0,
+              old_stable   : 0,
+              stable_since : 0,
+              reset        : 1,
+              src          : src,
+              actions      : actions,
+              MIN_STABLE   : 0.1 };
+  # Error checking.
+  var bad = (obj.src == nil);
+  foreach (var a; obj.actions) {
+    if (a == nil) { bad = 1; }
+  }
+  
+  if (bad) {
+    print("SwitchDecoder[");
+    print("  ", debug.string(obj.src));
+    foreach (var a; obj.actions) {
+      print("  ", debug.string(a));
+    }
+    print("]");
+    fail();
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+}
+SwitchDecoder.update = func () {
+  var t = getprop("/sim/time/elapsed-sec"); # NOTE: simulated time.
+  var v = me.src.getValue();
+  if (!is_num(v)) return;
+
+  if ((me.old == v) and ((t - me.stable_since) > me.MIN_STABLE) and
+      (me.wait == 1)) {
+    var ov = me.old_stable;
+# Use this to improve.
+#<cptf> here's the boring version:  var bittest = func(u, b) { while (b) { u = int(u / 2); b -= 1; } u != int(u / 2) * 2; }
+    forindex (var i; me.actions) {
+      var m  = math.mod(v, 2);
+      var om = math.mod(ov, 2);
+      if ((m != om or me.reset)) { me.actions[i](m?1:0); }
+      v  = (v - m)/2;
+      ov = (ov - om)/2;
+    }
+    me.old_stable = me.src.getValue();
+    me.wait  = 0;
+    me.reset = 0;
+  } elsif (me.old == v) {
+    # Wait. This is either before the bitmask is stable or after
+    # it has been processed. 
+  } else {
+    me.stable_since = t;
+    me.wait         = 1;
+    me.old          = me.src.getValue();
+  }
+}
+
+############################################################
+# Time division multiplexing encoder: Transmits a list of
+# properties over a MP enabled string property.
+#   inputs  - input properties : [property node]
+#   dest    - MP string prop   : property node
+# Note: TDM can have high latency so it is best used for
+# non-time critical properties.
+var TDMEncoder = {};
+TDMEncoder.new = func (inputs, dest) {
+  var obj = { parents   : [TDMEncoder],
+              inputs    : inputs,
+              channel   : MessageChannel.new(dest,
+                                             func (msg) {
+                                               print("This should not happen!");
+                                             }),
+              MIN_INT   : 0.25,
+              last_time : 0,
+              next_item : 0,
+              old       : [] };
+  # Error checking.
+  var bad = (dest == nil) or (obj.channel == nil);
+  foreach (var i; inputs) {
+    if (i == nil) { bad = 1; }
+  }
+
+  if (bad) {
+    print("TDMEncoder[");
+    foreach (var i; inputs) {
+      print("  ", debug.string(i));
+    }
+    print("  ", debug.string(dest));
+    print("]");
+  }
+
+  setsize(obj.old, size(obj.inputs));
+
+  return obj;
+}
+TDMEncoder.update = func () {
+  var t = getprop("/sim/time/elapsed-sec"); # NOTE: simulated time.
+  if (t > me.last_time + me.MIN_INT) {
+    var n = size(me.inputs);
+    while (1) {
+      var v = me.inputs[me.next_item].getValue();
+
+      if ((n <= 0) or (me.old[me.next_item] != v)) {
+        # Set the MP properties to send the next item.
+        me.channel.send(Binary.encodeByte(me.next_item) ~
+                        Binary.encodeDouble(v));
+
+        me.old[me.next_item] = v;
+
+        me.last_time = t;
+        me.next_item += 1;
+        if (me.next_item >= size(me.inputs)) { me.next_item = 0; }
+        return;
+      } else {
+        # Search for changed property.
+        n -= 1;
+        me.next_item += 1;
+        if (me.next_item >= size(me.inputs)) { me.next_item = 0; }
+      }         
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+############################################################
+# Time division multiplexing decoder: Receives a list of
+# properties over a MP enabled string property.
+#   src     - MP string prop  : property node
+#   actions - list of actions : [func(v)]
+# An action is triggered when its value is received.
+# Note: TDM can have high latency so it is best used for
+# non-time critical properties.
+var TDMDecoder = {};
+TDMDecoder.new = func (src, actions) {
+  var obj = { parents      : [TDMDecoder],
+              actions      : actions };
+  obj.channel = MessageChannel.new(src,
+                                   func (msg) {
+                                     obj.process(msg);
+                                   });
+
+  # Error checking.
+  var bad = (src == nil) or (obj.channel == nil);
+  foreach (var a; actions) {
+    if (a == nil) { bad = 1; }
+  }
+
+  if (bad) {
+    print("TDMDecoder[");
+    print("  ", debug.string(src));
+    foreach (var a; actions) {
+      print("  ", debug.string(a));
+    }
+    print("]");
+    fail();
+  }
+
+  return obj;
+}
+TDMDecoder.process = func (msg) {
+  var v1 = Binary.decodeByte(msg);
+  var v2 = Binary.decodeDouble(substr(msg, 1));
+  # Trigger action.
+  me.actions[v1](v2);
+}
+TDMDecoder.update = func {
+  me.channel.update();
+}
+
+###############################################################################
+# Internal utility functions
+
+var is_num = func (v) {
+    return num(v) != nil;
+}
+
+# fail causes a Nasal runtime error so we get a backtrace.
+var fail = func {
+    error_detected_in_calling_context();
+}
+
+###############################################################################
+
+###############################################################################
+# Copilot selection dialog.
+#
+# Usage: dual_control_tools.copilot_dialog.show(<copilot type string>);
+#
+var COPILOT_DLG = 0;
+var copilot_dialog = {};
+############################################################
+copilot_dialog.init = func (copilot_type, x = nil, y = nil) {
+    me.x = x;
+    me.y = y;
+    me.bg = [0, 0, 0, 0.3];    # background color
+    me.fg = [[1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]]; 
+    #
+    # "private"
+    if (contains(aircraft_dual_control, "copilot_view")) {
+        me.title = "Pilot selection";
+    } else {
+        me.title = "Copilot selection";
+    }
+    me.basenode = props.globals.getNode("sim/remote", 1);
+    me.dialog = nil;
+    me.namenode = props.Node.new({"dialog-name" : me.title });
+    me.listeners = [];
+    me.copilot_type = copilot_type;
+}
+############################################################
+copilot_dialog.create = func {
+    if (me.dialog != nil)
+        me.close();
+
+    me.dialog = gui.Widget.new();
+    me.dialog.set("name", me.title);
+    if (me.x != nil)
+        me.dialog.set("x", me.x);
+    if (me.y != nil)
+        me.dialog.set("y", me.y);
+
+    me.dialog.set("layout", "vbox");
+    me.dialog.set("default-padding", 0);
+    var titlebar = me.dialog.addChild("group");
+    titlebar.set("layout", "hbox");
+    titlebar.addChild("empty").set("stretch", 1);
+    if (contains(aircraft_dual_control, "copilot_view")) {
+        titlebar.addChild("text").set("label", "Book your flight");
+    } else {
+        titlebar.addChild("text").set("label", "Passengers online");
+    }
+    var w = titlebar.addChild("button");
+    w.set("pref-width", 16);
+    w.set("pref-height", 16);
+    w.set("legend", "");
+    w.set("default", 0);
+    w.set("key", "esc");
+    w.setBinding("nasal", "dual_control_tools.copilot_dialog.destroy(); ");
+    w.setBinding("dialog-close");
+    me.dialog.addChild("hrule");
+
+    var content = me.dialog.addChild("group");
+    content.set("layout", "vbox");
+    content.set("halign", "center");
+    content.set("default-padding", 5);
+
+    # Generate the dialog contents.
+    me.players = me.find_copilot_players();
+    var i = 0;
+    var tmpbase  = me.basenode.getNode("dialog", 1);
+    var selected = me.basenode.getNode("pilot-callsign").getValue();
+    foreach (var p; me.players) {
+        var tmp = tmpbase.getNode("b[" ~ i ~ "]", 1);
+        tmp.setBoolValue(streq(selected, p));
+        var w = content.addChild("checkbox");
+        w.node.setValues({"label"    : p,
+                          "halign"   : "left",
+                          "property" : tmp.getPath()});
+        w.setBinding
+            ("nasal",
+             "dual_control_tools.copilot_dialog.select_action(" ~ i ~ ");");
+        i = i + 1;
+    }
+    me.dialog.addChild("hrule");
+
+    # Display the dialog.
+    fgcommand("dialog-new", me.dialog.prop());
+    fgcommand("dialog-show", me.namenode);
+}
+############################################################
+copilot_dialog.close = func {
+    fgcommand("dialog-close", me.namenode);
+}
+############################################################
+copilot_dialog.destroy = func {
+    COPILOT_DLG = 0;
+    me.close();
+    foreach(var l; me.listeners)
+        removelistener(l);
+    delete(gui.dialog, "\"" ~ me.title ~ "\"");
+}
+############################################################
+copilot_dialog.show = func (copilot_type) {
+#    print("Showing MPCopilots dialog!");
+    if (!COPILOT_DLG) {
+        COPILOT_DLG = int(getprop("/sim/time/elapsed-sec"));
+        me.init(copilot_type);
+        me.create();
+        me._update_(COPILOT_DLG);
+    }
+}
+############################################################
+copilot_dialog._redraw_ = func {
+    if (me.dialog != nil) {
+        me.close();
+        me.create();
+    }
+}
+############################################################
+copilot_dialog._update_ = func (id) {
+    if (COPILOT_DLG != id) return;
+    me._redraw_();
+    settimer(func { me._update_(id); }, 4.1);
+}
+############################################################
+copilot_dialog.select_action = func (n) {
+    var selected = me.basenode.getNode("pilot-callsign").getValue();
+    var bs = me.basenode.getNode("dialog").getChildren();
+    # Assumption: There are two true b:s or none. The one not matching selected
+    #             is the new selection.
+    var i = 0;
+    me.basenode.getNode("pilot-callsign").setValue("");
+    foreach (var b; bs) {
+        if (!b.getValue() and (i == n)) {
+            b.setValue(1);
+            me.basenode.getNode("pilot-callsign").setValue(me.players[i]);
+        } else {
+            b.setValue(0);
+        }
+        i = i + 1;
+    }
+    dual_control.main.reset();
+    me._redraw_();
+}
+############################################################
+# Return a list containing all nearby copilot players of the right type.
+copilot_dialog.find_copilot_players = func {
+    var mpplayers =
+        props.globals.getNode("ai/models").getChildren("multiplayer");
+
+    var res = [];
+    foreach (var pilot; mpplayers) {
+        if ((pilot.getNode("valid") != nil) and
+            (pilot.getNode("valid").getValue()) and
+            (pilot.getNode("sim/model/path") != nil)) {
+            var type = pilot.getNode("sim/model/path").getValue();
+
+            if (type == me.copilot_type) {
+                append(res, pilot.getNode("callsign").getValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#    debug.dump(res);
+    return res; 
+}
+###############################################################################

test/json.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+#lib json.nas
+var json={
+    text:'',
+    line:1,
+    size:0,
+    ptr:0,
+    get:nil,
+    check:nil,
+    next:nil,
+    match:nil,
+    hash_gen:nil,
+    vec_gen:nil,
+    member:nil,
+    parse:nil,
+    token:{content:'',type:''},
+    content:[],
+};
+
+json.get=func(filename)
+{
+    me.line=1;
+    me.ptr=0;
+    me.content=[];
+    me.token={content:'',type:''};
+    me.text=io.fin(filename);
+    if(!size(me.text))
+        die("cannot open "~filename);
+    me.text=split('',me.text);
+    me.size=size(me.text);
+    return;
+}
+
+json.check=func(ptr)
+{
+    var str=me.text[ptr];
+    return (str=='{' or str=='}' or str=='[' or str==']' or str==',' or str==':' or str=='\"' or ('0'<=str and str<='9'));
+}
+
+json.next=func()
+{
+    while(me.ptr<me.size and !json.check(me.ptr))
+    {
+        if(me.text[me.ptr]=='\n')
+            me.line+=1;
+        me.ptr+=1;
+    }
+    if(me.ptr>=me.size)
+    {
+        me.token.content="";
+        me.token.type="eof";
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    if(me.text[me.ptr]=='{')
+    {
+        me.token.content='{';
+        me.token.type="left brace";
+    }
+    elsif(me.text[me.ptr]=='}')
+    {
+        me.token.content='}';
+        me.token.type="right brace";
+    }
+    elsif(me.text[me.ptr]=='[')
+    {
+        me.token.content='[';
+        me.token.type="left bracket";
+    }
+    elsif(me.text[me.ptr]==']')
+    {
+        me.token.content=']';
+        me.token.type="right bracket";
+    }
+    elsif(me.text[me.ptr]==',')
+    {
+        me.token.content=',';
+        me.token.type="comma";
+    }
+    elsif(me.text[me.ptr]==':')
+    {
+        me.token.content=':';
+        me.token.type="colon";
+    }
+    elsif(me.text[me.ptr]=='\"')
+    {
+        var s="";
+        me.ptr+=1;
+        while(me.ptr<me.size and me.text[me.ptr]!='\"')
+        {
+            s~=me.text[me.ptr];
+            me.ptr+=1;
+        }
+        me.token.content=s;
+        me.token.type="string";
+    }
+    elsif('0'<=me.text[me.ptr] and me.text[me.ptr]<='9')
+    {
+        var s=me.text[me.ptr];
+        me.ptr+=1;
+        while(me.ptr<me.size and (('0'<=me.text[me.ptr] and me.text[me.ptr]<='9') or me.text[me.ptr]=='.'))
+        {
+            s~=me.text[me.ptr];
+            me.ptr+=1;
+        }
+        me.ptr-=1;
+        me.token.content=num(s);
+        me.token.type="number";
+    }
+    me.ptr+=1;
+    return;
+}
+
+json.match=func(type)
+{
+    if(me.token.type!=type)
+        print("line ",me.line,": expect ",type," but get ",me.token.content,".");
+    me.next();
+    return;
+}
+
+json.hash_gen=func()
+{
+    var hash={};
+    me.match("left brace");
+    me.member(hash);
+    while(me.token.type=="comma")
+    {
+        me.match("comma");
+        me.member(hash);
+    }
+    me.match("right brace");
+    return hash;
+}
+
+json.vec_gen=func()
+{
+    var vec=[];
+    me.match("left bracket");
+    if(me.token.type=="left brace")
+        append(vec,me.hash_gen());
+    elsif(me.token.type=="left bracket")
+        append(vec,me.vec_gen());
+    elsif(me.token.type=="string" or me.token.type=="number")
+    {
+        append(vec,me.token.content);
+        me.next();
+    }
+    while(me.token.type=="comma")
+    {
+        me.match("comma");
+        if(me.token.type=="left brace")
+            append(vec,me.hash_gen());
+        elsif(me.token.type=="left bracket")
+            append(vec,me.vec_gen());
+        elsif(me.token.type=="string" or me.token.type=="number")
+        {
+            append(vec,me.token.content);
+            me.next();
+        }
+    }
+    me.match("right bracket");
+    return vec;
+}
+
+json.member=func(hash)
+{
+    var name=me.token.content;
+    me.match("string");
+    me.match("colon");
+    if(me.token.type=="left brace")
+        hash[name]=me.hash_gen();
+    elsif(me.token.type=="left bracket")
+        hash[name]=me.vec_gen();
+    elsif(me.token.type=="string" or me.token.type=="number")
+    {
+        hash[name]=me.token.content;
+        me.next();
+    }
+    return;
+}
+
+json.parse=func()
+{
+    me.content={};
+    me.next();
+    me.match("left brace");
+    me.member(me.content);
+    while(me.token.type=="comma")
+    {
+        me.match("comma");
+        me.member(me.content);
+    }
+    me.match("right brace");
+    return;
+}

test/lexer.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import("lib.nas");
+
+var s=io.fin("a.nas");
+s=split('',s);
+var len=size(s);
+var ptr=0;
+
+var jump_note=func()
+{
+    while(ptr<len and s[ptr]!='\n')
+        ptr+=1;
+    ptr+=1;
+    return;
+}
+
+var generate_id=func()
+{
+    var tmp="";
+    while(ptr<len)
+    {
+        if('a'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='z'
+        or 'A'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='Z'
+        or s[ptr]=='_'
+        or '0'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='9')
+            tmp~=s[ptr];
+        else
+            break;
+        ptr+=1;
+    }
+    return tmp;
+}
+
+var generate_str=func()
+{
+    var tok_str="";
+    var mark=s[ptr];
+    ptr+=1;
+    while(ptr<len and s[ptr]!=mark)
+    {
+        if(s[ptr]=='\\')
+        {
+            ptr+=1;
+            if(s[ptr]=='a') tok_str~='\a';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='b') tok_str~='\b';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='f') tok_str~='\f';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='n') tok_str~='\n';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='r') tok_str~='\r';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='t') tok_str~='\t';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='v') tok_str~='\v';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='?') tok_str~='?';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='0') tok_str~='\0';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='\\') tok_str~='\\';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='\'') tok_str~='\'';
+            elsif(s[ptr]=='\"') tok_str~='\"';
+            else tok_str~=s[ptr];
+        }
+        else
+            tok_str~=s[ptr];
+        ptr+=1;
+    }
+    if(ptr>=len)
+        print("read eof when generating string.");
+    ptr+=1;
+    return tok_str;
+}
+
+var generate_number=func()
+{
+    var number=s[ptr];
+    ptr+=1;
+    if(s[ptr]=='x')
+    {
+        ptr+=1;
+        while(ptr<len and ('a'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='f' or '0'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='9'))
+        {
+            number~=s[ptr];
+            ptr+=1;
+        }
+        return num(number);
+    }
+    elsif(s[ptr]=='o')
+    {
+        ptr+=1;
+        while(ptr<len and ('0'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='7'))
+        {
+            number~=s[ptr];
+            ptr+=1;
+        }
+        return num(number);
+    }
+
+    while(ptr<len and ('0'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='9'))
+    {
+        number~=s[ptr];
+        ptr+=1;
+    }
+    if(s[ptr]=='.')
+        number~=s[ptr];
+    else
+        return num(number);
+    ptr+=1;
+    while(ptr<len and ('0'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='9'))
+    {
+        number~=s[ptr];
+        ptr+=1;
+    }
+    if(s[ptr]=='e' or s[ptr]=='E')
+        number~=s[ptr];
+    else
+        return num(number);
+    ptr+=1;
+    if(s[ptr]=='-' or s[ptr]=='+')
+    {
+        number~=s[ptr];
+        ptr+=1;
+    }
+    while(ptr<len and ('0'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='9'))
+    {
+        number~=s[ptr];
+        ptr+=1;
+    }
+    return num(number);
+}
+
+var generate_operator=func()
+{
+    var tmp="";
+    if(s[ptr]=='+' or s[ptr]=='-' or s[ptr]=='~' or s[ptr]=='/' or s[ptr]=='*' or s[ptr]=='>' or s[ptr]=='<' or s[ptr]=='!' or s[ptr]=='=')
+    {
+        tmp=s[ptr];
+        ptr+=1;
+        if(ptr<len and s[ptr]=='=')
+        {
+            tmp~=s[ptr];
+            ptr+=1;
+        }
+        return tmp;
+    }
+    elsif(s[ptr]=='.')
+    {
+        if(ptr+2<len and s[ptr+1]=='.' and s[ptr+2]=='.')
+        {
+            tmp='...';
+            ptr+=3;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            tmp='.';
+            ptr+=1;
+        }
+        return tmp;
+    }
+    elsif(s[ptr]!=' ' and s[ptr]!='\t' and s[ptr]!='\n' and s[ptr]!='\r' and s[ptr][0]>0)
+        tmp=s[ptr];
+    ptr+=1;
+    return tmp;
+}
+var cnt=0;
+var token=[];
+while(ptr<len)
+{
+    if(s[ptr]=='#')
+        jump_note();
+    elsif('a'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='z' or 'A'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='Z' or s[ptr]=='_')
+        append(token,generate_id());
+    elsif(s[ptr]=='\'' or s[ptr]=='\"')
+        append(token,generate_str());
+    elsif('0'<=s[ptr] and s[ptr]<='9')
+        append(token,generate_number());
+    else
+    {
+        var tmp=generate_operator();
+        if(size(tmp))
+            append(token,tmp);
+    }
+    if(ptr>=len)
+        break;
+}
+foreach(var i;token)
+{
+    print("(",cnt," | ",i,")");
+    cnt+=1;
+}

test/lib.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+var import=func(filename)
+{
+    nasal_call_import(filename);
+    return nil;
+}
+var print=func(elements...)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_std_cout(elements);
+    return nil;
+};
+var append=func(vector,elements...)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_push_back(vector,elements);
+    return nil;
+}
+var setsize=func(vector,size)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_set_size(vector,size);
+    return nil;
+}
+var system=func(str)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_system(str);
+    return;
+}
+var input=func()
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_input();
+}
+var sleep=func(duration)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_sleep(duration);
+    return;
+}
+var split=func(delimeter,string)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_split(delimeter,string);
+}
+var rand=func(seed=nil)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_rand(seed);
+}
+var id=func(thing)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_get_id(thing);
+}
+var int=func(value)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_trans_int(value);
+}
+var num=func(value)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_trans_num(value);
+}
+var pop=func(vector)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_pop_back(vector);
+}
+var str=func(number)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_trans_str(number);
+}
+var size=func(object)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_size(object);
+}
+var contains=func(hash,key)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_contains(hash,key);
+}
+var delete=func(hash,key)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_delete(hash,key);
+    return;
+}
+var keys=func(hash)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_get_keys(hash);
+}
+var time=func(begin_time)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_time(begin_time);
+}
+var die=func(str)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_die(str);
+    return nil;
+}
+var typeof=func(object)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_type(object);
+}
+var substr=func(str,begin,length)
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_substr(str,begin,length);
+}
+
+var io=
+{
+    fin:func(filename)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_finput(filename);
+    },
+    fout:func(filename,str)
+    {
+        nasal_call_builtin_foutput(filename,str);
+        return;
+    }
+};
+
+var bits=
+{
+    bitxor:func(a,b)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_xor(a,b);
+    },
+    bitand:func(a,b)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_and(a,b);
+    },
+    bitor:func(a,b)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_or(a,b);
+    },
+    bitnand:func(a,b)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_nand(a,b);
+    },
+    bitnot:func(a)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_not(a);
+    }
+};
+
+var math=
+{
+    e:2.7182818284590452354,
+    pi:3.14159265358979323846,
+    sin:func(x)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_sin(x);
+    },
+    cos:func(x)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_cos(x);
+    },
+    tan:func(x)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_tan(x);
+    },
+    exp:func(x)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_exp(x);
+    }, 
+    ln:func(x)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_cpp_math_ln(x);
+    },
+    sqrt:func(x)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_cpp_math_sqrt(x);
+    },
+    atan2:func(x,y)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_cpp_atan2(x,y);
+    },
+};

test/loop.nas

@@ -1,38 +1,30 @@
-while(n==1 )
+for(;;)break;
+for(;;)
 {
-    i=i+1;
-    f(i);
-    print("str");
+    var a=1;
+    break;
+}
+for(var i=1;;)break;
+for(var i=1;;i+=1)break;
+for(var i=1;i<10;i+=1)print(i);
+
+while(1)break;
+var j=0;
+while(j<10)
+{
+    print(j);
+    j+=1;
 }
 
-while(n==1 and "str"==str)
+forindex(var j;[0,1,2,3])print(j);
+forindex(var j;[0,1,2,3])
 {
-    print("str");
+    var a=j;
+    print(a*a);
 }
-
-i+=i1;
-i+=i.i[0];
-i=i.i[0].i(0);
-var hash={
-    f:func {var e=1;return 0;},
-};
-for(var i=0;i<1024;i+=1)
+foreach(var j;[0,1,2,3])print([0,1,2,3][j]);
+foreach(var j;[0,1,2,3])
 {
-    print(i);
+    var a=[0,1,2,3][j];
+    print(a*a-1);
 }
-for(var i=0;(2*512)>=i;i+=1)
-{
-    print(i);
-}
-foreach(var i;[1+(1+1),2,3,4])
-{
-    print(i);
-}
-forindex(var i=list;[1,2,3,4])
-{
-    print(i[0]);
-}
-while(!id)
-{
-    print("yes");
-}

test/main.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+# game left in corner by ValKmjolnir
+# 2020
+
+# lib function defined here
+var print=func(elements...)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_std_cout(elements);
+    return nil;
+};
+var append=func(vector,elements...)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_push_back(vector,elements);
+    return nil;
+}
+var setsize=func(vector,size)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_set_size(vector,size);
+    return nil;
+}
+var system=func(str)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_system(str);
+    return;
+}
+var sleep=func(duration)
+{
+    nasal_call_builtin_sleep(duration);
+    return;
+}
+var input=func()
+{
+    return nasal_call_builtin_input();
+}
+var io=
+{
+    fin:func(filename)
+    {
+        return nasal_call_builtin_finput(filename);
+    },
+    fout:func(filename,str)
+    {
+        nasal_call_builtin_foutput(filename,str);
+        return;
+    }
+};
+var int=func(str)
+{
+    return str+0;
+}
+var str=func(num)
+{
+    return num~'';
+}
+# string split
+
+# game elements defined here
+var role_property=
+{
+    health:100,
+    mood:100,
+    satiety:100,
+    thirst:100,
+    health_change:func(x)
+    {
+        me.health+=x;
+        if(me.health<0)
+            me.health=0;
+        elsif(me.health>100)
+            me.health=100;
+        return nil;
+    },
+    mood_change:func(x)
+    {
+        me.mood+=x;
+        if(me.mood<0)
+            me.mood=0;
+        elsif(me.mood>100)
+            me.mood=100;
+        return nil;
+    },
+    satiety_change:func(x)
+    {
+        me.satiety+=x;
+        if(me.satiety<0)
+            me.satiety=0;
+        elsif(me.satiety>100)
+            me.satiety=100;
+        return nil;
+    },
+    thirst_change:func(x)
+    {
+        me.thirst+=x;
+        if(me.thirst<0)
+            me.thirst=0;
+        elsif(me.thirst>100)
+            me.thirst=100;
+        return nil;
+    }
+};
+var screen=
+{
+    picture:[],
+    info_below_left:[],
+    info_below_right:[],
+    clear:func()
+    {
+        me.picture=[];
+        me.info_below_left=[];
+        me.info_below_right=[];
+        return;
+    },
+    pic_addline:func(_str)
+    {
+        append(me.picture,_str);
+        return;
+    },
+    left_add:func(_str)
+    {
+        append(me.info_below_left,_str);
+        return;
+    },
+    right_add:func(_str)
+    {
+        append(me.info_below_right,_str);
+        return;
+    },
+    prt_screen:func()
+    {
+        foreach(var i;me.picture)
+            print(i);
+        forindex(var i;me.info_below_left)
+            print(me.info_below_left[i]~me.info_below_right[i]);
+        return;
+    }
+};
+var first_shown_info=func()
+{
+    system("cls");
+    var str_list=[
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "| Let me tell you a story...                    |",
+        "| A story that really happened many years ago...|",
+        "| Nearly no one knows and cares about it...     |",
+        "| But some children may still suffer from...    |",
+        "| This kind of stories...                       |",
+        "| And this kind of stories never stop hurting...|",
+        "| People that are still alive...                |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+"
+    ];
+    foreach(var i;str_list)
+        print(i);
+    return;
+}
+var generate_role_property=func()
+{
+    screen.left_add("+-----------------------+");
+    var str="";
+    for(var i=10;i<=100;i+=10)
+    {
+        if(i<=role_property.health)
+            str~="=";
+        else
+            str~=" ";
+    }
+    screen.left_add("|[health ]:"~str~"   |");
+    str="";
+    for(var i=10;i<=100;i+=10)
+    {
+        if(i<=role_property.mood)
+            str~="=";
+        else
+            str~=" ";
+    }
+    screen.left_add("|[mood   ]:"~str~"   |");
+    str="";
+    for(var i=10;i<=100;i+=10)
+    {
+        if(i<=role_property.satiety)
+            str~="=";
+        else
+            str~=" ";
+    }
+    screen.left_add("|[satiety]:"~str~"   |");
+    str="";
+    for(var i=10;i<=100;i+=10)
+    {
+        if(i<=role_property.thirst)
+            str~="=";
+        else
+            str~=" ";
+    }
+    screen.left_add("|[thirst ]:"~str~"   |");
+    screen.left_add("+-----------------------+");
+    return;
+}
+var generate_choose_list=func()
+{
+    var str_list=[
+        "-----------------------+",
+        "[1]| next step         |",
+        "[2]| restart           |",
+        "[3]| store game        |",
+        "[4]| exit              |",
+        "-----------------------+"
+    ];
+    foreach(var i;str_list)
+        screen.right_add(i);
+    return;
+}
+var next_step=func()
+{
+    role_property.health_change(-1);
+    role_property.mood_change(-1);
+    role_property.satiety_change(-1);
+    role_property.thirst_change(-10);
+    var str_list=[
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+"
+    ];
+    foreach(var i;str_list)
+        screen.pic_addline(i);
+    return;
+}
+var restart=func()
+{
+    role_property.health=100;
+    role_property.mood=100;
+    role_property.satiety=100;
+    role_property.thirst=100;
+    var str_list=[
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+"
+    ];
+    foreach(var i;str_list)
+        screen.pic_addline(i);
+    return;
+}
+var generate_incorrect_choice_screen=func()
+{
+    var str_list=[
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|            make a correct choice.             |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+"
+    ];
+    foreach(var i;str_list)
+        screen.pic_addline(i);
+}
+var generate_goodbye_screen=func()
+{
+    var str_list=[
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|              see you next life.               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+"
+    ];
+    foreach(var i;str_list)
+        screen.pic_addline(i);
+}
+var store_file=func()
+{
+    var str=role_property.health~'\n'~role_property.mood~'\n'~role_property.satiety~'\n'~role_property.thirst~'\n';
+    io.fout("game-left-in-corner.glic",str);
+    var str_list=[
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                  data stored.                 |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "|                                               |",
+        "+-----------------------------------------------+"
+    ];
+    foreach(var i;str_list)
+        screen.pic_addline(i);
+    return;
+}
+var get_file=func()
+{
+    var str=io.fin("game-left-in-corner.glic");
+    print(str);
+    return;
+}
+var game_main=func()
+{
+    first_shown_info();
+    screen.clear();
+    generate_role_property();
+    generate_choose_list();
+    screen.prt_screen();
+    while(1)
+    {
+        screen.clear();
+        print("|your choice[1|2|3|4]:                          |");
+        var choice=input();
+        if((choice!='1') and (choice!='2') and (choice!='3') and (choice!='4'))
+            generate_incorrect_choice_screen();
+        elsif(choice=='1')
+            next_step();
+        elsif(choice=='2')
+            restart();
+        elsif(choice=='3')
+            store_file();
+        elsif(choice=='4')
+        {
+            system("cls");
+            screen.clear();
+            generate_goodbye_screen();
+            generate_role_property();
+            generate_choose_list();
+            screen.prt_screen();
+            break;
+        }
+        system("cls");
+        generate_role_property();
+        generate_choose_list();
+        screen.prt_screen();
+        if(role_property.health==0 or role_property.mood==0 or role_property.satiety==0 or role_property.thirst==0)
+        {
+            print("|you died.                                      |");
+            print("+-----------------------------------------------+");
+            system("pause");
+            screen.clear();
+            restart();
+            system("cls");
+            generate_role_property();
+            generate_choose_list();
+            screen.prt_screen();
+        }
+    }
+    return;
+}
+game_main();

test/neo4j.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+import("lib.nas");
+
+rand(time(0));
+var chartable=split('','abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789');
+var node=func(type)
+{
+    var s="";
+    for(var i=0;i<10;i+=1)
+        s~=chartable[rand()*62];
+    return {name:s,type:type,next:[]};
+}
+var film_node=[];
+for(var i=0;i<1000;i+=1)
+    append(film_node,node("film"));
+var director_node=[];
+for(var i=0;i<400;i+=1)
+    append(director_node,node("direct"));
+var actor_node=[];
+for(var i=0;i<2000;i+=1)
+    append(actor_node,node("actor"));
+var writer_node=[];
+for(var i=0;i<300;i+=1)
+    append(writer_node,node("writer"));
+var type_node=[];
+for(var i=0;i<20;i+=1)
+    append(type_node,node("type"));
+var lang_node=[];
+for(var i=0;i<120;i+=1)
+    append(lang_node,node("lang"));
+var country_node=[];
+for(var i=0;i<120;i+=1)
+    append(country_node,node("country"));
+
+func()
+{
+    var director_size=size(director_node);
+    var actor_size=size(actor_node);
+    var writer_size=size(writer_node);
+    var type_size=size(type_node);
+    var lang_size=size(lang_node);
+    var country_size=size(country_node);
+
+    var director_link=int(1+rand()*2);
+    var actor_link=int(1+rand()*10);
+    var writer_link=int(1+rand());
+    var type_link=int(1+rand()*3);
+    var lang_link=int(1+rand()*4);
+    var country_link=int(1+rand()*2);
+    foreach(var film;film_node)
+    {
+        for(var i=0;i<director_link;i+=1)
+        {
+            var director=director_node[rand()*director_size];
+            append(film.next,director);
+            append(director.next,film);
+        }
+        for(var i=0;i<actor_link;i+=1)
+        {
+            var actor=actor_node[rand()*actor_size];
+            append(film.next,actor);
+            append(actor.next,film);
+        }
+        for(var i=0;i<writer_link;i+=1)
+        {
+            var writer=writer_node[rand()*writer_size];
+            append(film.next,writer);
+            append(writer.next,film);
+        }
+        for(var i=0;i<type_link;i+=1)
+        {
+            var _type=type_node[rand()*type_size];
+            append(film.next,_type);
+            append(_type.next,film);
+        }
+        for(var i=0;i<lang_link;i+=1)
+        {
+            var lang=lang_node[rand()*lang_size];
+            append(film.next,lang);
+            append(lang.next,film);
+        }
+        for(var i=0;i<country_link;i+=1)
+        {
+            var country=country_node[rand()*country_size];
+            append(film.next,country);
+            append(country.next,film);
+        }
+    }
+    return;
+}();
+
+
+var film_list=[];
+var count_list=[];
+for(var i=0;i<10;i+=1)
+{
+    append(film_list,film_node[i]);
+    append(count_list,1);
+}
+
+var sort_list=func(begin,end)
+{
+    for(var i=begin;i<end;i+=1)
+    {
+        var index=i;
+        for(var j=i+1;j<end;j+=1)
+            if(count_list[index]<count_list[j])
+                index=j;
+        if(index!=i)
+        {
+            var tmp=film_list[i];
+            film_list[i]=film_list[index];
+            film_list[index]=tmp;
+            tmp=count_list[i];
+            count_list[i]=count_list[index];
+            count_list[index]=tmp;
+        }
+    }
+    return;
+}
+
+while(1)
+{
+    var list_size=size(film_list);
+    list_size=list_size>10?10:list_size;
+    for(var i=0;i<list_size;i+=1)
+        print(i,'\t:',film_list[i].name,'\t',count_list[i]);
+    var choose=input();
+    if(choose=="exit")
+        break;
+    if(num(choose)>=list_size)
+        die("choose a correct index");
+    var label_list=film_node[num(choose)].next;
+    film_list=[];
+    count_list=[];
+    foreach(var label;label_list)
+        foreach(var film;label.next)
+        {
+            var has=0;
+            for(var i=0;i<size(film_list);i+=1)
+                if(film_list[i].name==film.name)
+                {
+                    has=1;
+                    count_list[i]+=rand();
+                    break;
+                }
+            if(has==0)
+            {
+                append(film_list,film);
+                append(count_list,1);
+            }
+        }
+    sort_list(0,size(film_list));
+}
+
+foreach(var film;film_node)
+    setsize(film.next,0);

test/prop.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+import("lib.nas");
+
+var property_tree=
+{
+    accelerations:
+    {
+        'n-z-cg-fps_sec':0,
+        ned:
+        {
+            'down-accel-fps_sec':0,
+            'east-accel-fps_sec':0,
+            'north-accel-fps_sec':0,
+        },
+        nlf:0,
+        pilot:
+        {
+            'x-accel-fps_sec':0,
+            'y-accel-fps_sec':0,
+            'z-accel-fps_sec':0,
+        },
+        'pilot-g':1,
+        'pilot-gdamped':1
+    },
+    ai:
+    {
+        models:
+        {
+            carrier:
+            {
+                callsign:'',
+                controls:{},
+                environment:{},
+                id:2,
+                name:'Nimitz',
+                navaids:{},
+                orientation:{},
+                position:{},
+                radar:{},
+                sign:'CVN-68',
+                sim:{},
+                subID:0,
+                submodels:
+                {
+                    path:'',
+                    serviceable:1
+                },
+                'surface-positions':{},
+                type:'AI',
+                valid:1,
+                velocities:{},
+                waypoint:{}
+            },
+            'carrier[1]':
+            {
+                callsign:'',
+                controls:{},
+                environment:{},
+                id:3,
+                name:'Eisenhower',
+                navaids:{},
+                orientation:{},
+                position:{},
+                radar:{},
+                sign:'CVN-69',
+                sim:{},
+                subID:0,
+                submodels:
+                {
+                    path:'',
+                    serviceable:0
+                },
+                'surface-positions':{},
+                type:'AI',
+                valid:1,
+                velocities:{},
+                waypoint:{}
+            },
+            count:2,
+            'model-added':'/ai[0]/models[0]/carrier[1]',
+            'model-removed':nil,
+            'num-players':0
+        },
+        submodels:
+        {
+            contrails:0
+        },
+    },
+    aircraft:
+    {
+        icao:
+        {
+            equipment:'SDFGY',
+            surveillance:'S',
+            type:'ZZZZ',
+            'wake-turbulence-category':'L'
+        },
+        performance:
+        {
+            approach:
+            {
+                'airspeed-knots':150,
+            },
+            climb:'\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t',
+            cruise:
+            {
+                'airspeed-knots':1000,
+                'altitude-ft':4500,
+            },
+            descent:'\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t',
+            maximum:'\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t',
+            minimum:'\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t',
+        },
+        settings:
+        {
+            fuel_persistent:0,
+            ground_services_persistent:0,
+            radio_persistent:0,
+            tooltips:1,
+            weight_persistent:0
+        }
+    },
+    autopilot:
+    {
+        internal:{},
+        locks:{},
+        'route-manager':{},
+        settings:{},
+        'target-tracking':{},
+    },
+    canvas:
+    {
+        'by-index':
+        {
+            texture:
+            {
+                background:'rgba(0,0,0,0)',
+                group:{},
+                name:'Tooltip',
+                placement:{},
+                size:600,
+                'size[1]':200,
+                status:0,
+                'status-msg':'OK',
+                view:300,
+                'view[1]':100
+            },
+            'texture[1]':
+            {
+                background:'rgba(0,0,0,0)',
+                group:{},
+                mipmapping:1,
+                name:'SymbolCache1024x1024',
+                placement:{},
+                size:1024,
+                'size[1]':1024,
+                status:0,
+                'status-msg':'OK',
+                view:1024,
+                'view[1]':1024
+            },
+            'texture[2]':
+            {
+                background:'rgba(0,0,0,0)',
+                group:{},
+                mipmapping:1,
+                name:'SymbolCache1024x1024',
+                placement:{},
+                size:1024,
+                'size[1]':1024,
+                status:0,
+                'status-msg':'OK',
+                view:1024,
+                'view[1]':1024
+            },
+        }
+    },
+    command:{},
+    consumables:{},
+    controls:{},
+    cursor:'Aircraft/ufo/Models/cursor.ac',
+    devices:{},
+    earthview:{},
+    engines:{},
+    environment:{},
+    ephemeris:{},
+    fdm:{},
+    gear:{},
+    hazards:{},
+    input:{},
+    instrumentation:{},
+    'local-weather':{},
+    logging:{},
+    models:{},
+    nasal:{},
+    orientation:{},
+    position:{},
+    rendering:{},
+    scenery:{},
+    sim:{},
+    source:'Models',
+    'surface-positions':{},
+    systems:{},
+    velocities:{},
+};
+
+var setprop=func(prop,value)
+{
+    if(type(prop)!="string")
+        die("setprop: prop is not a string");
+    var path=split('/',prop);
+    var tmp=property_tree;
+    var path_size=size(path);
+    for(var i=0;i<path_size-1;i+=1)
+        tmp=tmp[path[i]];
+    tmp[path[path_size-1]]=value;
+    return;
+}
+var getprop=func(prop)
+{
+    if(type(prop)!="string")
+        die("getprop: prop is not a string");
+    var path=split('/',prop);
+    var tmp=property_tree;
+    foreach(var i;path)
+        tmp=tmp[i];
+    return tmp;
+}
+setprop("aircraft/icao/type",'IDG MD-11');
+
+var print_prop=func(depth,prop)
+{
+    var s='';
+    for(var i=0;i<depth;i+=1)
+        s~='|  ';
+    if(type(prop)!="hash")
+        return;
+    var m=keys(prop);
+    foreach(var elem;m)
+    {
+        print(s,elem,':',prop[elem]);
+        print_prop(depth+1,prop[elem]);
+    }
+    return;
+}
+
+print_prop(0,property_tree);

test/props.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+##
+# Node class definition.  The class methods simply wrap the
+# low level extension functions which work on a "ghost" handle to a
+# SGPropertyNode object stored in the _g field.
+#
+# Not all of the features of SGPropertyNode are supported.  There is
+# no support for ties, obviously, as that wouldn't make much sense
+# from a Nasal context.  The various get/set methods work only on the
+# local node, there is no equivalent of the "relative path" variants
+# available in C++; just use node.getNode(path).whatever() instead.
+#
+var Node = {
+    getNode          : func wrap(_getNode(me._g, arg)),
+    getParent        : func wrap(_getParent(me._g, arg)),
+    getChild         : func wrap(_getChild(me._g, arg)),
+    getChildren      : func wrap(_getChildren(me._g, arg)),
+    setChildren      : func wrap(_setChildren(me._g, arg)),
+    addChild         : func wrap(_addChild(me._g, arg)),
+    addChildren      : func wrap(_addChildren(me._g, arg)),
+    removeChild      : func wrap(_removeChild(me._g, arg)),
+    removeChildren   : func wrap(_removeChildren(me._g, arg)),
+    removeAllChildren: func wrap(_removeAllChildren(me._g, arg)),
+    getAliasTarget   : func wrap(_getAliasTarget(me._g, arg)),
+
+    getName        : func _getName(me._g, arg),
+    getIndex       : func _getIndex(me._g, arg),
+    getType        : func _getType(me._g, arg),
+    getAttribute   : func _getAttribute(me._g, arg),
+    setAttribute   : func _setAttribute(me._g, arg),
+    getValue       : func _getValue(me._g, arg),
+    setValue       : func _setValue(me._g, arg),
+    setValues      : func _setValues(me._g, arg),
+    setIntValue    : func _setIntValue(me._g, arg),
+    setBoolValue   : func _setBoolValue(me._g, arg),
+    setDoubleValue : func _setDoubleValue(me._g, arg),
+    unalias        : func _unalias(me._g, arg),
+    alias          : func(n) _alias(me._g, [isa(n, Node) ? n._g : n]),
+    equals         : func(n) _equals(me._g, [isa(n, Node) ? n._g : n]),
+    clearValue     : func _alias(me._g, [_globals()]) and me.unalias(),
+
+    getPath : func {
+        var (name, index, parent) = (me.getName(), me.getIndex(), me.getParent());
+        if(index != 0)    { name ~= "[" ~ index ~ "]"; }
+        if(parent != nil) { name = parent.getPath() ~ "/" ~ name; }
+        return name;
+    },
+
+    getBoolValue : func {
+        var val = me.getValue();
+        var mytype = me.getType();
+        if((mytype == "STRING" or mytype == "UNSPECIFIED") and val == "false") return 0;
+        return !!val;
+    },
+
+    remove : func {
+        if((var p = me.getParent()) == nil) return nil;
+        p.removeChild(me.getName(), me.getIndex());
+    },
+};
+
+##
+# Static constructor for a Node object.  Accepts a Nasal hash
+# expression to initialize the object a-la setValues().
+#
+Node.new = func(values = nil) {
+    var result = wrapNode(_new());
+    if(typeof(values) == "hash")
+        result.setValues(values);
+    return result;
+}
+
+##
+# Counter piece of setValues(). Returns a hash with all values
+# in the subtree. Nodes with same name are returned as vector,
+# where the original node indices are lost. The function should
+# only be used if all or almost all values are needed, and never
+# in performance-critical code paths. If it's called on a node
+# without children, then the result is equivalent to getValue().
+#
+Node.getValues = func {
+    var children = me.getChildren();
+    if(!size(children)) return me.getValue();
+    var val = {};
+    var numchld = {};
+    foreach(var c; children) {
+        var name = c.getName();
+        if(contains(numchld, name)) { var nc = numchld[name]; }
+        else {
+            var nc = size(me.getChildren(name));
+            numchld[name] = nc;
+            if(nc > 1 and !contains(val, name)) val[name] = [];
+        }
+        if(nc > 1) append(val[name], c.getValues());
+        else val[name] = c.getValues();
+    }
+    return val;
+}
+
+##
+# Initializes property if it's still undefined.  First argument
+# is a property name/path. It can also be nil or an empty string,
+# in which case the node itself gets initialized, rather than one
+# of its children.  Second argument is the default value. The third,
+# optional argument is a property type (one of "STRING", "DOUBLE",
+# "INT", or "BOOL").  If it is omitted, then "DOUBLE" is used for
+# numbers, and STRING for everything else.  Returns the property
+# as props.Node.  The fourth optional argument enforces a type if
+# non-zero.
+#
+Node.initNode = func(path = nil, value = 0, type = nil, force = 0) {
+    var prop = me.getNode(path or "", 1);
+    if(prop.getType() != "NONE") value = prop.getValue();
+    if(force) prop.clearValue();
+    if(type == nil) prop.setValue(value);
+    elsif(type == "DOUBLE") prop.setDoubleValue(value);
+    elsif(type == "INT") prop.setIntValue(value);
+    elsif(type == "BOOL") prop.setBoolValue(value);
+    elsif(type == "STRING") prop.setValue("" ~ value);
+    else die("initNode(): unsupported type '" ~ type ~ "'");
+    return prop;
+}
+
+##
+# Useful debugging utility.  Recursively dumps the full state of a
+# Node object to the console.  Try binding "props.dump(props.globals)"
+# to a key for a fun hack.
+#
+var dump = func {
+    if(size(arg) == 1) { prefix = "";     node = arg[0]; }
+    else               { prefix = arg[0]; node = arg[1]; }
+
+    index = node.getIndex();
+    type = node.getType();
+    name = node.getName();
+    val = node.getValue();
+
+    if(val == nil) { val = "nil"; }
+    name = prefix ~ name;
+    if(index > 0) { name = name ~ "[" ~ index ~ "]"; }
+    print(name, " {", type, "} = ", val);
+
+    # Don't recurse into aliases, lest we get stuck in a loop
+    if(type != "ALIAS") {
+        children = node.getChildren();
+        foreach(c; children) { dump(name ~ "/", c); }
+    }
+}
+
+##
+# Recursively copy property branch from source Node to
+# destination Node. Doesn't copy aliases. Copies attributes
+# if optional third argument is set and non-zero.
+#
+var copy = func(src, dest, attr = 0) {
+    foreach(var c; src.getChildren()) {
+        var name = c.getName() ~ "[" ~ c.getIndex() ~ "]";
+        copy(src.getNode(name), dest.getNode(name, 1), attr);
+    }
+    var type = src.getType();
+    var val = src.getValue();
+    if(type == "ALIAS" or type == "NONE") return;
+    elsif(type == "BOOL") dest.setBoolValue(val);
+    elsif(type == "INT" or type == "LONG") dest.setIntValue(val);
+    elsif(type == "FLOAT" or type == "DOUBLE") dest.setDoubleValue(val);
+    else dest.setValue(val);
+    if(attr) dest.setAttribute(src.getAttribute());
+}
+
+##
+# Utility.  Turns any ghosts it finds (either solo, or in an
+# array) into Node objects.
+#
+var wrap = func(node) {
+    var argtype = typeof(node);
+    if(argtype == "ghost") {
+        return wrapNode(node);
+    } elsif(argtype == "vector") {
+        var v = node;
+        var n = size(v);
+        for(var i=0; i<n; i+=1) { v[i] = wrapNode(v[i]); }
+        return v;
+    }
+    return node;
+}
+
+##
+# Utility.  Returns a new object with its superclass/parent set to the
+# Node object and its _g (ghost) field set to the specified object.
+# Nasal's literal syntax can be pleasingly terse. I like that. :)
+#
+var wrapNode = func(node) { { parents : [Node], _g : node } }
+
+##
+# Global property tree.  Set once at initialization.  Is that OK?
+# Does anything ever call globals.set_props() from C++?  May need to
+# turn this into a function if so.
+#
+var globals = wrapNode(_globals());
+
+##
+# Shortcut for props.globals.getNode().
+#
+var getNode = func return call(props.globals.getNode, arg, props.globals);
+
+##
+# Sets all indexed property children to a single value.  arg[0]
+# specifies a property name (e.g. /controls/engines/engine), arg[1] a
+# path under each node of that name to set (e.g. "throttle"), arg[2]
+# is the value.
+#
+var setAll = func(base, child, value) {
+    var node = props.globals.getNode(base);
+    if(node == nil) return;
+    var name = node.getName();
+    node = node.getParent();
+    if(node == nil) return;
+    var children = node.getChildren();
+    foreach(var c; children)
+        if(c.getName() == name)
+            c.getNode(child, 1).setValue(value);
+}
+
+##
+# Turns about anything into a list of props.Nodes, including ghosts,
+# path strings, vectors or hashes containing, as well as functions
+# returning any of the former and in arbitrary nesting. This is meant
+# to be used in functions whose main purpose is to handle collections
+# of properties.
+#
+var nodeList = func {
+    var list = [];
+    foreach(var a; arg) {
+        var t = typeof(a);
+        if(isa(a, Node))
+            append(list, a);
+        elsif(t == "scalar")
+            append(list, props.globals.getNode(a, 1));
+        elsif(t == "vector")
+            foreach(var i; a)
+                list ~= nodeList(i);
+        elsif(t == "hash")
+            foreach(var i; keys(a))
+                list ~= nodeList(a[i]);
+        elsif(t == "func")
+            list ~= nodeList(a());
+        elsif(t == "ghost" and ghosttype(a) == "prop")
+            append(list, wrapNode(a));
+        else
+            die("nodeList: invalid nil property");
+    }
+    return list;
+}
+
+##
+# Compiles a <condition> property branch according to the rules
+# set out in $FG_ROOT/Docs/README.conditions into a Condition object.
+# The 'test' method of the returend object can be used to evaluate
+# the condition.
+# The function returns nil on error.
+#
+var compileCondition = func(p) {
+    if(p == nil) return nil;
+    if(!isa(p, Node)) p = props.globals.getNode(p);
+    return _createCondition(p._g);
+}
+
+##
+# Evaluates a <condition> property branch according to the rules
+# set out in $FG_ROOT/Docs/README.conditions. Undefined conditions
+# and a nil argument are "true". The function dumps the condition
+# branch and returns nil on error.
+#
+var condition = func(p) {
+    if(p == nil) return 1;
+    if(!isa(p, Node)) p = props.globals.getNode(p);
+    return _cond_and(p)
+}
+
+var _cond_and = func(p) {
+    foreach(var c; p.getChildren())
+        if(!_cond(c)) return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+var _cond_or = func(p) {
+    foreach(var c; p.getChildren())
+        if(_cond(c)) return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+var _cond = func(p) {
+    var n = p.getName();
+    if(n == "or") return _cond_or(p);
+    if(n == "and") return _cond_and(p);
+    if(n == "not") return !_cond_and(p);
+    if(n == "equals") return _cond_cmp(p, 0);
+    if(n == "not-equals") return !_cond_cmp(p, 0);
+    if(n == "less-than") return _cond_cmp(p, -1);
+    if(n == "greater-than") return _cond_cmp(p, 1);
+    if(n == "less-than-equals") return !_cond_cmp(p, 1);
+    if(n == "greater-than-equals") return !_cond_cmp(p, -1);
+    if(n == "property") return !!getprop(p.getValue());
+    printlog("alert", "condition: invalid operator ", n);
+    dump(p);
+    return nil;
+}
+
+var _cond_cmp = func(p, op) {
+    var left = p.getChild("property", 0, 0);
+    if(left != nil) { left = getprop(left.getValue()); }
+    else {
+        printlog("alert", "condition: no left value");
+        dump(p);
+        return nil;
+    }
+    var right = p.getChild("property", 1, 0);
+    if(right != nil) { right = getprop(right.getValue()); }
+    else {
+        right = p.getChild("value", 0, 0);
+        if(right != nil) { right = right.getValue(); }
+        else {
+            printlog("alert", "condition: no right value");
+            dump(p);
+            return nil;
+        }
+    }
+    if(left == nil or right == nil) {
+        printlog("alert", "condition: comparing with nil");
+        dump(p);
+        return nil;
+    }
+    if(op < 0) return left < right;
+    if(op > 0) return left > right;
+    return left == right;
+}
+
+##
+# Runs <binding> as described in $FG_ROOT/Docs/README.commands using
+# a given module by default, and returns 1 if fgcommand() succeeded,
+# or 0 otherwise. The module name won't override a <module> defined
+# in the binding.
+#
+var runBinding = func(node, module = nil) {
+    if(module != nil and node.getNode("module") == nil)
+        node.getNode("module", 1).setValue(module);
+    var cmd = node.getNode("command", 1).getValue() or "null";
+    condition(node.getNode("condition")) ? fgcommand(cmd, node) : 0;
+}
+
+ #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ # Property / object update manager
+ #
+ # - Manage updates when a value has changed more than a predetermined amount.
+ #   This class is designed to make updating displays (e.g. canvas), or
+ #   performing actions based on a property (or value in a hash) changing
+ #   by more than the preset amount.
+ #   This can make a significant improvement to performance compared to simply
+ #   redrawing a canvas in an update loop.
+ # - Author       : Richard Harrison (rjh@zaretto.com)
+ #---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#example usage:
+# this is using the hashlist (which works well with an Emesary notification)
+# basically when the method is called it will call each section (in the lambda)
+# when the value changes by more than the amount specified as the second parameter.
+# It is possible to reference multiple elements from the hashlist in each FromHashList; if either
+# one changes then it will result in the lambda being called.
+#
+#        obj.update_items = [
+#            UpdateManager.FromHashList(["VV_x","VV_y"], 0.01, func(val)
+#                                      {
+#                                        obj.VV.setTranslation (val.VV_x, val.VV_y + pitch_offset);
+#                                      }),
+#            UpdateManager.FromHashList(["pitch","roll"], 0.025, func(hdp)
+#                                      {
+#                                          obj.ladder.setTranslation (0.0, hdp.pitch * pitch_factor+pitch_offset);                                           
+#                                          obj.ladder.setCenter (118,830 - hdp.pitch * pitch_factor-pitch_offset);
+#                                          obj.ladder.setRotation (-hdp.roll_rad);
+#                                          obj.roll_pointer.setRotation (hdp.roll_rad);
+#                                      }),
+#            props.UpdateManager.FromProperty("velocities/airspeed-kt", 0.01, func(val)
+#                                      {
+#                                          obj.ias_range.setTranslation(0, val * ias_range_factor);
+#                                      }),
+#                            props.UpdateManager.FromPropertyHashList(["orientation/alpha-indicated-deg", "orientation/side-slip-deg"], 0.1, func(val)
+#                                                                     {
+#                                                                         obj.VV_x = val.property["orientation/side-slip-deg"].getValue()*10; # adjust for view
+#                                                                         obj.VV_y = val.property["orientation/alpha-indicated-deg"].getValue()*10; # adjust for view
+#                                                                         obj.VV.setTranslation (obj.VV_x, obj.VV_y);
+#                                                                     }),
+#           ]
+#
+#==== the update loop then becomes ======
+# 
+#        foreach(var update_item; me.update_items)
+#        {
+#            # hdp is a data provider that can be used as the hashlist for the property
+#            # update from hash methods.
+#            update_item.update(hdp);
+#        }
+#
+var UpdateManager =
+{
+ _updateProperty : func(_property)
+ {
+ },
+    FromProperty : func(_propname, _delta, _changed_method)
+    {
+        var obj = {parents : [UpdateManager] };
+        obj.propname = _propname;
+        obj.property = props.globals.getNode(_propname);
+        obj.delta = _delta;
+        obj.curval = obj.property.getValue();
+        obj.lastval = obj.curval;
+        obj.changed = _changed_method;
+        obj.update = func(obj)
+        {
+            me.curval = me.property.getValue();
+            if (me.curval != nil)
+            {
+                me.localType = me.property.getType();
+                if (me.localType == "INT" or me.localType == "LONG" or me.localType == "FLOAT" or me.localType == "DOUBLE")
+                  {
+                      if(me.lastval == nil or math.abs(me.lastval - me.curval) >= me.delta)
+                        {
+                            me.lastval = me.curval;
+                            me.changed(me.curval);
+                        }
+                  }
+                else if(me.lastval == nil or me.lastval != me.curval)
+                  {
+                      me.lastval = me.curval;
+                      me.changed(me.curval);
+                  }
+            }
+        };
+        obj.update(obj);
+        return obj;
+    },
+
+    IsNumeric : func(hashkey)
+    {
+        me.localType = me.property[hashkey].getType();
+        if (me.localType == "UNSPECIFIED") {
+            print("UpdateManager: warning ",hashkey," is ",ty, " excluding from update");
+            me.property[hashkey] = nil;
+        }
+        if (me.localType == "INT" or me.localType == "LONG" or me.localType == "FLOAT" or me.localType == "DOUBLE")
+          return 1;
+        else
+          return 0;
+    },
+
+    FromPropertyHashList : func(_keylist, _delta, _changed_method)
+    {
+        var obj = {parents : [UpdateManager] };
+        obj.hashkeylist = _keylist;
+        obj.delta = _delta;
+        obj.lastval = {};
+        obj.hashkey = nil;
+        obj.changed = _changed_method;
+        obj.needs_update = 0;
+        obj.property = {};
+        obj.is_numeric = {};
+        foreach (hashkey; obj.hashkeylist) {
+            obj.property[hashkey] = props.globals.getNode(hashkey);
+            obj.lastval[hashkey] = nil;
+#            var ty = obj.property[hashkey].getType();
+#            if (ty == "INT" or ty == "LONG" or ty == "FLOAT" or ty == "DOUBLE") {
+#                obj.is_numeric[hashkey] = 1;
+#            } else
+#              obj.is_numeric[hashkey] = 0;
+#print("create: ", hashkey," ", ty, " isnum=",obj.is_numeric[hashkey]);
+#            if (ty == "UNSPECIFIED")
+#              print("UpdateManager: warning ",hashkey," is ",ty);
+        }
+        obj.update = func(obj)
+          {
+              if (me.lastval == nil)
+                  me.needs_update = 1;
+              else {
+                  me.needs_update = 0;
+
+                  foreach (hashkey; me.hashkeylist) {
+                      if (me.property[hashkey] != nil) {
+                          me.valIsNumeric = me.IsNumeric(hashkey);
+
+                          if (me.lastval[hashkey] == nil
+                              or (me.valIsNumeric and (math.abs(me.lastval[hashkey] - me.property[hashkey].getValue()) >= me.delta))
+                              or (!me.valIsNumeric and (me.lastval[hashkey] != me.property[hashkey].getValue()))) {
+                              me.needs_update = 1;
+                              break;
+                          }
+                      }
+                  }
+              }
+              if (me.needs_update) {
+                  me.changed(me);
+                  foreach (hashkey; me.hashkeylist) {
+                      me.lastval[hashkey] = me.property[hashkey].getValue();
+                  }
+              }
+          }
+        ;
+        return obj;
+    },
+    FromHashValue : func(_key, _delta, _changed_method)
+    {
+        var obj = {parents : [UpdateManager] };
+        obj.hashkey = _key;
+        obj.delta = _delta;
+        obj.isnum = _delta != nil;
+        obj.curval = nil;
+        obj.lastval = nil;
+        obj.changed = _changed_method;
+        obj.update = func(obj)
+          {
+              me.curval = obj[me.hashkey];
+              if (me.curval != nil) {
+                  if (me.isnum) {
+                      me.curval = num(me.curval);
+                      if (me.lastval == nil or math.abs(me.lastval - me.curval) >= me.delta) {
+                          me.lastval = me.curval;
+                          me.changed(me.curval);
+                      }
+                  } else {
+                      if (me.lastval == nil or me.lastval != me.curval) {
+                          me.lastval = me.curval;
+                          me.changed(me.curval);
+                      }
+                  }
+              }
+          }
+        ;
+        return obj;
+    },
+    FromHashList : func(_keylist, _delta, _changed_method)
+    {
+        var obj = {parents : [UpdateManager] };
+        obj.hashkeylist = _keylist;
+        obj.delta = _delta;
+        obj.lastval = {};
+        obj.hashkey = nil;
+        obj.changed = _changed_method;
+        obj.needs_update = 0;
+        obj.isnum = _delta != nil;
+        obj.update = func(obj)
+          {
+              if (me.lastval == nil)
+                me.needs_update = 1;
+              else
+                me.needs_update = 0;
+
+              if (obj != nil or me.lastval == nil) {
+                  foreach (hashkey; me.hashkeylist) {
+                      if (me.isnum) {
+                          if (me.lastval[hashkey] == nil or math.abs(me.lastval[hashkey] - obj[hashkey]) >= me.delta) {
+                              me.needs_update = 1;
+                              break;
+                          }
+                      } elsif (me.lastval[hashkey] == nil or me.lastval[hashkey] != obj[hashkey]) {
+                          me.needs_update = 1;
+                          break;
+                      }
+                  }
+              }
+              if (me.needs_update) {
+                  me.changed(obj);
+                  foreach (hashkey; me.hashkeylist) {
+                      me.lastval[hashkey] = obj[hashkey];
+                  }
+              }
+          };
+        return obj;
+    },
+};

test/queue.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# lib queue.nas
+var block_alloc=func()
+{
+    return {elem:nil,next:nil};
+}
+var new_queue=func()
+{
+    return {next:nil};
+}
+var queue_push=func(queue,elem)
+{
+    var tmp=queue;
+    while(tmp.next!=nil)
+        tmp=tmp.next;
+    tmp.next=block_alloc();
+    tmp.next.elem=elem;
+}
+var queue_pop=func(queue)
+{
+    var tmp=queue.next;
+    if(tmp!=nil)
+        queue.next=tmp.next;
+    return;
+}
+var queue_front=func(queue)
+{
+    var tmp=queue.next;
+    if(tmp!=nil)
+        return tmp.elem;
+    return nil;
+}
+var queue_empty=func(queue)
+{
+    return queue.next==nil;
+}

test/scalar.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# basic type
+nil;
+2147483647;
+0x7fffffff;
+0xdeadbeef;
+0o70120327;
+"hello world!";
+'hello world!';
+-12;
+!0;
+-((30));
+[];
+{};
+[0,1,2,3,4,5][2];       # 2
+[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10][0,2,4:7,9];
+[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,][0,2,4:7,9];
+([0,1,2,3,4])[2];       # 2
+(([0,1,2,3]))[2];       # 2
+[0,1,2,3,4,5][5,4,3,2+1][0:2][0]; # 5
+{str:"hello"}.str;      # "hello"
+{str:"hello"}["str"];   # "hello"
+{"str":"hello\"\"\n"}["str"]; # "hello"
+20? 1:0;
+
+# normal scalar
+var number_1=1;
+var number_2=0xdeadbeef;
+var number_3=0x13702;
+var number_4=0.12341490239423;
+var string_1="hello";
+var string_2='hello';
+var string_3=number_1? 'yes':'no'; # yes
+
+# vector
+var vector_1=[];
+var vector_2=[0,1,2,"str",number_1,vector_1];
+var vector_3=vector_2[-3,-1];
+var vector_4=vector_2[0:3];
+var vector_5=vector_2[3:];
+
+# hash
+var hash_1={};
+var hash_2={str1:'str1', str2:'str2', num1:0x7fffffff};
+var hash_3={
+ "member_1":1,
+ "member_2":2,
+ "member_3":3,
+};
+var hash_4={
+ mem_1:hash_1,
+ mem_2:hash_2.num1, # also this can be written as hash_2["num1"]
+ mem_3:hash_3["member_1"]
+};
+
+# function
+var func_1=func(){return 1;}
+var prt=func(x){print(x);return nil;}
+var func_with_dynamic_id=func(a,b,c,d...){return [a,b,c,d];}
+var func_with_lack_para=func(a,b,c=1,d=2){return a+b+c+d;}
+var func_with_func_para=func(a,f){return f(a);}
+
+func_with_lack_para(a:1, b:2, c:3, d:4);
+func_with_lack_para(b:1, c:3, a:4, d:1);
+func_with_func_para(f:func prt,a:1);
+func_with_func_para(func func_1(),func(x){return x;});
+func_with_func_para(func_1(),func_1);
+prt(func func_1());
+var test_func_ret_number_1=func func_1(); # 1
+var test_func_ret_number_2=func_1();      # 1
+
+var source={
+ member_1: func func_1(),         # this will get a number
+ member_2: func {return 2.71828;} # this will get a function
+};
+print(source['member_2']());
+print(source.member_2());
+
+var test_func=func{return 1;}
+print(func test_func());       # 1
+print(test_func());            # 1
+print(func test_func);         # nothing
+print(test_func);              # nothing
+print(([0,1,2,3])[1]);         # 1
+print(({str:"what?"})["str"]); # what?
+print(({str:"what?"}).str);    # what?
+
+# lambda
+(func(x){return x>0? x:0;})(12);
+(func{print("hello world");})();
+(((func(x){return 1.0/math.exp(x);})))(0);
+
+# flexible definition & assignment
+var (r,g,b)=[0x00,0x10,0xff];
+(var r,g,b)=[0x00,0x10,0xff];
+var color=[0x00,0x10,0xff];
+var (r,g,b)=color;
+(var r,g,b)=color;
+(r,g,b)=(b,g,r);
+(number_1,number_2)=(number_2,number_1);
+var (swap_a,swap_b)=(0x1,0x80);
+(swap_a,swap_b)=(swap_b,swap_a);
+# ((swap_a),(swap_b))=(swap_b,swap_a) is wrong
+# anything that use multi_assignment must not have curve around them
+var multi_assign_1=[0,1,2,3,4];
+var multi_assign_2=[10,9,8,7];
+(multi_assign_1[1],multi_assign_2[0])=(multi_assign_1[2],multi_assign_2[1]);
+
+# calculation
+1+1;
+1+1-2+3-4+5-6;
+1+1*8-9/3;
+1*-1;
+1*(1+2*(3+4*(5+6*(7+8*(9+10/(1+1))))));
+((-1*2+9))/7-1;
+((({num:2})))["num"]*2*2*2;
+((((([0,1,2])[0:2]))[0:2]))[1]-1;
+(((((((((((((((((((1+1+2+3+5)+8))+13)))+21))))+34)))))+55))))*89;
+number_1*(number_2+number_3)/90-number_4;
+(func test_func)()-1;
+hash_3.member_3+(func {return {what:"i don't tell you.",case_small:80,case_large:100}})()["case_large"]/10;
+-1*10+5 or 10-10;
+nil and 1+7*8;
+(number_1 or number_2) and (number_3 or number_4-number_4*1);
+[0,1,4,3,2][4]*2-4+1*2*2*2*2*2/8;
+{num:0}.num or {what_is_the_secret_of_universe:42}["what_is_the_secret_of_universe"];
+"123"~"456"-123456*2/2;

test/scope.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+var global_value=0;
+var global_hash=
+{
+    var1:1,
+    var2:2,
+    var3:func(){return me.var2;}
+};
+print(global_value);
+print(global_hash.var3());
+
+var func1=func()
+{
+    global_value=1;
+    print(global_value);
+    var closure_value=1;
+    var temp_value=1;
+    print(temp_value);
+    return func{return closure_value;};
+}
+
+var func2=func()
+{
+    for(var temp_value=0;temp_value<100;temp_value+=1)
+    {
+        if(temp_value<10)
+            print(temp_value,"< 10");
+        elsif(10<=temp_value and temp_value<50)
+            print(temp_value,"< 50");
+        temp_value=10;
+    }
+    return;
+}
+
+var func3=func()
+{
+    var fake_closure_value=1;
+    return func()
+    {
+        var fake_closure_value=2;
+        return fake_closure_value;
+    };
+}
+
+func1()();
+func2();
+func3()();
+
+if(!global_value)
+{
+    var temp_value=1;
+    if(temp_value)
+    {
+        var temp_value=2;
+        if(temp_value>=1)
+        {
+            var temp_value=3;
+            print(temp_value);
+        }
+        print(temp_value);
+    }
+    print(temp_value);
+}

test/special.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+var hash={str:'hello',f:func{return me.str;}};
+var tmp_f=hash.f;
+hash=1;
+print(tmp_f());
+# undefined symbol 'me'
+# this means that 
+# when generating local_scope for function f,
+# nasal_gc will not count 'me' as one reference of this hash
+
+var h1={str:'hello',f:func{return me.str;}};
+var h2={str:'world',f:func{return nil;}};
+h2.f=h1.f;
+print(h2.f());
+# print 'world'
+# this means that 'me' in hash's functions
+# only points to the hash this function belongs to
+
+var f1=func(){print(1);return 1;}
+var f2=func(){print(2);return 0;}
+f1() or f2();
+# print '1'
+# this means that when using 'or' or 'and',
+# if the result is clear when calculating,
+# objects behind will not be calculated

test/stack.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# lib stack.nas
+var block_alloc=func()
+{
+    return {elem:nil,next:nil};
+}
+var new_stack=func()
+{
+    return {next:nil};
+}
+var stack_push=func(stack,elem)
+{
+    var tmp=stack.next;
+    stack.next=block_alloc();
+    stack.next.elem=elem;
+    stack.next.next=tmp;
+}
+var stack_pop=func(stack)
+{
+    var tmp=stack.next;
+    if(tmp!=nil)
+        stack.next=tmp.next;
+    return;
+}
+var stack_top=func(stack)
+{
+    var tmp=stack.next;
+    if(tmp!=nil)
+        return tmp.elem;
+    return nil;
+}
+var stack_empty=func(stack)
+{
+    return stack.next==nil;
+}

test/string.nas

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import("lib.nas");
+var filename="";
+
+filename=input();
+print(filename[0]);