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feat: 解耦reconciler

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超级无敌数码暴龙战士 2024-10-15 21:56:37 +08:00
parent fbc9c11946
commit af32cb79f9
2314 changed files with 1379 additions and 652957 deletions
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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-app/templates/vite/README.md Normal file
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# openinula + vite
该模板提供了 `openinula` 工作在 `vite`的基础配置。
> 请注意由于Vite插件有node版本限制，请使用`node -v`命令确认node版本大于等于node v18。

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/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
import Inula from 'openinula';
import './styles.css';
class App extends Inula.Component {
render() {
return (
<div class="container">
<div class="hero">
<h1 class="hero-title animate__animated animate__bounceInDown">欢迎来到 Inula 项目!</h1>
<p class="hero-subtitle animate__animated animate__bounceInUp">你已成功创建你的第一个 Inula 项目</p>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="card animate__animated animate__zoomIn">
<h2>开始吧</h2>
<p>
编辑 <code>src/App.js</code> 并保存以重新加载。
</p>
</div>
<div class="card animate__animated animate__zoomIn">
<h2>了解更多</h2>
<p>
要了解 Inula，查看{' '}
<a href="https://openinula.org" target="_blank">
Inula 官网
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
);
}
}
export default App;

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-app/templates/webpack/src/index.jsx Normal file
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
import Inula from 'openinula';
import App from './App';
Inula.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/index.js Normal file
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
const BasicGenerator = require('../../BasicGenerator');
class Generator extends BasicGenerator {
prompting() {
return this.prompt([
{
type: 'list',
name: 'bundlerType',
message: 'Please select the build type',
choices: ['webpack', 'vite'],
},
]).then(props => {
this.prompts = props;
});
}
writing() {
const src = this.templatePath(this.prompts.bundlerType);
const dest = this.destinationPath();
this.writeFiles(src, dest, {
context: {
...this.prompts,
},
});
}
}
module.exports = Generator;

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/meta.json Normal file
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{
"description": "simple reactive app template."
}

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/vite/README.md Normal file
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# openinula + vite
该模板提供了 `openinula` 工作在 `vite`的基础配置。
> 请注意由于Vite插件有node版本限制，请使用`node -v`命令确认node版本大于等于node v18。

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/vite/index.html Normal file
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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<title>My Inula App</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="root"></div>
<script type="module" src="/src/index.jsx"></script>
</body>
</html>

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/vite/package.json Normal file
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{
"name": "inula-vite-app",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "",
"main": "index.js",
"scripts": {
"start": "vite",
"build": "vite build"
},
"keywords": [],
"author": "",
"license": "ISC",
"dependencies": {
"openinula": "0.0.0-experimental-20231201"
},
"devDependencies": {
"@babel/core": "^7.21.4",
"@babel/preset-env": "^7.21.4",
"@babel/preset-react": "^7.18.6",
"@vitejs/plugin-react": "^3.1.0",
"@vitejs/plugin-react-refresh": "^1.3.6",
"babel-plugin-import": "^1.13.6",
"vite": "^4.2.1"
}
}

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/vite/src/ReactiveComponent.jsx Normal file
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
import Inula, { useComputed, useReactive, useRef } from 'openinula';
function ReactiveComponent() {
const renderCount = ++useRef(0).current;
const data = useReactive({ count: 0 });
const countText = useComputed(() => {
return `计时: ${data.count.get()}`;
});
setInterval(() => {
data.count.set(c => c + 1);
}, 1000);
return (
<div>
<div>{countText}</div>
<div>组件渲染次数:{renderCount}</div>
</div>
);
}
export default ReactiveComponent;

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/vite/src/index.css Normal file
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* {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
body,
html {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif;
line-height: 1.6;
color: #fff;
background: linear-gradient(120deg, #6a11cb 0%, #2575fc 100%);
height: 100vh;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.container {
text-align: center;
}
.hero-title {
font-size: 3em;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.hero-subtitle {
font-size: 1.5em;
margin-bottom: 50px;
}
.content {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: center;
margin: 1vh;
}
.card {
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
border-radius: 5px;
padding: 20px;
width: 100%;
box-shadow: 0px 8px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
}
.card h2,
.card p {
color: #fff;
}
.card a {
color: #fff;
text-decoration: underline;
}

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/vite/src/index.jsx Normal file
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
import Inula from 'openinula';
import ReactiveComponent from './ReactiveComponent';
import './index.css';
function App() {
return (
<div class="container">
<div class="hero">
<h1 class="hero-title animate__animated animate__bounceInDown">欢迎来到 Inula 项目!</h1>
<p class="hero-subtitle animate__animated animate__bounceInUp">你已成功创建你的第一个响应式 Inula 项目</p>
</div>
<div className="content">
<div className="card animate__animated animate__zoomIn">
<ReactiveComponent />
</div>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="card animate__animated animate__zoomIn">
<h2>了解更多</h2>
<p>
要了解 Inula，查看{' '}
<a href="https://openinula.net/" target="_blank">
Inula 官网
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
);
}
Inula.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/vite/vite.config.js Normal file
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react';
let alias = {
react: 'openinula', // 新增
'react-dom': 'openinula', // 新增
'react/jsx-dev-runtime': 'openinula/jsx-dev-runtime',
};
export default {
plugins: [react()],
resolve: {
alias,
},
};

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/webpack/package.json Normal file
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{
"name": "inula-webpack-app",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "",
"main": "index.js",
"scripts": {
"start": "webpack serve --mode development",
"build": "webpack --mode production"
},
"author": "",
"license": "ISC",
"dependencies": {
"openinula": "0.0.0-experimental-20231201"
},
"devDependencies": {
"@babel/core": "^7.21.4",
"@babel/preset-env": "^7.21.4",
"@babel/preset-react": "^7.18.6",
"babel-loader": "^9.1.2",
"css-loader": "^6.7.3",
"file-loader": "^6.2.0",
"html-webpack-plugin": "^5.5.0",
"style-loader": "^3.3.2",
"url-loader": "^4.1.1",
"webpack": "^5.77.0",
"webpack-cli": "^5.0.1",
"webpack-dev-server": "^4.13.2"
}
}

49
packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/webpack/src/App.jsx Normal file
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
import Inula from 'openinula';
import ReactiveComponent from './ReactiveComponent';
import './styles.css';
class App extends Inula.Component {
render() {
return (
<div class="container">
<div class="hero">
<h1 class="hero-title animate__animated animate__bounceInDown">欢迎来到 Inula 项目!</h1>
<p class="hero-subtitle animate__animated animate__bounceInUp">你已成功创建你的第一个响应式 Inula 项目</p>
</div>
<div className="content">
<div className="card animate__animated animate__zoomIn">
<ReactiveComponent />
</div>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="card animate__animated animate__zoomIn">
<h2>了解更多</h2>
<p>
要了解 Inula，查看{' '}
<a href="https://openinula.org" target="_blank">
Inula 官网
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
);
}
}
export default App;

38
packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/webpack/src/ReactiveComponent.jsx Normal file
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
import Inula, { useComputed, useReactive, useRef } from 'openinula';
function ReactiveComponent() {
const renderCount = ++useRef(0).current;
const data = useReactive({ count: 0 });
const countText = useComputed(() => {
return `计时: ${data.count.get()}`;
});
setInterval(() => {
data.count.set(c => c + 1);
}, 1000);
return (
<div>
<div>{countText}</div>
<div>组件渲染次数:{renderCount}</div>
</div>
);
}
export default ReactiveComponent;

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packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/webpack/src/index.html Normal file
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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Inula App</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="root"></div>
<script src="../dist/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

19
packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/webpack/src/index.jsx Normal file
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
import Inula from 'openinula';
import App from './App';
Inula.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

57
packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/webpack/src/styles.css Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
* {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
body,
html {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif;
line-height: 1.6;
color: #fff;
background: linear-gradient(120deg, #6a11cb 0%, #2575fc 100%);
height: 100vh;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.container {
text-align: center;
}
.hero-title {
font-size: 3em;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.hero-subtitle {
font-size: 1.5em;
margin-bottom: 50px;
}
.content {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: center;
margin: 1vh;
}
.card {
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
border-radius: 5px;
padding: 20px;
width: 100%;
box-shadow: 0px 8px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
}
.card h2,
.card p {
color: #fff;
}
.card a {
color: #fff;
text-decoration: underline;
}

84
packages/create-inula/lib/generators/Simple-reactive-app/templates/webpack/webpack.config.js Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
/*
* Copyright (c) 2023 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
*
* openInula is licensed under Mulan PSL v2.
* You can use this software according to the terms and conditions of the Mulan PSL v2.
* You may obtain a copy of Mulan PSL v2 at:
*
* http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND,
* EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NON-INFRINGEMENT,
* MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
*/
const path = require('path');
const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
module.exports = {
entry: './src/index.jsx',
output: {
path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),
filename: 'bundle.js',
},
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.(js|jsx)$/,
exclude: /node_modules/,
use: {
loader: 'babel-loader',
options: {
presets: [
'@babel/preset-env',
[
'@babel/preset-react',
{
runtime: 'automatic', // 新增
importSource: 'openinula', // 新增
},
],
],
},
},
},
{
test: /\.css$/,
use: ['style-loader', 'css-loader'],
},
{
test: /\.(png|jpe?g|gif)$/i,
use: [
{
loader: 'file-loader',
options: {
name: '[name].[ext]',
outputPath: 'images/',
publicPath: 'images/',
},
},
],
},
{
test: /\.(woff|woff2|eot|ttf|otf)$/,
use: ['file-loader'],
},
],
},
plugins: [
new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
template: path.resolve(__dirname, 'src/index.html'),
filename: 'index.html',
}),
],
devServer: {
static: path.join(__dirname, 'dist'),
compress: true,
port: 9000,
open: true,
},
resolve: {
extensions: ['.mjs', '.js', '.mts', '.ts', '.jsx', '.tsx', '.json'],
},
};

4
packages/inula-cli/src/builtInPlugins/command/dev/buildDev.ts
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@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export default (api: API) => {
api.applyHook({ name: 'afterStartDevServer' });
});
} else {
api.logger.error("Can't find config");
api.logger.error('Can\'t find config');
}
break;
case 'vite':
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export default (api: API) => {
server.printUrls();
});
} else {
api.logger.error("Can't find config");
api.logger.error('Can\'t find config');
}
break;
default:

2
packages/inula-cli/src/builtInPlugins/command/generate/generate.ts
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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ export default (api: API) => {
args._.shift();
}
if (args._.length === 0) {
api.logger.warn("Can't find any generate options.");
api.logger.warn('Can\'t find any generate options.');
return;
}

11
packages/inula-code-generator/.gitignore vendored
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@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
# 视觉模型
YOLOv8_cs/runs
# 前端
inula-code-generator-web/frontend/node_modules
# 后端
**/__pycache__
node_modules

78
packages/inula-code-generator/README.md
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@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
<div align="center"> <a href="https://gitee.com/openInula" align="center">
<img src="https://foruda.gitee.com/avatar/1695115915614709704/12142544_inula-js_1695115915.png!avatar100" alt="Logo" width="80" height="80">
</a></div>
<p align="center">
<img alt="stars" src="https://gitee.com/openInula/inula-code-generator/badge/star.svg?theme=dark">
<img alt="forks" src="https://gitee.com/openInula/inula-code-generator/badge/fork.svg?theme=dark">
</p>
<h3 align="center">OpenInula Code Generator Platform</h3>
<p align="center">
AI视觉模型生成前端代码
<br />
<a href="https://gitee.com/openInula/inula-code-generator"><strong>Explore the repos »</strong></a>
<a href="https://gitee.com/openInula/inula-code-generator/issues/new?issue">Request Feature</a>
</p>
<!-- ABOUT THE PROJECT -->
## 项目介绍
**openInula AI 代码生成工具** 是一个结合大语言模型能力和视觉识别技术，生成基于 openInula 生态和特定 UI 组件库应用页面代码的工具。
### 项目特点
1. **多模态输入**: 支持使用网页设计稿或图片作为输入，生成相应的代码。
2. **openInula 生态适配**: 生成的代码基于 openInula 生态，确保与其框架和规范兼容。
3. **实时编辑与渲染**: 开发者可以手动编辑生成的代码，并实时查看渲染效果。
4. **交互式修改**: 开发者可以向 AI 提出修改需求，AI 将根据当前代码生成修改后的版本。
5. **版本控制**: 支持多版本管理，便于开发者进行代码迭代与回溯。
6. **生态友好**: 大语言模型可根据需要替换，提高工具的灵活性与适应性。
7. **渐进式生成**: 支持分步生成代码，让开发者逐步完善和优化页面。
8. **代码导出**: 允许开发者下载生成的代码，方便后续集成与部署。
### 后端运行
* 进入后端
```sh
cd inula-code-generator-web\backend
```
* 下载环境配置
```sh
pip install -r requirements.txt
```
* 启动后端
```sh
python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:9090
```
### 前端运行
* 进入前端
```sh
cd inula-code-generator-web\frontend
```
* 下载依赖
```sh
npm install
```
* 启动前端
```sh
npm run dev
```
## 联系方式
Renlirong - email@renlirong@foxmail.com
Project Link: [inula-code-generator](https://gitee.com/openInula/inula-code-generator)

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# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
__pycache__/
*.py[cod]
*$py.class
# C extensions
*.so
# Distribution / packaging
.Python
build/
develop-eggs/
dist/
downloads/
eggs/
.eggs/
lib/
lib64/
parts/
sdist/
var/
wheels/
pip-wheel-metadata/
share/python-wheels/
*.egg-info/
.installed.cfg
*.egg
MANIFEST
# PyInstaller
# Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
# before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other info into it.
*.manifest
*.spec
# Installer logs
pip-log.txt
pip-delete-this-directory.txt
# Unit test / coverage reports
htmlcov/
.tox/
.nox/
.coverage
.coverage.*
.cache
nosetests.xml
coverage.xml
*.cover
*.py,cover
.hypothesis/
.pytest_cache/
mlruns/
# Translations
*.mo
*.pot
# Django stuff:
*.log
local_settings.py
db.sqlite3
db.sqlite3-journal
# Flask stuff:
instance/
.webassets-cache
# Scrapy stuff:
.scrapy
# Sphinx documentation
docs/_build/
# PyBuilder
target/
# Jupyter Notebook
.ipynb_checkpoints
# IPython
profile_default/
ipython_config.py
# Profiling
*.pclprof
# pyenv
.python-version
# pipenv
# According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
# However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
# having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
# install all needed dependencies.
#Pipfile.lock
# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow
__pypackages__/
# Celery stuff
celerybeat-schedule
celerybeat.pid
# SageMath parsed files
*.sage.py
# Environments
.env
.venv
.idea
env/
venv/
ENV/
env.bak/
venv.bak/
# Spyder project settings
.spyderproject
.spyproject
# VSCode project settings
.vscode/
# Rope project settings
.ropeproject
# mkdocs documentation
/site
mkdocs_github_authors.yaml
# mypy
.mypy_cache/
.dmypy.json
dmypy.json
# Pyre type checker
.pyre/
# datasets and projects
datasets/
runs/
wandb/
tests/
.DS_Store
# Neural Network weights -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
weights/
*.weights
*.pt
*.pb
*.onnx
*.engine
*.mlmodel
*.mlpackage
*.torchscript
*.tflite
*.h5
*_saved_model/
*_web_model/
*_openvino_model/
*_paddle_model/
pnnx*
# Autogenerated files for tests
/ultralytics/assets/

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# Pre-commit hooks. For more information see https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks/blob/main/README.md
# Optionally remove from local hooks with 'rm .git/hooks/pre-commit'
# Define bot property if installed via https://github.com/marketplace/pre-commit-ci
ci:
autofix_prs: true
autoupdate_commit_msg: "[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit suggestions"
autoupdate_schedule: monthly
submodules: true
# Exclude directories (optional)
# exclude: 'docs/'
# Define repos to run
repos:
- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
rev: v4.5.0
hooks:
- id: end-of-file-fixer
- id: trailing-whitespace
- id: check-case-conflict
# - id: check-yaml
- id: check-docstring-first
- id: detect-private-key
- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
rev: v3.15.0
hooks:
- id: pyupgrade
name: Upgrade code
- repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
rev: v0.1.11
hooks:
- id: ruff
args: [--fix]
- repo: https://github.com/executablebooks/mdformat
rev: 0.7.17
hooks:
- id: mdformat
name: MD formatting
additional_dependencies:
- mdformat-gfm
- mdformat-frontmatter
- mdformat-mkdocs
args:
- --wrap=no
- --number
exclude: 'docs/.*\.md'
# exclude: "README.md|README.zh-CN.md|CONTRIBUTING.md"
- repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
rev: v2.2.6
hooks:
- id: codespell
exclude: "docs/de|docs/fr|docs/pt|docs/es|docs/mkdocs_de.yml"
args:
- --ignore-words-list=crate,nd,ned,strack,dota,ane,segway,fo,gool,winn,commend,bloc,nam,afterall
- repo: https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln
rev: v2.4.0
hooks:
- id: pycln
args: [--all]
#
# - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/docformatter
# rev: v1.7.5
# hooks:
# - id: docformatter
# - repo: https://github.com/asottile/yesqa
# rev: v1.4.0
# hooks:
# - id: yesqa
# - repo: https://github.com/asottile/dead
# rev: v1.5.0
# hooks:
# - id: dead
# - repo: https://github.com/ultralytics/pre-commit
# rev: bd60a414f80a53fb8f593d3bfed4701fc47e4b23
# hooks:
# - id: capitalize-comments

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# Contributing to YOLOv8 🚀
We love your input! We want to make contributing to YOLOv8 as easy and transparent as possible, whether it's:
- Reporting a bug
- Discussing the current state of the code
- Submitting a fix
- Proposing a new feature
- Becoming a maintainer
YOLOv8 works so well due to our combined community effort, and for every small improvement you contribute you will be helping push the frontiers of what's possible in AI 😃!
## Submitting a Pull Request (PR) 🛠️
Submitting a PR is easy! This example shows how to submit a PR for updating `requirements.txt` in 4 steps:
### 1. Select File to Update
Select `requirements.txt` to update by clicking on it in GitHub.
<p align="center"><img width="800" alt="PR_step1" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/122260847-08be2600-ced4-11eb-828b-8287ace4136c.png"></p>
### 2. Click 'Edit this file'
Button is in top-right corner.
<p align="center"><img width="800" alt="PR_step2" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/122260844-06f46280-ced4-11eb-9eec-b8a24be519ca.png"></p>
### 3. Make Changes
Change `matplotlib` version from `3.2.2` to `3.3`.
<p align="center"><img width="800" alt="PR_step3" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/122260853-0a87e980-ced4-11eb-9fd2-3650fb6e0842.png"></p>
### 4. Preview Changes and Submit PR
Click on the **Preview changes** tab to verify your updates. At the bottom of the screen select 'Create a **new branch** for this commit', assign your branch a descriptive name such as `fix/matplotlib_version` and click the green **Propose changes** button. All done, your PR is now submitted to YOLOv8 for review and approval 😃!
<p align="center"><img width="800" alt="PR_step4" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/122260856-0b208000-ced4-11eb-8e8e-77b6151cbcc3.png"></p>
### PR recommendations
To allow your work to be integrated as seamlessly as possible, we advise you to:
- ✅ Verify your PR is **up-to-date** with `ultralytics/ultralytics` `main` branch. If your PR is behind you can update your code by clicking the 'Update branch' button or by running `git pull` and `git merge main` locally.
<p align="center"><img width="751" alt="PR recommendation 1" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/187295893-50ed9f44-b2c9-4138-a614-de69bd1753d7.png"></p>
- ✅ Verify all YOLOv8 Continuous Integration (CI) **checks are passing**.
<p align="center"><img width="751" alt="PR recommendation 2" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/187296922-545c5498-f64a-4d8c-8300-5fa764360da6.png"></p>
- ✅ Reduce changes to the absolute **minimum** required for your bug fix or feature addition. _"It is not daily increase but daily decrease, hack away the unessential. The closer to the source, the less wastage there is."_ — Bruce Lee
### Docstrings
Not all functions or classes require docstrings but when they do, we follow [google-style docstrings format](https://google.github.io/styleguide/pyguide.html#38-comments-and-docstrings). Here is an example:
```python
"""
What the function does. Performs NMS on given detection predictions.
Args:
arg1: The description of the 1st argument
arg2: The description of the 2nd argument
Returns:
What the function returns. Empty if nothing is returned.
Raises:
Exception Class: When and why this exception can be raised by the function.
"""
```
## Submitting a Bug Report 🐛
If you spot a problem with YOLOv8 please submit a Bug Report!
For us to start investigating a possible problem we need to be able to reproduce it ourselves first. We've created a few short guidelines below to help users provide what we need in order to get started.
When asking a question, people will be better able to provide help if you provide **code** that they can easily understand and use to **reproduce** the problem. This is referred to by community members as creating a [minimum reproducible example](https://docs.ultralytics.com/help/minimum_reproducible_example/). Your code that reproduces the problem should be:
- ✅ **Minimal** – Use as little code as possible that still produces the same problem
- ✅ **Complete** – Provide **all** parts someone else needs to reproduce your problem in the question itself
- ✅ **Reproducible** – Test the code you're about to provide to make sure it reproduces the problem
In addition to the above requirements, for [Ultralytics](https://ultralytics.com/) to provide assistance your code should be:
- ✅ **Current** – Verify that your code is up-to-date with current GitHub [main](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/tree/main) branch, and if necessary `git pull` or `git clone` a new copy to ensure your problem has not already been resolved by previous commits.
- ✅ **Unmodified** – Your problem must be reproducible without any modifications to the codebase in this repository. [Ultralytics](https://ultralytics.com/) does not provide support for custom code ⚠️.
If you believe your problem meets all of the above criteria, please close this issue and raise a new one using the 🐛 **Bug Report** [template](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/issues/new/choose) and providing a [minimum reproducible example](https://docs.ultralytics.com/help/minimum_reproducible_example/) to help us better understand and diagnose your problem.
## License
By contributing, you agree that your contributions will be licensed under the [AGPL-3.0 license](https://choosealicense.com/licenses/agpl-3.0/)

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GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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# [YOLOv10: Real-Time End-to-End Object Detection](https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14458)
Official PyTorch implementation of **YOLOv10**.
<p align="center">
<img src="figures/latency.svg" width=48%>
<img src="figures/params.svg" width=48%> <br>
Comparisons with others in terms of latency-accuracy (left) and size-accuracy (right) trade-offs.
</p>
[YOLOv10: Real-Time End-to-End Object Detection](https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14458).\
Ao Wang, Hui Chen, Lihao Liu, Kai Chen, Zijia Lin, Jungong Han, and Guiguang Ding\
[![arXiv](https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2405.14458-b31b1b.svg)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14458) <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/roboflow-ai/notebooks/blob/main/notebooks/train-yolov10-object-detection-on-custom-dataset.ipynb#scrollTo=SaKTSzSWnG7s"><img src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open In Colab"></a> [![Hugging Face Spaces](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Hugging%20Face-Models-blue)](https://huggingface.co/collections/jameslahm/yolov10-665b0d90b0b5bb85129460c2) [![Hugging Face Spaces](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Hugging%20Face-Spaces-blue)](https://huggingface.co/spaces/jameslahm/YOLOv10) [![Hugging Face Spaces](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Hugging%20Face-Spaces-blue)](https://huggingface.co/spaces/kadirnar/Yolov10) [![Transformers.js Demo](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Hugging%20Face-Transformers.js-blue)](https://huggingface.co/spaces/Xenova/yolov10-web) [![LearnOpenCV](https://img.shields.io/badge/BlogPost-blue?logo=data%3Aimage%2Fpng%3Bbase64%2CiVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAMAAAC67D%2BPAAAALVBMVEX%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F6%2Bfn6%2Bvq3y%2BJ8rOFSne9Jm%2FQcOlr5DJ7GAAAAB3RSTlMAB2LM94H1yMxlvwAAADNJREFUCFtjZGAEAob%2FQMDIyAJl%2FmFkYmEGM%2F%2F%2BYWRmYWYCMv8BmSxYmUgKkLQhGYawAgApySgfFDPqowAAAABJRU5ErkJggg%3D%3D&logoColor=black&labelColor=gray)](https://learnopencv.com/yolov10/) [![Openbayes Demo](https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=Demo&message=OpenBayes%E8%B4%9D%E5%BC%8F%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97&color=green)](https://openbayes.com/console/public/tutorials/im29uYrnIoz)
<details>
<summary>
<font size="+1">Abstract</font>
</summary>
Over the past years, YOLOs have emerged as the predominant paradigm in the field of real-time object detection owing to their effective balance between computational cost and detection performance. Researchers have explored the architectural designs, optimization objectives, data augmentation strategies, and others for YOLOs, achieving notable progress. However, the reliance on the non-maximum suppression (NMS) for post-processing hampers the end-to-end deployment of YOLOs and adversely impacts the inference latency. Besides, the design of various components in YOLOs lacks the comprehensive and thorough inspection, resulting in noticeable computational redundancy and limiting the model's capability. It renders the suboptimal efficiency, along with considerable potential for performance improvements. In this work, we aim to further advance the performance-efficiency boundary of YOLOs from both the post-processing and the model architecture. To this end, we first present the consistent dual assignments for NMS-free training of YOLOs, which brings the competitive performance and low inference latency simultaneously. Moreover, we introduce the holistic efficiency-accuracy driven model design strategy for YOLOs. We comprehensively optimize various components of YOLOs from both the efficiency and accuracy perspectives, which greatly reduces the computational overhead and enhances the capability. The outcome of our effort is a new generation of YOLO series for real-time end-to-end object detection, dubbed YOLOv10. Extensive experiments show that YOLOv10 achieves the state-of-the-art performance and efficiency across various model scales. For example, our YOLOv10-S is 1.8$\times$ faster than RT-DETR-R18 under the similar AP on COCO, meanwhile enjoying 2.8$\times$ smaller number of parameters and FLOPs. Compared with YOLOv9-C, YOLOv10-B has 46\% less latency and 25\% fewer parameters for the same performance.
</details>
## Notes
- 2024/05/31: Please use the [exported format](https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10?tab=readme-ov-file#export) for benchmark. In the non-exported format, e.g., pytorch, the speed of YOLOv10 is biased because the unnecessary `cv2` and `cv3` operations in the `v10Detect` are executed during inference.
- 2024/05/30: We provide [some clarifications and suggestions](https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10/issues/136) for detecting smaller objects or objects in the distance with YOLOv10. Thanks to [SkalskiP](https://github.com/SkalskiP)!
- 2024/05/27: We have updated the [checkpoints](https://huggingface.co/collections/jameslahm/yolov10-665b0d90b0b5bb85129460c2) with class names, for ease of use.
## UPDATES 🔥
- 2024/06/01: Thanks to [ErlanggaYudiPradana](https://github.com/rlggyp) for the integration with [C++ | OpenVINO | OpenCV](https://github.com/rlggyp/YOLOv10-OpenVINO-CPP-Inference)
- 2024/06/01: Thanks to [NielsRogge](https://github.com/NielsRogge) and [AK](https://x.com/_akhaliq) for hosting the models on the HuggingFace Hub!
- 2024/05/31: Build [yolov10-jetson](https://github.com/Seeed-Projects/jetson-examples/blob/main/reComputer/scripts/yolov10/README.md) docker image by [youjiang](https://github.com/yuyoujiang)!
- 2024/05/31: Thanks to [mohamedsamirx](https://github.com/mohamedsamirx) for the integration with [BoTSORT, DeepOCSORT, OCSORT, HybridSORT, ByteTrack, StrongSORT using BoxMOT library](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1-QV2TNfqaMsh14w5VxieEyanugVBG14V?usp=sharing)!
- 2024/05/31: Thanks to [kaylorchen](https://github.com/kaylorchen) for the integration with [rk3588](https://github.com/kaylorchen/rk3588-yolo-demo)!
- 2024/05/30: Thanks to [eaidova](https://github.com/eaidova) for the integration with [OpenVINO™](https://github.com/openvinotoolkit/openvino_notebooks/blob/0ba3c0211bcd49aa860369feddffdf7273a73c64/notebooks/yolov10-optimization/yolov10-optimization.ipynb)!
- 2024/05/29: Add the gradio demo for running the models locally. Thanks to [AK](https://x.com/_akhaliq)!
- 2024/05/27: Thanks to [sujanshresstha](sujanshresstha) for the integration with [DeepSORT](https://github.com/sujanshresstha/YOLOv10_DeepSORT.git)!
- 2024/05/26: Thanks to [CVHub520](https://github.com/CVHub520) for the integration into [X-AnyLabeling](https://github.com/CVHub520/X-AnyLabeling)!
- 2024/05/26: Thanks to [DanielSarmiento04](https://github.com/DanielSarmiento04) for integrate in [c++ | ONNX | OPENCV](https://github.com/DanielSarmiento04/yolov10cpp)!
- 2024/05/25: Add [Transformers.js demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/Xenova/yolov10-web) and onnx weights(yolov10[n](https://huggingface.co/onnx-community/yolov10n)/[s](https://huggingface.co/onnx-community/yolov10s)/[m](https://huggingface.co/onnx-community/yolov10m)/[b](https://huggingface.co/onnx-community/yolov10b)/[l](https://huggingface.co/onnx-community/yolov10l)/[x](https://huggingface.co/onnx-community/yolov10x)). Thanks to [xenova](https://github.com/xenova)!
- 2024/05/25: Add [colab demo](https://colab.research.google.com/github/roboflow-ai/notebooks/blob/main/notebooks/train-yolov10-object-detection-on-custom-dataset.ipynb#scrollTo=SaKTSzSWnG7s), [HuggingFace Demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/kadirnar/Yolov10), and [HuggingFace Model Page](https://huggingface.co/kadirnar/Yolov10). Thanks to [SkalskiP](https://github.com/SkalskiP) and [kadirnar](https://github.com/kadirnar)!
## Performance
COCO
| Model | Test Size | #Params | FLOPs | AP<sup>val</sup> | Latency |
|:---------------|:----:|:---:|:--:|:--:|:--:|
| [YOLOv10-N](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10n) | 640 | 2.3M | 6.7G | 38.5% | 1.84ms |
| [YOLOv10-S](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10s) | 640 | 7.2M | 21.6G | 46.3% | 2.49ms |
| [YOLOv10-M](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10m) | 640 | 15.4M | 59.1G | 51.1% | 4.74ms |
| [YOLOv10-B](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10b) | 640 | 19.1M | 92.0G | 52.5% | 5.74ms |
| [YOLOv10-L](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10l) | 640 | 24.4M | 120.3G | 53.2% | 7.28ms |
| [YOLOv10-X](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10x) | 640 | 29.5M | 160.4G | 54.4% | 10.70ms |
## Installation
`conda` virtual environment is recommended.
```
conda create -n yolov10 python=3.9
conda activate yolov10
pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install -e .
```
## Demo
```
python app.py
# Please visit http://127.0.0.1:7860
```
## Validation
[`yolov10n`](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10n) [`yolov10s`](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10s) [`yolov10m`](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10m) [`yolov10b`](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10b) [`yolov10l`](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10l) [`yolov10x`](https://huggingface.co/jameslahm/yolov10x)
```
yolo val model=jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x} data=coco.yaml batch=256
```
Or
```python
from ultralytics import YOLOv10
model = YOLOv10.from_pretrained('jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}')
# or
# wget https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10/releases/download/v1.1/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt
model = YOLOv10('yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt')
model.val(data='coco.yaml', batch=256)
```
## Training
```
yolo detect train data=coco.yaml model=yolov10n/s/m/b/l/x.yaml epochs=500 batch=256 imgsz=640 device=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
```
Or
```python
from ultralytics import YOLOv10
model = YOLOv10()
# If you want to finetune the model with pretrained weights, you could load the
# pretrained weights like below
# model = YOLOv10.from_pretrained('jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}')
# or
# wget https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10/releases/download/v1.1/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt
# model = YOLOv10('yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt')
model.train(data='coco.yaml', epochs=500, batch=256, imgsz=640)
```
## Push to hub to 🤗
Optionally, you can push your fine-tuned model to the [Hugging Face hub](https://huggingface.co/) as a public or private model:
```python
# let's say you have fine-tuned a model for crop detection
model.push_to_hub("<your-hf-username-or-organization/yolov10-finetuned-crop-detection")
# you can also pass `private=True` if you don't want everyone to see your model
model.push_to_hub("<your-hf-username-or-organization/yolov10-finetuned-crop-detection", private=True)
```
## Prediction
Note that a smaller confidence threshold can be set to detect smaller objects or objects in the distance. Please refer to [here](https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10/issues/136) for details.
```
yolo predict model=jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}
```
Or
```python
from ultralytics import YOLOv10
model = YOLOv10.from_pretrained('jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}')
# or
# wget https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10/releases/download/v1.1/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt
model = YOLOv10('yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt')
model.predict()
```
## Export
```
# End-to-End ONNX
yolo export model=jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x} format=onnx opset=13 simplify
# Predict with ONNX
yolo predict model=yolov10n/s/m/b/l/x.onnx
# End-to-End TensorRT
yolo export model=jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x} format=engine half=True simplify opset=13 workspace=16
# or
trtexec --onnx=yolov10n/s/m/b/l/x.onnx --saveEngine=yolov10n/s/m/b/l/x.engine --fp16
# Predict with TensorRT
yolo predict model=yolov10n/s/m/b/l/x.engine
```
Or
```python
from ultralytics import YOLOv10
model = YOLOv10.from_pretrained('jameslahm/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}')
# or
# wget https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10/releases/download/v1.1/yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt
model = YOLOv10('yolov10{n/s/m/b/l/x}.pt')
model.export(...)
```
## Acknowledgement
The code base is built with [ultralytics](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics) and [RT-DETR](https://github.com/lyuwenyu/RT-DETR).
Thanks for the great implementations!
## Citation
If our code or models help your work, please cite our paper:
```BibTeX
@article{wang2024yolov10,
title={YOLOv10: Real-Time End-to-End Object Detection},
author={Wang, Ao and Chen, Hui and Liu, Lihao and Chen, Kai and Lin, Zijia and Han, Jungong and Ding, Guiguang},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.14458},
year={2024}
}
```

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@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
import gradio as gr
import cv2
import tempfile
from ultralytics import YOLOv10
def yolov10_inference(image, video, model_id, image_size, conf_threshold):
model = YOLOv10.from_pretrained(f'jameslahm/{model_id}')
if image:
results = model.predict(source=image, imgsz=image_size, conf=conf_threshold)
annotated_image = results[0].plot()
return annotated_image[:, :, ::-1], None
else:
video_path = tempfile.mktemp(suffix=".webm")
with open(video_path, "wb") as f:
with open(video, "rb") as g:
f.write(g.read())
cap = cv2.VideoCapture(video_path)
fps = cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS)
frame_width = int(cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH))
frame_height = int(cap.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT))
output_video_path = tempfile.mktemp(suffix=".webm")
out = cv2.VideoWriter(output_video_path, cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'vp80'), fps, (frame_width, frame_height))
while cap.isOpened():
ret, frame = cap.read()
if not ret:
break
results = model.predict(source=frame, imgsz=image_size, conf=conf_threshold)
annotated_frame = results[0].plot()
out.write(annotated_frame)
cap.release()
out.release()
return None, output_video_path
def yolov10_inference_for_examples(image, model_path, image_size, conf_threshold):
annotated_image, _ = yolov10_inference(image, None, model_path, image_size, conf_threshold)
return annotated_image
def app():
with gr.Blocks():
with gr.Row():
with gr.Column():
image = gr.Image(type="pil", label="Image", visible=True)
video = gr.Video(label="Video", visible=False)
input_type = gr.Radio(
choices=["Image", "Video"],
value="Image",
label="Input Type",
)
model_id = gr.Dropdown(
label="Model",
choices=[
"yolov10n",
"yolov10s",
"yolov10m",
"yolov10b",
"yolov10l",
"yolov10x",
],
value="yolov10m",
)
image_size = gr.Slider(
label="Image Size",
minimum=320,
maximum=1280,
step=32,
value=640,
)
conf_threshold = gr.Slider(
label="Confidence Threshold",
minimum=0.0,
maximum=1.0,
step=0.05,
value=0.25,
)
yolov10_infer = gr.Button(value="Detect Objects")
with gr.Column():
output_image = gr.Image(type="numpy", label="Annotated Image", visible=True)
output_video = gr.Video(label="Annotated Video", visible=False)
def update_visibility(input_type):
image = gr.update(visible=True) if input_type == "Image" else gr.update(visible=False)
video = gr.update(visible=False) if input_type == "Image" else gr.update(visible=True)
output_image = gr.update(visible=True) if input_type == "Image" else gr.update(visible=False)
output_video = gr.update(visible=False) if input_type == "Image" else gr.update(visible=True)
return image, video, output_image, output_video
input_type.change(
fn=update_visibility,
inputs=[input_type],
outputs=[image, video, output_image, output_video],
)
def run_inference(image, video, model_id, image_size, conf_threshold, input_type):
if input_type == "Image":
return yolov10_inference(image, None, model_id, image_size, conf_threshold)
else:
return yolov10_inference(None, video, model_id, image_size, conf_threshold)
yolov10_infer.click(
fn=run_inference,
inputs=[image, video, model_id, image_size, conf_threshold, input_type],
outputs=[output_image, output_video],
)
gr.Examples(
examples=[
[
"ultralytics/assets/bus.jpg",
"yolov10s",
640,
0.25,
],
[
"ultralytics/assets/zidane.jpg",
"yolov10s",
640,
0.25,
],
],
fn=yolov10_inference_for_examples,
inputs=[
image,
model_id,
image_size,
conf_threshold,
],
outputs=[output_image],
cache_examples='lazy',
)
gradio_app = gr.Blocks()
with gradio_app:
gr.HTML(
"""
<h1 style='text-align: center'>
YOLOv10: Real-Time End-to-End Object Detection
</h1>
""")
gr.HTML(
"""
<h3 style='text-align: center'>
<a href='https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14458' target='_blank'>arXiv</a> | <a href='https://github.com/THU-MIG/yolov10' target='_blank'>github</a>
</h3>
""")
with gr.Row():
with gr.Column():
app()
if __name__ == '__main__':
gradio_app.launch()

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# Builds ultralytics/ultralytics:latest image on DockerHub https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics
# Image is CUDA-optimized for YOLOv8 single/multi-GPU training and inference
# Start FROM PyTorch image https://hub.docker.com/r/pytorch/pytorch or nvcr.io/nvidia/pytorch:23.03-py3
FROM pytorch/pytorch:2.2.0-cuda12.1-cudnn8-runtime
RUN pip install --no-cache nvidia-tensorrt --index-url https://pypi.ngc.nvidia.com
# Downloads to user config dir
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.ttf \
https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.Unicode.ttf \
/root/.config/Ultralytics/
# Install linux packages
# g++ required to build 'tflite_support' and 'lap' packages, libusb-1.0-0 required for 'tflite_support' package
RUN apt update \
&& apt install --no-install-recommends -y gcc git zip curl htop libgl1 libglib2.0-0 libpython3-dev gnupg g++ libusb-1.0-0 build-essential
# Security updates
# https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-UBUNTU1804-OPENSSL-3314796
RUN apt upgrade --no-install-recommends -y openssl tar
# Create working directory
WORKDIR /usr/src/ultralytics
# Copy contents
# COPY . /usr/src/ultralytics # git permission issues inside container
RUN git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics -b main /usr/src/ultralytics
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.1.0/yolov8n.pt /usr/src/ultralytics/
# Install pip packages
RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip wheel
RUN pip install --no-cache -e ".[export]" albumentations comet pycocotools
# Run exports to AutoInstall packages
# Edge TPU export fails the first time so is run twice here
RUN yolo export model=tmp/yolov8n.pt format=edgetpu imgsz=32 || yolo export model=tmp/yolov8n.pt format=edgetpu imgsz=32
RUN yolo export model=tmp/yolov8n.pt format=ncnn imgsz=32
# Requires <= Python 3.10, bug with paddlepaddle==2.5.0 https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/X2Paddle/issues/991
RUN pip install --no-cache paddlepaddle>=2.6.0 x2paddle
# Fix error: `np.bool` was a deprecated alias for the builtin `bool` segmentation error in Tests
RUN pip install --no-cache numpy==1.23.5
# Remove exported models
RUN rm -rf tmp
# Set environment variables
ENV OMP_NUM_THREADS=1
# Avoid DDP error "MKL_THREADING_LAYER=INTEL is incompatible with libgomp.so.1 library" https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/37377
ENV MKL_THREADING_LAYER=GNU
# Usage Examples -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Build and Push
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest && sudo docker build -f docker/Dockerfile -t $t . && sudo docker push $t
# Pull and Run with access to all GPUs
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --gpus all $t
# Pull and Run with access to GPUs 2 and 3 (inside container CUDA devices will appear as 0 and 1)
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --gpus '"device=2,3"' $t
# Pull and Run with local directory access
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --gpus all -v "$(pwd)"/datasets:/usr/src/datasets $t
# Kill all
# sudo docker kill $(sudo docker ps -q)
# Kill all image-based
# sudo docker kill $(sudo docker ps -qa --filter ancestor=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest)
# DockerHub tag update
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest tnew=ultralytics/ultralytics:v6.2 && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker tag $t $tnew && sudo docker push $tnew
# Clean up
# sudo docker system prune -a --volumes
# Update Ubuntu drivers
# https://www.maketecheasier.com/install-nvidia-drivers-ubuntu/
# DDP test
# python -m torch.distributed.run --nproc_per_node 2 --master_port 1 train.py --epochs 3
# GCP VM from Image
# docker.io/ultralytics/ultralytics:latest

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# Builds ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-arm64 image on DockerHub https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics
# Image is aarch64-compatible for Apple M1, M2, M3, Raspberry Pi and other ARM architectures
# Start FROM Ubuntu image https://hub.docker.com/_/ubuntu with "FROM arm64v8/ubuntu:22.04" (deprecated)
# Start FROM Debian image for arm64v8 https://hub.docker.com/r/arm64v8/debian (new)
FROM arm64v8/debian:bookworm-slim
# Downloads to user config dir
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.ttf \
https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.Unicode.ttf \
/root/.config/Ultralytics/
# Install linux packages
# g++ required to build 'tflite_support' and 'lap' packages, libusb-1.0-0 required for 'tflite_support' package
# cmake and build-essential is needed to build onnxsim when exporting to tflite
RUN apt update \
&& apt install --no-install-recommends -y python3-pip git zip curl htop gcc libgl1 libglib2.0-0 libpython3-dev gnupg g++ libusb-1.0-0 build-essential
# Create working directory
WORKDIR /usr/src/ultralytics
# Copy contents
# COPY . /usr/src/ultralytics # git permission issues inside container
RUN git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics -b main /usr/src/ultralytics
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.1.0/yolov8n.pt /usr/src/ultralytics/
# Remove python3.11/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED to avoid 'externally-managed-environment' issue, Debian 12 Bookworm error
RUN rm -rf /usr/lib/python3.11/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED
# Install pip packages
RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip wheel
RUN pip install --no-cache -e ".[export]"
# Creates a symbolic link to make 'python' point to 'python3'
RUN ln -sf /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python
# Usage Examples -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Build and Push
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-arm64 && sudo docker build --platform linux/arm64 -f docker/Dockerfile-arm64 -t $t . && sudo docker push $t
# Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-arm64 && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host $t
# Pull and Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-arm64 && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host $t
# Pull and Run with local volume mounted
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-arm64 && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host -v "$(pwd)"/datasets:/usr/src/datasets $t

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# Builds ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-conda image on DockerHub https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics
# Image is optimized for Ultralytics Anaconda (https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ultralytics) installation and usage
# Start FROM miniconda3 image https://hub.docker.com/r/continuumio/miniconda3
FROM continuumio/miniconda3:latest
# Downloads to user config dir
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.ttf \
https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.Unicode.ttf \
/root/.config/Ultralytics/
# Install linux packages
RUN apt update \
&& apt install --no-install-recommends -y libgl1
# Copy contents
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.1.0/yolov8n.pt .
# Install conda packages
# mkl required to fix 'OSError: libmkl_intel_lp64.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory'
RUN conda config --set solver libmamba && \
conda install pytorch torchvision pytorch-cuda=11.8 -c pytorch -c nvidia && \
conda install -c conda-forge ultralytics mkl
# conda install -c pytorch -c nvidia -c conda-forge pytorch torchvision pytorch-cuda=11.8 ultralytics mkl
# Usage Examples -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Build and Push
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-conda && sudo docker build -f docker/Dockerfile-cpu -t $t . && sudo docker push $t
# Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-conda && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host $t
# Pull and Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-conda && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host $t
# Pull and Run with local volume mounted
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-conda && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host -v "$(pwd)"/datasets:/usr/src/datasets $t

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# Builds ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-cpu image on DockerHub https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics
# Image is CPU-optimized for ONNX, OpenVINO and PyTorch YOLOv8 deployments
# Start FROM Ubuntu image https://hub.docker.com/_/ubuntu
FROM ubuntu:23.10
# Downloads to user config dir
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.ttf \
https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.Unicode.ttf \
/root/.config/Ultralytics/
# Install linux packages
# g++ required to build 'tflite_support' and 'lap' packages, libusb-1.0-0 required for 'tflite_support' package
RUN apt update \
&& apt install --no-install-recommends -y python3-pip git zip curl htop libgl1 libglib2.0-0 libpython3-dev gnupg g++ libusb-1.0-0
# Create working directory
WORKDIR /usr/src/ultralytics
# Copy contents
# COPY . /usr/src/ultralytics # git permission issues inside container
RUN git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics -b main /usr/src/ultralytics
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.1.0/yolov8n.pt /usr/src/ultralytics/
# Remove python3.11/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED or use 'pip install --break-system-packages' avoid 'externally-managed-environment' Ubuntu nightly error
RUN rm -rf /usr/lib/python3.11/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED
# Install pip packages
RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip wheel
RUN pip install --no-cache -e ".[export]" --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
# Run exports to AutoInstall packages
RUN yolo export model=tmp/yolov8n.pt format=edgetpu imgsz=32
RUN yolo export model=tmp/yolov8n.pt format=ncnn imgsz=32
# Requires <= Python 3.10, bug with paddlepaddle==2.5.0 https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/X2Paddle/issues/991
# RUN pip install --no-cache paddlepaddle>=2.6.0 x2paddle
# Remove exported models
RUN rm -rf tmp
# Creates a symbolic link to make 'python' point to 'python3'
RUN ln -sf /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python
# Usage Examples -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Build and Push
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-cpu && sudo docker build -f docker/Dockerfile-cpu -t $t . && sudo docker push $t
# Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-cpu && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --name NAME $t
# Pull and Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-cpu && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --name NAME $t
# Pull and Run with local volume mounted
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-cpu && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host -v "$(pwd)"/datasets:/usr/src/datasets $t

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# Builds ultralytics/ultralytics:jetson image on DockerHub https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics
# Supports JetPack for YOLOv8 on Jetson Nano, TX1/TX2, Xavier NX, AGX Xavier, AGX Orin, and Orin NX
# Start FROM https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/containers/l4t-pytorch
FROM nvcr.io/nvidia/l4t-pytorch:r35.2.1-pth2.0-py3
# Downloads to user config dir
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.ttf \
https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.Unicode.ttf \
/root/.config/Ultralytics/
# Install linux packages
# g++ required to build 'tflite_support' and 'lap' packages, libusb-1.0-0 required for 'tflite_support' package
RUN apt update \
&& apt install --no-install-recommends -y gcc git zip curl htop libgl1 libglib2.0-0 libpython3-dev gnupg g++ libusb-1.0-0
# Create working directory
WORKDIR /usr/src/ultralytics
# Copy contents
# COPY . /usr/src/ultralytics # git permission issues inside container
RUN git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics -b main /usr/src/ultralytics
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.1.0/yolov8n.pt /usr/src/ultralytics/
# Remove opencv-python from Ultralytics dependencies as it conflicts with opencv-python installed in base image
RUN grep -v "opencv-python" pyproject.toml > temp.toml && mv temp.toml pyproject.toml
# Install pip packages manually for TensorRT compatibility https://github.com/NVIDIA/TensorRT/issues/2567
RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip wheel
RUN pip install --no-cache tqdm matplotlib pyyaml psutil pandas onnx "numpy==1.23"
RUN pip install --no-cache -e .
# Set environment variables
ENV OMP_NUM_THREADS=1
# Usage Examples -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Build and Push
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-jetson && sudo docker build --platform linux/arm64 -f docker/Dockerfile-jetson -t $t . && sudo docker push $t
# Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-jetson && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host $t
# Pull and Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-jetson && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host $t
# Pull and Run with NVIDIA runtime
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-jetson && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --runtime=nvidia $t

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# Builds ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-cpu image on DockerHub https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics
# Image is CPU-optimized for ONNX, OpenVINO and PyTorch YOLOv8 deployments
# Use the official Python 3.10 slim-bookworm as base image
FROM python:3.10-slim-bookworm
# Downloads to user config dir
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.ttf \
https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.Unicode.ttf \
/root/.config/Ultralytics/
# Install linux packages
# g++ required to build 'tflite_support' and 'lap' packages, libusb-1.0-0 required for 'tflite_support' package
RUN apt update \
&& apt install --no-install-recommends -y python3-pip git zip curl htop libgl1 libglib2.0-0 libpython3-dev gnupg g++ libusb-1.0-0
# Create working directory
WORKDIR /usr/src/ultralytics
# Copy contents
# COPY . /usr/src/ultralytics # git permission issues inside container
RUN git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics -b main /usr/src/ultralytics
ADD https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v8.1.0/yolov8n.pt /usr/src/ultralytics/
# Remove python3.11/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED or use 'pip install --break-system-packages' avoid 'externally-managed-environment' Ubuntu nightly error
# RUN rm -rf /usr/lib/python3.11/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED
# Install pip packages
RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip wheel
RUN pip install --no-cache -e ".[export]" --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
# Run exports to AutoInstall packages
RUN yolo export model=tmp/yolov8n.pt format=edgetpu imgsz=32
RUN yolo export model=tmp/yolov8n.pt format=ncnn imgsz=32
# Requires <= Python 3.10, bug with paddlepaddle==2.5.0 https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/X2Paddle/issues/991
RUN pip install --no-cache paddlepaddle>=2.6.0 x2paddle
# Remove exported models
RUN rm -rf tmp
# Usage Examples -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Build and Push
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-python && sudo docker build -f docker/Dockerfile-python -t $t . && sudo docker push $t
# Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-python && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host $t
# Pull and Run
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-python && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host $t
# Pull and Run with local volume mounted
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-python && sudo docker pull $t && sudo docker run -it --ipc=host -v "$(pwd)"/datasets:/usr/src/datasets $t

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# Builds GitHub actions CI runner image for deployment to DockerHub https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics
# Image is CUDA-optimized for YOLOv8 single/multi-GPU training and inference tests
# Start FROM Ultralytics GPU image
FROM ultralytics/ultralytics:latest
# Set the working directory
WORKDIR /actions-runner
# Download and unpack the latest runner from https://github.com/actions/runner
RUN FILENAME=actions-runner-linux-x64-2.309.0.tar.gz && \
curl -o $FILENAME -L https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/download/v2.309.0/$FILENAME && \
tar xzf $FILENAME && \
rm $FILENAME
# Install runner dependencies
ENV RUNNER_ALLOW_RUNASROOT=1
ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
RUN ./bin/installdependencies.sh && \
apt-get -y install libicu-dev
# Inline ENTRYPOINT command to configure and start runner with default TOKEN and NAME
ENTRYPOINT sh -c './config.sh --url https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics \
--token ${GITHUB_RUNNER_TOKEN:-TOKEN} \
--name ${GITHUB_RUNNER_NAME:-NAME} \
--labels gpu-latest \
--replace && \
./run.sh'
# Usage Examples -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Build and Push
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-runner && sudo docker build -f docker/Dockerfile-runner -t $t . && sudo docker push $t
# Pull and Run in detached mode with access to GPUs 0 and 1
# t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-runner && sudo docker run -d -e GITHUB_RUNNER_TOKEN=TOKEN -e GITHUB_RUNNER_NAME=NAME --ipc=host --gpus '"device=0,1"' $t

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<br>
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/logo/Ultralytics_Logotype_Original.svg" width="320">
# 📚 Ultralytics Docs
Ultralytics Docs are the gateway to understanding and utilizing our cutting-edge machine learning tools. These documents are deployed to [https://docs.ultralytics.com](https://docs.ultralytics.com) for your convenience.
[![pages-build-deployment](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/pages/pages-build-deployment/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/pages/pages-build-deployment) [![Check Broken links](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/links.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/links.yml) [![Check Domains](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/check_domains.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/check_domains.yml) [![Ultralytics Actions](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/format.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/format.yml) <a href="https://ultralytics.com/discord"><img alt="Discord" src="https://img.shields.io/discord/1089800235347353640?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=Discord&color=blue"></a>
## 🛠️ Installation
[![PyPI version](https://badge.fury.io/py/ultralytics.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/py/ultralytics) [![Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/ultralytics)](https://pepy.tech/project/ultralytics)
To install the ultralytics package in developer mode, ensure you have Git and Python 3 installed on your system. Then, follow these steps:
1. Clone the ultralytics repository to your local machine using Git:
```bash
git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics.git
```
2. Navigate to the cloned repository's root directory:
```bash
cd ultralytics
```
3. Install the package in developer mode using pip (or pip3 for Python 3):
```bash
pip install -e '.[dev]'
```
- This command installs the ultralytics package along with all development dependencies, allowing you to modify the package code and have the changes immediately reflected in your Python environment.
## 🚀 Building and Serving Locally
The `mkdocs serve` command builds and serves a local version of your MkDocs documentation, ideal for development and testing:
```bash
mkdocs serve
```
- #### Command Breakdown:
- `mkdocs` is the main MkDocs command-line interface.
- `serve` is the subcommand to build and locally serve your documentation.
- 🧐 Note:
- Grasp changes to the docs in real-time as `mkdocs serve` supports live reloading.
- To stop the local server, press `CTRL+C`.
## 🌍 Building and Serving Multi-Language
Supporting multi-language documentation? Follow these steps:
1. Stage all new language \*.md files with Git:
```bash
git add docs/**/*.md -f
```
2. Build all languages to the `/site` folder, ensuring relevant root-level files are present:
```bash
# Clear existing /site directory
rm -rf site
# Loop through each language config file and build
mkdocs build -f docs/mkdocs.yml
for file in docs/mkdocs_*.yml; do
echo "Building MkDocs site with $file"
mkdocs build -f "$file"
done
```
3. To preview your site, initiate a simple HTTP server:
```bash
cd site
python -m http.server
# Open in your preferred browser
```
- 🖥️ Access the live site at `http://localhost:8000`.
## 📤 Deploying Your Documentation Site
Choose a hosting provider and deployment method for your MkDocs documentation:
- Configure `mkdocs.yml` with deployment settings.
- Use `mkdocs deploy` to build and deploy your site.
* ### GitHub Pages Deployment Example:
```bash
mkdocs gh-deploy
```
- Update the "Custom domain" in your repository's settings for a personalized URL.
![196814117-fc16e711-d2be-4722-9536-b7c6d78fd167](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/210150206-9e86dcd7-10af-43e4-9eb2-9518b3799eac.png)
- For detailed deployment guidance, consult the [MkDocs documentation](https://www.mkdocs.org/user-guide/deploying-your-docs/).
## 💡 Contribute
We cherish the community's input as it drives Ultralytics open-source initiatives. Dive into the [Contributing Guide](https://docs.ultralytics.com/help/contributing) and share your thoughts via our [Survey](https://ultralytics.com/survey?utm_source=github&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=Survey). A heartfelt thank you 🙏 to each contributor!
<!-- Pictorial representation of our dedicated contributor community -->
![Ultralytics open-source contributors](https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/im/image-contributors.png)
## 📜 License
Ultralytics presents two licensing options:
- **AGPL-3.0 License**: Perfect for academia and open collaboration. Details are in the [LICENSE](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/LICENSE) file.
- **Enterprise License**: Tailored for commercial usage, offering a seamless blend of Ultralytics technology in your products. Learn more at [Ultralytics Licensing](https://ultralytics.com/license).
## ✉️ Contact
For bug reports and feature requests, navigate to [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/issues). Engage with peers and the Ultralytics team on [Discord](https://ultralytics.com/discord) for enriching conversations!
<br>
<div align="center">
<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-github.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics GitHub"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-linkedin.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics LinkedIn"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://twitter.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-twitter.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Twitter"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://youtube.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-youtube.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics YouTube"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-tiktok.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics TikTok"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-instagram.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Instagram"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://ultralytics.com/discord"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-discord.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Discord"></a>
</div>

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
"""
This Python script is designed to automate the building and post-processing of MkDocs documentation, particularly for
projects with multilingual content. It streamlines the workflow for generating localized versions of the documentation
and updating HTML links to ensure they are correctly formatted.
Key Features:
- Automated building of MkDocs documentation: The script compiles both the main documentation and
any localized versions specified in separate MkDocs configuration files.
- Post-processing of generated HTML files: After the documentation is built, the script updates all
HTML files to remove the '.md' extension from internal links. This ensures that links in the built
HTML documentation correctly point to other HTML pages rather than Markdown files, which is crucial
for proper navigation within the web-based documentation.
Usage:
- Run the script from the root directory of your MkDocs project.
- Ensure that MkDocs is installed and that all MkDocs configuration files (main and localized versions)
are present in the project directory.
- The script first builds the documentation using MkDocs, then scans the generated HTML files in the 'site'
directory to update the internal links.
- It's ideal for projects where the documentation is written in Markdown and needs to be served as a static website.
Note:
- This script is built to be run in an environment where Python and MkDocs are installed and properly configured.
"""
import os
import re
import shutil
import subprocess
from pathlib import Path
from tqdm import tqdm
DOCS = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
SITE = DOCS.parent / "site"
def build_docs(clone_repos=True):
"""Build docs using mkdocs."""
if SITE.exists():
print(f"Removing existing {SITE}")
shutil.rmtree(SITE)
# Get hub-sdk repo
if clone_repos:
repo = "https://github.com/ultralytics/hub-sdk"
local_dir = DOCS.parent / Path(repo).name
if not local_dir.exists():
os.system(f"git clone {repo} {local_dir}")
os.system(f"git -C {local_dir} pull") # update repo
shutil.rmtree(DOCS / "en/hub/sdk", ignore_errors=True) # delete if exists
shutil.copytree(local_dir / "docs", DOCS / "en/hub/sdk") # for docs
shutil.rmtree(DOCS.parent / "hub_sdk", ignore_errors=True) # delete if exists
shutil.copytree(local_dir / "hub_sdk", DOCS.parent / "hub_sdk") # for mkdocstrings
print(f"Cloned/Updated {repo} in {local_dir}")
# Build the main documentation
print(f"Building docs from {DOCS}")
subprocess.run(f"mkdocs build -f {DOCS.parent}/mkdocs.yml", check=True, shell=True)
print(f"Site built at {SITE}")
def update_page_title(file_path: Path, new_title: str):
"""Update the title of an HTML file."""
# Read the content of the file
with open(file_path, encoding="utf-8") as file:
content = file.read()
# Replace the existing title with the new title
updated_content = re.sub(r"<title>.*?</title>", f"<title>{new_title}</title>", content)
# Write the updated content back to the file
with open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as file:
file.write(updated_content)
def update_html_head(script=""):
"""Update the HTML head section of each file."""
html_files = Path(SITE).rglob("*.html")
for html_file in tqdm(html_files, desc="Processing HTML files"):
with html_file.open("r", encoding="utf-8") as file:
html_content = file.read()
if script in html_content: # script already in HTML file
return
head_end_index = html_content.lower().rfind("</head>")
if head_end_index != -1:
# Add the specified JavaScript to the HTML file just before the end of the head tag.
new_html_content = html_content[:head_end_index] + script + html_content[head_end_index:]
with html_file.open("w", encoding="utf-8") as file:
file.write(new_html_content)
def update_subdir_edit_links(subdir="", docs_url=""):
"""Update the HTML head section of each file."""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
if str(subdir[0]) == "/":
subdir = str(subdir[0])[1:]
html_files = (SITE / subdir).rglob("*.html")
for html_file in tqdm(html_files, desc="Processing subdir files"):
with html_file.open("r", encoding="utf-8") as file:
soup = BeautifulSoup(file, "html.parser")
# Find the anchor tag and update its href attribute
a_tag = soup.find("a", {"class": "md-content__button md-icon"})
if a_tag and a_tag["title"] == "Edit this page":
a_tag["href"] = f"{docs_url}{a_tag['href'].split(subdir)[-1]}"
# Write the updated HTML back to the file
with open(html_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as file:
file.write(str(soup))
def main():
"""Builds docs, updates titles and edit links, and prints local server command."""
build_docs()
# Update titles
update_page_title(SITE / "404.html", new_title="Ultralytics Docs - Not Found")
# Update edit links
update_subdir_edit_links(
subdir="hub/sdk/", # do not use leading slash
docs_url="https://github.com/ultralytics/hub-sdk/tree/develop/docs/",
)
# Update HTML file head section
script = ""
if any(script):
update_html_head(script)
# Show command to serve built website
print('Serve site at http://localhost:8000 with "python -m http.server --directory site"')
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
"""
Helper file to build Ultralytics Docs reference section. Recursively walks through ultralytics dir and builds an MkDocs
reference section of *.md files composed of classes and functions, and also creates a nav menu for use in mkdocs.yaml.
Note: Must be run from repository root directory. Do not run from docs directory.
"""
import re
from collections import defaultdict
from pathlib import Path
# Get package root i.e. /Users/glennjocher/PycharmProjects/ultralytics/ultralytics
from ultralytics.utils import ROOT as PACKAGE_DIR
# Constants
REFERENCE_DIR = PACKAGE_DIR.parent / "docs/en/reference"
GITHUB_REPO = "ultralytics/ultralytics"
def extract_classes_and_functions(filepath: Path) -> tuple:
"""Extracts class and function names from a given Python file."""
content = filepath.read_text()
class_pattern = r"(?:^|\n)class\s(\w+)(?:\(|:)"
func_pattern = r"(?:^|\n)def\s(\w+)\("
classes = re.findall(class_pattern, content)
functions = re.findall(func_pattern, content)
return classes, functions
def create_markdown(py_filepath: Path, module_path: str, classes: list, functions: list):
"""Creates a Markdown file containing the API reference for the given Python module."""
md_filepath = py_filepath.with_suffix(".md")
# Read existing content and keep header content between first two ---
header_content = ""
if md_filepath.exists():
existing_content = md_filepath.read_text()
header_parts = existing_content.split("---")
for part in header_parts:
if "description:" in part or "comments:" in part:
header_content += f"---{part}---\n\n"
module_name = module_path.replace(".__init__", "")
module_path = module_path.replace(".", "/")
url = f"https://github.com/{GITHUB_REPO}/blob/main/{module_path}.py"
edit = f"https://github.com/{GITHUB_REPO}/edit/main/{module_path}.py"
title_content = (
f"# Reference for `{module_path}.py`\n\n"
f"!!! Note\n\n"
f" This file is available at [{url}]({url}). If you spot a problem please help fix it by [contributing](https://docs.ultralytics.com/help/contributing/) a [Pull Request]({edit}) 🛠️. Thank you 🙏!\n\n"
)
md_content = ["<br><br>\n"] + [f"## ::: {module_name}.{class_name}\n\n<br><br>\n" for class_name in classes]
md_content.extend(f"## ::: {module_name}.{func_name}\n\n<br><br>\n" for func_name in functions)
md_content = header_content + title_content + "\n".join(md_content)
if not md_content.endswith("\n"):
md_content += "\n"
md_filepath.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
md_filepath.write_text(md_content)
return md_filepath.relative_to(PACKAGE_DIR.parent)
def nested_dict() -> defaultdict:
"""Creates and returns a nested defaultdict."""
return defaultdict(nested_dict)
def sort_nested_dict(d: dict) -> dict:
"""Sorts a nested dictionary recursively."""
return {key: sort_nested_dict(value) if isinstance(value, dict) else value for key, value in sorted(d.items())}
def create_nav_menu_yaml(nav_items: list, save: bool = False):
"""Creates a YAML file for the navigation menu based on the provided list of items."""
nav_tree = nested_dict()
for item_str in nav_items:
item = Path(item_str)
parts = item.parts
current_level = nav_tree["reference"]
for part in parts[2:-1]: # skip the first two parts (docs and reference) and the last part (filename)
current_level = current_level[part]
md_file_name = parts[-1].replace(".md", "")
current_level[md_file_name] = item
nav_tree_sorted = sort_nested_dict(nav_tree)
def _dict_to_yaml(d, level=0):
"""Converts a nested dictionary to a YAML-formatted string with indentation."""
yaml_str = ""
indent = " " * level
for k, v in d.items():
if isinstance(v, dict):
yaml_str += f"{indent}- {k}:\n{_dict_to_yaml(v, level + 1)}"
else:
yaml_str += f"{indent}- {k}: {str(v).replace('docs/en/', '')}\n"
return yaml_str
# Print updated YAML reference section
print("Scan complete, new mkdocs.yaml reference section is:\n\n", _dict_to_yaml(nav_tree_sorted))
# Save new YAML reference section
if save:
(PACKAGE_DIR.parent / "nav_menu_updated.yml").write_text(_dict_to_yaml(nav_tree_sorted))
def main():
"""Main function to extract class and function names, create Markdown files, and generate a YAML navigation menu."""
nav_items = []
for py_filepath in PACKAGE_DIR.rglob("*.py"):
classes, functions = extract_classes_and_functions(py_filepath)
if classes or functions:
py_filepath_rel = py_filepath.relative_to(PACKAGE_DIR)
md_filepath = REFERENCE_DIR / py_filepath_rel
module_path = f"{PACKAGE_DIR.name}.{py_filepath_rel.with_suffix('').as_posix().replace('/', '.')}"
md_rel_filepath = create_markdown(md_filepath, module_path, classes, functions)
nav_items.append(str(md_rel_filepath))
create_nav_menu_yaml(nav_items)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
---
description: Discover what's next for Ultralytics with our under-construction page, previewing new, groundbreaking AI and ML features coming soon.
keywords: Ultralytics, coming soon, under construction, new features, AI updates, ML advancements, YOLO, technology preview
---
# Under Construction 🏗️🌟
Welcome to the Ultralytics "Under Construction" page! Here, we're hard at work developing the next generation of AI and ML innovations. This page serves as a teaser for the exciting updates and new features we're eager to share with you!
## Exciting New Features on the Way 🎉
- **Innovative Breakthroughs:** Get ready for advanced features and services that will transform your AI and ML experience.
- **New Horizons:** Anticipate novel products that redefine AI and ML capabilities.
- **Enhanced Services:** We're upgrading our services for greater efficiency and user-friendliness.
## Stay Updated 🚧
This placeholder page is your first stop for upcoming developments. Keep an eye out for:
- **Newsletter:** Subscribe [here](https://ultralytics.com/#newsletter) for the latest news.
- **Social Media:** Follow us [here](https://www.linkedin.com/company/ultralytics) for updates and teasers.
- **Blog:** Visit our [blog](https://ultralytics.com/blog) for detailed insights.
## We Value Your Input 🗣️
Your feedback shapes our future releases. Share your thoughts and suggestions [here](https://ultralytics.com/contact).
## Thank You, Community! 🌍
Your [contributions](https://docs.ultralytics.com/help/contributing) inspire our continuous [innovation](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics). Stay tuned for the big reveal of what's next in AI and ML at Ultralytics!
---
Excited for what's coming? Bookmark this page and get ready for a transformative AI and ML journey with Ultralytics! 🛠️🤖

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docs.ultralytics.com

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@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
---
comments: true
description: Step-by-step Quickstart Guide to Running YOLOv8 Object Detection Models on AzureML for Fast Prototyping and Testing
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Azure Machine Learning, Quickstart Guide, Prototype, Compute Instance, Terminal, Notebook, IPython Kernel, CLI, Python SDK
---
# YOLOv8 🚀 on AzureML
## What is Azure?
[Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com/) is Microsoft's cloud computing platform, designed to help organizations move their workloads to the cloud from on-premises data centers. With the full spectrum of cloud services including those for computing, databases, analytics, machine learning, and networking, users can pick and choose from these services to develop and scale new applications, or run existing applications, in the public cloud.
## What is Azure Machine Learning (AzureML)?
Azure Machine Learning, commonly referred to as AzureML, is a fully managed cloud service that enables data scientists and developers to efficiently embed predictive analytics into their applications, helping organizations use massive data sets and bring all the benefits of the cloud to machine learning. AzureML offers a variety of services and capabilities aimed at making machine learning accessible, easy to use, and scalable. It provides capabilities like automated machine learning, drag-and-drop model training, as well as a robust Python SDK so that developers can make the most out of their machine learning models.
## How Does AzureML Benefit YOLO Users?
For users of YOLO (You Only Look Once), AzureML provides a robust, scalable, and efficient platform to both train and deploy machine learning models. Whether you are looking to run quick prototypes or scale up to handle more extensive data, AzureML's flexible and user-friendly environment offers various tools and services to fit your needs. You can leverage AzureML to:
- Easily manage large datasets and computational resources for training.
- Utilize built-in tools for data preprocessing, feature selection, and model training.
- Collaborate more efficiently with capabilities for MLOps (Machine Learning Operations), including but not limited to monitoring, auditing, and versioning of models and data.
In the subsequent sections, you will find a quickstart guide detailing how to run YOLOv8 object detection models using AzureML, either from a compute terminal or a notebook.
## Prerequisites
Before you can get started, make sure you have access to an AzureML workspace. If you don't have one, you can create a new [AzureML workspace](https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/machine-learning/concept-workspace?view=azureml-api-2) by following Azure's official documentation. This workspace acts as a centralized place to manage all AzureML resources.
## Create a compute instance
From your AzureML workspace, select Compute > Compute instances > New, select the instance with the resources you need.
<p align="center">
<img width="1280" src="https://github.com/ouphi/ultralytics/assets/17216799/3e92fcc0-a08e-41a4-af81-d289cfe3b8f2" alt="Create Azure Compute Instance">
</p>
## Quickstart from Terminal
Start your compute and open a Terminal:
<p align="center">
<img width="480" src="https://github.com/ouphi/ultralytics/assets/17216799/635152f1-f4a3-4261-b111-d416cb5ef357" alt="Open Terminal">
</p>
### Create virtualenv
Create your conda virtualenv and install pip in it:
```bash
conda create --name yolov8env -y
conda activate yolov8env
conda install pip -y
```
Install the required dependencies:
```bash
cd ultralytics
pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install ultralytics
pip install onnx>=1.12.0
```
### Perform YOLOv8 tasks
Predict:
```bash
yolo predict model=yolov8n.pt source='https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg'
```
Train a detection model for 10 epochs with an initial learning_rate of 0.01:
```bash
yolo train data=coco128.yaml model=yolov8n.pt epochs=10 lr0=0.01
```
You can find more [instructions to use the Ultralytics CLI here](../quickstart.md#use-ultralytics-with-cli).
## Quickstart from a Notebook
### Create a new IPython kernel
Open the compute Terminal.
<p align="center">
<img width="480" src="https://github.com/ouphi/ultralytics/assets/17216799/635152f1-f4a3-4261-b111-d416cb5ef357" alt="Open Terminal">
</p>
From your compute terminal, you need to create a new ipykernel that will be used by your notebook to manage your dependencies:
```bash
conda create --name yolov8env -y
conda activate yolov8env
conda install pip -y
conda install ipykernel -y
python -m ipykernel install --user --name yolov8env --display-name "yolov8env"
```
Close your terminal and create a new notebook. From your Notebook, you can select the new kernel.
Then you can open a Notebook cell and install the required dependencies:
```bash
%%bash
source activate yolov8env
cd ultralytics
pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install ultralytics
pip install onnx>=1.12.0
```
Note that we need to use the `source activate yolov8env` for all the %%bash cells, to make sure that the %%bash cell uses environment we want.
Run some predictions using the [Ultralytics CLI](../quickstart.md#use-ultralytics-with-cli):
```bash
%%bash
source activate yolov8env
yolo predict model=yolov8n.pt source='https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg'
```
Or with the [Ultralytics Python interface](../quickstart.md#use-ultralytics-with-python), for example to train the model:
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load a model
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt") # load an official YOLOv8n model
# Use the model
model.train(data="coco128.yaml", epochs=3) # train the model
metrics = model.val() # evaluate model performance on the validation set
results = model("https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg") # predict on an image
path = model.export(format="onnx") # export the model to ONNX format
```
You can use either the Ultralytics CLI or Python interface for running YOLOv8 tasks, as described in the terminal section above.
By following these steps, you should be able to get YOLOv8 running quickly on AzureML for quick trials. For more advanced uses, you may refer to the full AzureML documentation linked at the beginning of this guide.
## Explore More with AzureML
This guide serves as an introduction to get you up and running with YOLOv8 on AzureML. However, it only scratches the surface of what AzureML can offer. To delve deeper and unlock the full potential of AzureML for your machine learning projects, consider exploring the following resources:
- [Create a Data Asset](https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/machine-learning/how-to-create-data-assets): Learn how to set up and manage your data assets effectively within the AzureML environment.
- [Initiate an AzureML Job](https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/machine-learning/how-to-train-model): Get a comprehensive understanding of how to kickstart your machine learning training jobs on AzureML.
- [Register a Model](https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/machine-learning/how-to-manage-models): Familiarize yourself with model management practices including registration, versioning, and deployment.
- [Train YOLOv8 with AzureML Python SDK](https://medium.com/@ouphi/how-to-train-the-yolov8-model-with-azure-machine-learning-python-sdk-8268696be8ba): Explore a step-by-step guide on using the AzureML Python SDK to train your YOLOv8 models.
- [Train YOLOv8 with AzureML CLI](https://medium.com/@ouphi/how-to-train-the-yolov8-model-with-azureml-and-the-az-cli-73d3c870ba8e): Discover how to utilize the command-line interface for streamlined training and management of YOLOv8 models on AzureML.

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---
comments: true
description: Comprehensive guide to setting up and using Ultralytics YOLO models in a Conda environment. Learn how to install the package, manage dependencies, and get started with object detection projects.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, Conda, environment setup, object detection, package installation, deep learning, machine learning, guide
---
# Conda Quickstart Guide for Ultralytics
<p align="center">
<img width="800" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/266324397-32119e21-8c86-43e5-a00e-79827d303d10.png" alt="Ultralytics Conda Package Visual">
</p>
This guide provides a comprehensive introduction to setting up a Conda environment for your Ultralytics projects. Conda is an open-source package and environment management system that offers an excellent alternative to pip for installing packages and dependencies. Its isolated environments make it particularly well-suited for data science and machine learning endeavors. For more details, visit the Ultralytics Conda package on [Anaconda](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ultralytics) and check out the Ultralytics feedstock repository for package updates on [GitHub](https://github.com/conda-forge/ultralytics-feedstock/).
[![Conda Recipe](https://img.shields.io/badge/recipe-ultralytics-green.svg)](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ultralytics) [![Conda Downloads](https://img.shields.io/conda/dn/conda-forge/ultralytics.svg)](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ultralytics) [![Conda Version](https://img.shields.io/conda/vn/conda-forge/ultralytics.svg)](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ultralytics) [![Conda Platforms](https://img.shields.io/conda/pn/conda-forge/ultralytics.svg)](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ultralytics)
## What You Will Learn
- Setting up a Conda environment
- Installing Ultralytics via Conda
- Initializing Ultralytics in your environment
- Using Ultralytics Docker images with Conda
---
## Prerequisites
- You should have Anaconda or Miniconda installed on your system. If not, download and install it from [Anaconda](https://www.anaconda.com/) or [Miniconda](https://docs.conda.io/projects/miniconda/en/latest/).
---
## Setting up a Conda Environment
First, let's create a new Conda environment. Open your terminal and run the following command:
```bash
conda create --name ultralytics-env python=3.8 -y
```
Activate the new environment:
```bash
conda activate ultralytics-env
```
---
## Installing Ultralytics
You can install the Ultralytics package from the conda-forge channel. Execute the following command:
```bash
conda install -c conda-forge ultralytics
```
### Note on CUDA Environment
If you're working in a CUDA-enabled environment, it's a good practice to install `ultralytics`, `pytorch`, and `pytorch-cuda` together to resolve any conflicts:
```bash
conda install -c pytorch -c nvidia -c conda-forge pytorch torchvision pytorch-cuda=11.8 ultralytics
```
---
## Using Ultralytics
With Ultralytics installed, you can now start using its robust features for object detection, instance segmentation, and more. For example, to predict an image, you can run:
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt') # initialize model
results = model('path/to/image.jpg') # perform inference
results[0].show() # display results for the first image
```
---
## Ultralytics Conda Docker Image
If you prefer using Docker, Ultralytics offers Docker images with a Conda environment included. You can pull these images from [DockerHub](https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics).
Pull the latest Ultralytics image:
```bash
# Set image name as a variable
t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest-conda
# Pull the latest Ultralytics image from Docker Hub
sudo docker pull $t
```
Run the image:
```bash
# Run the Ultralytics image in a container with GPU support
sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --gpus all $t # all GPUs
sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --gpus '"device=2,3"' $t # specify GPUs
```
---
Certainly, you can include the following section in your Conda guide to inform users about speeding up installation using `libmamba`:
---
## Speeding Up Installation with Libmamba
If you're looking to [speed up the package installation](https://www.anaconda.com/blog/a-faster-conda-for-a-growing-community) process in Conda, you can opt to use `libmamba`, a fast, cross-platform, and dependency-aware package manager that serves as an alternative solver to Conda's default.
### How to Enable Libmamba
To enable `libmamba` as the solver for Conda, you can perform the following steps:
1. First, install the `conda-libmamba-solver` package. This can be skipped if your Conda version is 4.11 or above, as `libmamba` is included by default.
```bash
conda install conda-libmamba-solver
```
2. Next, configure Conda to use `libmamba` as the solver:
```bash
conda config --set solver libmamba
```
And that's it! Your Conda installation will now use `libmamba` as the solver, which should result in a faster package installation process.
---
Congratulations! You have successfully set up a Conda environment, installed the Ultralytics package, and are now ready to explore its rich functionalities. Feel free to dive deeper into the [Ultralytics documentation](../index.md) for more advanced tutorials and examples.

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---
comments: true
description: Guide on how to use Ultralytics with a Coral Edge TPU on a Raspberry Pi for increased inference performance.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Coral, Edge TPU, Raspberry Pi, embedded, edge compute, sbc, accelerator, mobile
---
# Coral Edge TPU on a Raspberry Pi with Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
<p align="center">
<img width="800" src="https://images.ctfassets.net/2lpsze4g694w/5XK2dV0w55U0TefijPli1H/bf0d119d77faef9a5d2cc0dad2aa4b42/Edge-TPU-USB-Accelerator-and-Pi.jpg?w=800" alt="Raspberry Pi single board computer with USB Edge TPU accelerator">
</p>
## What is a Coral Edge TPU?
The Coral Edge TPU is a compact device that adds an Edge TPU coprocessor to your system. It enables low-power, high-performance ML inference for TensorFlow Lite models. Read more at the [Coral Edge TPU home page](https://coral.ai/products/accelerator).
## Boost Raspberry Pi Model Performance with Coral Edge TPU
Many people want to run their models on an embedded or mobile device such as a Raspberry Pi, since they are very power efficient and can be used in many different applications. However, the inference performance on these devices is usually poor even when using formats like [onnx](../integrations/onnx.md) or [openvino](../integrations/openvino.md). The Coral Edge TPU is a great solution to this problem, since it can be used with a Raspberry Pi and accelerate inference performance greatly.
## Edge TPU on Raspberry Pi with TensorFlow Lite (New)⭐
The [existing guide](https://coral.ai/docs/accelerator/get-started/) by Coral on how to use the Edge TPU with a Raspberry Pi is outdated, and the current Coral Edge TPU runtime builds do not work with the current TensorFlow Lite runtime versions anymore. In addition to that, Google seems to have completely abandoned the Coral project, and there have not been any updates between 2021 and 2024. This guide will show you how to get the Edge TPU working with the latest versions of the TensorFlow Lite runtime and an updated Coral Edge TPU runtime on a Raspberry Pi single board computer (SBC).
## Prerequisites
- [Raspberry Pi 4B](https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/) (2GB or more recommended) or [Raspberry Pi 5](https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-5/) (Recommended)
- [Raspberry Pi OS](https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/) Bullseye/Bookworm (64-bit) with desktop (Recommended)
- [Coral USB Accelerator](https://coral.ai/products/accelerator/)
- A non-ARM based platform for exporting an Ultralytics PyTorch model
## Installation Walkthrough
This guide assumes that you already have a working Raspberry Pi OS install and have installed `ultralytics` and all dependencies. To get `ultralytics` installed, visit the [quickstart guide](../quickstart.md) to get setup before continuing here.
### Installing the Edge TPU runtime
First, we need to install the Edge TPU runtime. There are many different versions available, so you need to choose the right version for your operating system.
| Raspberry Pi OS | High frequency mode | Version to download |
|-----------------|:-------------------:|--------------------------------------------|
| Bullseye 32bit | No | `libedgetpu1-std_ ... .bullseye_armhf.deb` |
| Bullseye 64bit | No | `libedgetpu1-std_ ... .bullseye_arm64.deb` |
| Bullseye 32bit | Yes | `libedgetpu1-max_ ... .bullseye_armhf.deb` |
| Bullseye 64bit | Yes | `libedgetpu1-max_ ... .bullseye_arm64.deb` |
| Bookworm 32bit | No | `libedgetpu1-std_ ... .bookworm_armhf.deb` |
| Bookworm 64bit | No | `libedgetpu1-std_ ... .bookworm_arm64.deb` |
| Bookworm 32bit | Yes | `libedgetpu1-max_ ... .bookworm_armhf.deb` |
| Bookworm 64bit | Yes | `libedgetpu1-max_ ... .bookworm_arm64.deb` |
[Download the latest version from here](https://github.com/feranick/libedgetpu/releases).
After downloading the file, you can install it with the following command:
```bash
sudo dpkg -i path/to/package.deb
```
After installing the runtime, you need to plug in your Coral Edge TPU into a USB 3.0 port on your Raspberry Pi. This is because, according to the official guide, a new `udev` rule needs to take effect after installation.
???+ warning "Important"
If you already have the Coral Edge TPU runtime installed, uninstall it using the following command.
```bash
# If you installed the standard version
sudo apt remove libedgetpu1-std
# If you installed the high frequency version
sudo apt remove libedgetpu1-max
```
## Export your model to a Edge TPU compatible model
To use the Edge TPU, you need to convert your model into a compatible format. It is recommended that you run export on Google Colab, x86_64 Linux machine, using the official [Ultralytics Docker container](docker-quickstart.md), or using [Ultralytics HUB](../hub/quickstart.md), since the Edge TPU compiler is not available on ARM. See the [Export Mode](../modes/export.md) for the available arguments.
!!! Exporting the model
=== "Python"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load a model
model = YOLO('path/to/model.pt') # Load a official model or custom model
# Export the model
model.export(format='edgetpu')
```
=== "CLI"
```bash
yolo export model=path/to/model.pt format=edgetpu # Export a official model or custom model
```
The exported model will be saved in the `<model_name>_saved_model/` folder with the name `<model_name>_full_integer_quant_edgetpu.tflite`.
## Running the model
After exporting your model, you can run inference with it using the following code:
!!! Running the model
=== "Python"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load a model
model = YOLO('path/to/edgetpu_model.tflite') # Load a official model or custom model
# Run Prediction
model.predict("path/to/source.png")
```
=== "CLI"
```bash
yolo predict model=path/to/edgetpu_model.tflite source=path/to/source.png # Load a official model or custom model
```
Find comprehensive information on the [Predict](../modes/predict.md) page for full prediction mode details.
???+ warning "Important"
You should run the model using `tflite-runtime` and not `tensorflow`.
If `tensorflow` is installed, uninstall tensorflow with the following command:
```bash
pip uninstall tensorflow tensorflow-aarch64
```
Then install/update `tflite-runtime`:
```
pip install -U tflite-runtime
```
If you want a `tflite-runtime` wheel for `tensorflow` 2.15.0 download it from [here](https://github.com/feranick/TFlite-builds/releases) and install it using `pip` or your package manager of choice.

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---
comments: true
description: Distance Calculation Using Ultralytics YOLOv8
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Distance Calculation, Object Tracking, Notebook, IPython Kernel, CLI, Python SDK
---
# Distance Calculation using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
## What is Distance Calculation?
Measuring the gap between two objects is known as distance calculation within a specified space. In the case of [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics), the bounding box centroid is employed to calculate the distance for bounding boxes highlighted by the user.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LE8am1QoVn4"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Distance Calculation using Ultralytics YOLOv8
</p>
## Visuals
| Distance Calculation using Ultralytics YOLOv8 |
|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| ![Ultralytics YOLOv8 Distance Calculation](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/RizwanMunawar/assets/62513924/6b6b735d-3c49-4b84-a022-2bf6e3c72f8b) |
## Advantages of Distance Calculation?
- **Localization Precision:** Enhances accurate spatial positioning in computer vision tasks.
- **Size Estimation:** Allows estimation of physical sizes for better contextual understanding.
- **Scene Understanding:** Contributes to a 3D understanding of the environment for improved decision-making.
???+ tip "Distance Calculation"
- Click on any two bounding boxes with Left Mouse click for distance calculation
!!! Example "Distance Calculation using YOLOv8 Example"
=== "Video Stream"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import distance_calculation
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
names = model.model.names
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("distance_calculation.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
# Init distance-calculation obj
dist_obj = distance_calculation.DistanceCalculation()
dist_obj.set_args(names=names, view_img=True)
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False)
im0 = dist_obj.start_process(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
???+ tip "Note"
- Mouse Right Click will delete all drawn points
- Mouse Left Click can be used to draw points
### Optional Arguments `set_args`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|------------------|--------|-----------------|--------------------------------------------------------|
| `names` | `dict` | `None` | Classes names |
| `view_img` | `bool` | `False` | Display frames with counts |
| `line_thickness` | `int` | `2` | Increase bounding boxes thickness |
| `line_color` | `RGB` | `(255, 255, 0)` | Line Color for centroids mapping on two bounding boxes |
| `centroid_color` | `RGB` | `(255, 0, 255)` | Centroid color for each bounding box |
### Arguments `model.track`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------|---------|----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| `source` | `im0` | `None` | source directory for images or videos |
| `persist` | `bool` | `False` | persisting tracks between frames |
| `tracker` | `str` | `botsort.yaml` | Tracking method 'bytetrack' or 'botsort' |
| `conf` | `float` | `0.3` | Confidence Threshold |
| `iou` | `float` | `0.5` | IOU Threshold |
| `classes` | `list` | `None` | filter results by class, i.e. classes=0, or classes=[0,2,3] |
| `verbose` | `bool` | `True` | Display the object tracking results |

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---
comments: true
description: Complete guide to setting up and using Ultralytics YOLO models with Docker. Learn how to install Docker, manage GPU support, and run YOLO models in isolated containers.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, Docker, GPU, containerization, object detection, package installation, deep learning, machine learning, guide
---
# Docker Quickstart Guide for Ultralytics
<p align="center">
<img width="800" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/270173601-fc7011bd-e67c-452f-a31a-aa047dcd2771.png" alt="Ultralytics Docker Package Visual">
</p>
This guide serves as a comprehensive introduction to setting up a Docker environment for your Ultralytics projects. [Docker](https://docker.com/) is a platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in containers. It is particularly beneficial for ensuring that the software will always run the same, regardless of where it's deployed. For more details, visit the Ultralytics Docker repository on [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics).
[![Docker Pulls](https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/ultralytics/ultralytics?logo=docker)](https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics)
## What You Will Learn
- Setting up Docker with NVIDIA support
- Installing Ultralytics Docker images
- Running Ultralytics in a Docker container
- Mounting local directories into the container
---
## Prerequisites
- Make sure Docker is installed on your system. If not, you can download and install it from [Docker's website](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop).
- Ensure that your system has an NVIDIA GPU and NVIDIA drivers are installed.
---
## Setting up Docker with NVIDIA Support
First, verify that the NVIDIA drivers are properly installed by running:
```bash
nvidia-smi
```
### Installing NVIDIA Docker Runtime
Now, let's install the NVIDIA Docker runtime to enable GPU support in Docker containers:
```bash
# Add NVIDIA package repositories
curl -s -L https://nvidia.github.io/nvidia-docker/gpgkey | sudo apt-key add -
distribution=$(lsb_release -cs)
curl -s -L https://nvidia.github.io/nvidia-docker/$distribution/nvidia-docker.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nvidia-docker.list
# Install NVIDIA Docker runtime
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y nvidia-docker2
# Restart Docker service to apply changes
sudo systemctl restart docker
```
### Verify NVIDIA Runtime with Docker
Run `docker info | grep -i runtime` to ensure that `nvidia` appears in the list of runtimes:
```bash
docker info | grep -i runtime
```
---
## Installing Ultralytics Docker Images
Ultralytics offers several Docker images optimized for various platforms and use-cases:
- **Dockerfile:** GPU image, ideal for training.
- **Dockerfile-arm64:** For ARM64 architecture, suitable for devices like [Raspberry Pi](raspberry-pi.md).
- **Dockerfile-cpu:** CPU-only version for inference and non-GPU environments.
- **Dockerfile-jetson:** Optimized for NVIDIA Jetson devices.
- **Dockerfile-python:** Minimal Python environment for lightweight applications.
- **Dockerfile-conda:** Includes [Miniconda3](https://docs.conda.io/projects/miniconda/en/latest/) and Ultralytics package installed via Conda.
To pull the latest image:
```bash
# Set image name as a variable
t=ultralytics/ultralytics:latest
# Pull the latest Ultralytics image from Docker Hub
sudo docker pull $t
```
---
## Running Ultralytics in Docker Container
Here's how to execute the Ultralytics Docker container:
```bash
# Run with all GPUs
sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --gpus all $t
# Run specifying which GPUs to use
sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --gpus '"device=2,3"' $t
```
The `-it` flag assigns a pseudo-TTY and keeps stdin open, allowing you to interact with the container. The `--ipc=host` flag enables sharing of host's IPC namespace, essential for sharing memory between processes. The `--gpus` flag allows the container to access the host's GPUs.
### Note on File Accessibility
To work with files on your local machine within the container, you can use Docker volumes:
```bash
# Mount a local directory into the container
sudo docker run -it --ipc=host --gpus all -v /path/on/host:/path/in/container $t
```
Replace `/path/on/host` with the directory path on your local machine and `/path/in/container` with the desired path inside the Docker container.
---
Congratulations! You're now set up to use Ultralytics with Docker and ready to take advantage of its powerful capabilities. For alternate installation methods, feel free to explore the [Ultralytics quickstart documentation](../quickstart.md).

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---
comments: true
description: Advanced Data Visualization with Ultralytics YOLOv8 Heatmaps
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Advanced Data Visualization, Heatmap Technology, Object Detection and Tracking, Jupyter Notebook, Python SDK, Command Line Interface
---
# Advanced Data Visualization: Heatmaps using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
## Introduction to Heatmaps
A heatmap generated with [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/) transforms complex data into a vibrant, color-coded matrix. This visual tool employs a spectrum of colors to represent varying data values, where warmer hues indicate higher intensities and cooler tones signify lower values. Heatmaps excel in visualizing intricate data patterns, correlations, and anomalies, offering an accessible and engaging approach to data interpretation across diverse domains.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4ezde5-nZZw"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Heatmaps using Ultralytics YOLOv8
</p>
## Why Choose Heatmaps for Data Analysis?
- **Intuitive Data Distribution Visualization:** Heatmaps simplify the comprehension of data concentration and distribution, converting complex datasets into easy-to-understand visual formats.
- **Efficient Pattern Detection:** By visualizing data in heatmap format, it becomes easier to spot trends, clusters, and outliers, facilitating quicker analysis and insights.
- **Enhanced Spatial Analysis and Decision-Making:** Heatmaps are instrumental in illustrating spatial relationships, aiding in decision-making processes in sectors such as business intelligence, environmental studies, and urban planning.
## Real World Applications
| Transportation | Retail |
|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| ![Ultralytics YOLOv8 Transportation Heatmap](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/288d7053-622b-4452-b4e4-1f41aeb764aa) | ![Ultralytics YOLOv8 Retail Heatmap](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/edef75ad-50a7-4c0a-be4a-a66cdfc12802) |
| Ultralytics YOLOv8 Transportation Heatmap | Ultralytics YOLOv8 Retail Heatmap |
!!! tip "Heatmap Configuration"
- `heatmap_alpha`: Ensure this value is within the range (0.0 - 1.0).
- `decay_factor`: Used for removing heatmap after an object is no longer in the frame, its value should also be in the range (0.0 - 1.0).
!!! Example "Heatmaps using Ultralytics YOLOv8 Example"
=== "Heatmap"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import heatmap
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("heatmap_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
# Init heatmap
heatmap_obj = heatmap.Heatmap()
heatmap_obj.set_args(colormap=cv2.COLORMAP_PARULA,
imw=w,
imh=h,
view_img=True,
shape="circle")
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False)
im0 = heatmap_obj.generate_heatmap(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "Line Counting"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import heatmap
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("heatmap_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
line_points = [(20, 400), (1080, 404)] # line for object counting
# Init heatmap
heatmap_obj = heatmap.Heatmap()
heatmap_obj.set_args(colormap=cv2.COLORMAP_PARULA,
imw=w,
imh=h,
view_img=True,
shape="circle",
count_reg_pts=line_points)
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False)
im0 = heatmap_obj.generate_heatmap(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "Region Counting"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import heatmap
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("heatmap_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
# Define region points
region_points = [(20, 400), (1080, 404), (1080, 360), (20, 360)]
# Init heatmap
heatmap_obj = heatmap.Heatmap()
heatmap_obj.set_args(colormap=cv2.COLORMAP_PARULA,
imw=w,
imh=h,
view_img=True,
shape="circle",
count_reg_pts=region_points)
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False)
im0 = heatmap_obj.generate_heatmap(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "Im0"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import heatmap
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8s.pt") # YOLOv8 custom/pretrained model
im0 = cv2.imread("path/to/image.png") # path to image file
h, w = im0.shape[:2] # image height and width
# Heatmap Init
heatmap_obj = heatmap.Heatmap()
heatmap_obj.set_args(colormap=cv2.COLORMAP_PARULA,
imw=w,
imh=h,
view_img=True,
shape="circle")
results = model.track(im0, persist=True)
im0 = heatmap_obj.generate_heatmap(im0, tracks=results)
cv2.imwrite("ultralytics_output.png", im0)
```
=== "Specific Classes"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import heatmap
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("heatmap_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
classes_for_heatmap = [0, 2] # classes for heatmap
# Init heatmap
heatmap_obj = heatmap.Heatmap()
heatmap_obj.set_args(colormap=cv2.COLORMAP_PARULA,
imw=w,
imh=h,
view_img=True,
shape="circle")
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False,
classes=classes_for_heatmap)
im0 = heatmap_obj.generate_heatmap(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
### Arguments `set_args`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------------------|----------------|-------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| `view_img` | `bool` | `False` | Display the frame with heatmap |
| `colormap` | `cv2.COLORMAP` | `None` | cv2.COLORMAP for heatmap |
| `imw` | `int` | `None` | Width of Heatmap |
| `imh` | `int` | `None` | Height of Heatmap |
| `heatmap_alpha` | `float` | `0.5` | Heatmap alpha value |
| `count_reg_pts` | `list` | `None` | Object counting region points |
| `count_txt_thickness` | `int` | `2` | Count values text size |
| `count_txt_color` | `RGB Color` | `(0, 0, 0)` | Foreground color for Object counts text |
| `count_color` | `RGB Color` | `(255, 255, 255)` | Background color for Object counts text |
| `count_reg_color` | `RGB Color` | `(255, 0, 255)` | Counting region color |
| `region_thickness` | `int` | `5` | Counting region thickness value |
| `decay_factor` | `float` | `0.99` | Decay factor for heatmap area removal after specific time |
| `shape` | `str` | `circle` | Heatmap shape for display "rect" or "circle" supported |
| `line_dist_thresh` | `int` | `15` | Euclidean Distance threshold for line counter |
### Arguments `model.track`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------|---------|----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| `source` | `im0` | `None` | source directory for images or videos |
| `persist` | `bool` | `False` | persisting tracks between frames |
| `tracker` | `str` | `botsort.yaml` | Tracking method 'bytetrack' or 'botsort' |
| `conf` | `float` | `0.3` | Confidence Threshold |
| `iou` | `float` | `0.5` | IOU Threshold |
| `classes` | `list` | `None` | filter results by class, i.e. classes=0, or classes=[0,2,3] |
### Heatmap COLORMAPs
| Colormap Name | Description |
|---------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| `cv::COLORMAP_AUTUMN` | Autumn color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_BONE` | Bone color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_JET` | Jet color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_WINTER` | Winter color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_RAINBOW` | Rainbow color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_OCEAN` | Ocean color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_SUMMER` | Summer color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_SPRING` | Spring color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_COOL` | Cool color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_HSV` | HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_PINK` | Pink color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_HOT` | Hot color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_PARULA` | Parula color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_MAGMA` | Magma color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_INFERNO` | Inferno color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_PLASMA` | Plasma color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_VIRIDIS` | Viridis color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_CIVIDIS` | Cividis color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_TWILIGHT` | Twilight color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_TWILIGHT_SHIFTED` | Shifted Twilight color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_TURBO` | Turbo color map |
| `cv::COLORMAP_DEEPGREEN` | Deep Green color map |
These colormaps are commonly used for visualizing data with different color representations.

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@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
---
comments: true
description: Dive into hyperparameter tuning in Ultralytics YOLO models. Learn how to optimize performance using the Tuner class and genetic evolution.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, Hyperparameter Tuning, Tuner Class, Genetic Evolution, Optimization
---
# Ultralytics YOLO Hyperparameter Tuning Guide
## Introduction
Hyperparameter tuning is not just a one-time set-up but an iterative process aimed at optimizing the machine learning model's performance metrics, such as accuracy, precision, and recall. In the context of Ultralytics YOLO, these hyperparameters could range from learning rate to architectural details, such as the number of layers or types of activation functions used.
### What are Hyperparameters?
Hyperparameters are high-level, structural settings for the algorithm. They are set prior to the training phase and remain constant during it. Here are some commonly tuned hyperparameters in Ultralytics YOLO:
- **Learning Rate** `lr0`: Determines the step size at each iteration while moving towards a minimum in the loss function.
- **Batch Size** `batch`: Number of images processed simultaneously in a forward pass.
- **Number of Epochs** `epochs`: An epoch is one complete forward and backward pass of all the training examples.
- **Architecture Specifics**: Such as channel counts, number of layers, types of activation functions, etc.
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/263858934-4f109a2f-82d9-4d08-8bd6-6fd1ff520bcd.png" alt="Hyperparameter Tuning Visual">
</p>
For a full list of augmentation hyperparameters used in YOLOv8 please refer to the [configurations page](../usage/cfg.md#augmentation-settings).
### Genetic Evolution and Mutation
Ultralytics YOLO uses genetic algorithms to optimize hyperparameters. Genetic algorithms are inspired by the mechanism of natural selection and genetics.
- **Mutation**: In the context of Ultralytics YOLO, mutation helps in locally searching the hyperparameter space by applying small, random changes to existing hyperparameters, producing new candidates for evaluation.
- **Crossover**: Although crossover is a popular genetic algorithm technique, it is not currently used in Ultralytics YOLO for hyperparameter tuning. The focus is mainly on mutation for generating new hyperparameter sets.
## Preparing for Hyperparameter Tuning
Before you begin the tuning process, it's important to:
1. **Identify the Metrics**: Determine the metrics you will use to evaluate the model's performance. This could be AP50, F1-score, or others.
2. **Set the Tuning Budget**: Define how much computational resources you're willing to allocate. Hyperparameter tuning can be computationally intensive.
## Steps Involved
### Initialize Hyperparameters
Start with a reasonable set of initial hyperparameters. This could either be the default hyperparameters set by Ultralytics YOLO or something based on your domain knowledge or previous experiments.
### Mutate Hyperparameters
Use the `_mutate` method to produce a new set of hyperparameters based on the existing set.
### Train Model
Training is performed using the mutated set of hyperparameters. The training performance is then assessed.
### Evaluate Model
Use metrics like AP50, F1-score, or custom metrics to evaluate the model's performance.
### Log Results
It's crucial to log both the performance metrics and the corresponding hyperparameters for future reference.
### Repeat
The process is repeated until either the set number of iterations is reached or the performance metric is satisfactory.
## Usage Example
Here's how to use the `model.tune()` method to utilize the `Tuner` class for hyperparameter tuning of YOLOv8n on COCO8 for 30 epochs with an AdamW optimizer and skipping plotting, checkpointing and validation other than on final epoch for faster Tuning.
!!! Example
=== "Python"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Initialize the YOLO model
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt')
# Tune hyperparameters on COCO8 for 30 epochs
model.tune(data='coco8.yaml', epochs=30, iterations=300, optimizer='AdamW', plots=False, save=False, val=False)
```
## Results
After you've successfully completed the hyperparameter tuning process, you will obtain several files and directories that encapsulate the results of the tuning. The following describes each:
### File Structure
Here's what the directory structure of the results will look like. Training directories like `train1/` contain individual tuning iterations, i.e. one model trained with one set of hyperparameters. The `tune/` directory contains tuning results from all the individual model trainings:
```plaintext
runs/
└── detect/
├── train1/
├── train2/
├── ...
└── tune/
├── best_hyperparameters.yaml
├── best_fitness.png
├── tune_results.csv
├── tune_scatter_plots.png
└── weights/
├── last.pt
└── best.pt
```
### File Descriptions
#### best_hyperparameters.yaml
This YAML file contains the best-performing hyperparameters found during the tuning process. You can use this file to initialize future trainings with these optimized settings.
- **Format**: YAML
- **Usage**: Hyperparameter results
- **Example**:
```yaml
# 558/900 iterations complete ✅ (45536.81s)
# Results saved to /usr/src/ultralytics/runs/detect/tune
# Best fitness=0.64297 observed at iteration 498
# Best fitness metrics are {'metrics/precision(B)': 0.87247, 'metrics/recall(B)': 0.71387, 'metrics/mAP50(B)': 0.79106, 'metrics/mAP50-95(B)': 0.62651, 'val/box_loss': 2.79884, 'val/cls_loss': 2.72386, 'val/dfl_loss': 0.68503, 'fitness': 0.64297}
# Best fitness model is /usr/src/ultralytics/runs/detect/train498
# Best fitness hyperparameters are printed below.
lr0: 0.00269
lrf: 0.00288
momentum: 0.73375
weight_decay: 0.00015
warmup_epochs: 1.22935
warmup_momentum: 0.1525
box: 18.27875
cls: 1.32899
dfl: 0.56016
hsv_h: 0.01148
hsv_s: 0.53554
hsv_v: 0.13636
degrees: 0.0
translate: 0.12431
scale: 0.07643
shear: 0.0
perspective: 0.0
flipud: 0.0
fliplr: 0.08631
mosaic: 0.42551
mixup: 0.0
copy_paste: 0.0
```
#### best_fitness.png
This is a plot displaying fitness (typically a performance metric like AP50) against the number of iterations. It helps you visualize how well the genetic algorithm performed over time.
- **Format**: PNG
- **Usage**: Performance visualization
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/266847423-9d0aea13-d5c4-4771-b06e-0b817a498260.png" alt="Hyperparameter Tuning Fitness vs Iteration">
</p>
#### tune_results.csv
A CSV file containing detailed results of each iteration during the tuning. Each row in the file represents one iteration, and it includes metrics like fitness score, precision, recall, as well as the hyperparameters used.
- **Format**: CSV
- **Usage**: Per-iteration results tracking.
- **Example**:
```csv
fitness,lr0,lrf,momentum,weight_decay,warmup_epochs,warmup_momentum,box,cls,dfl,hsv_h,hsv_s,hsv_v,degrees,translate,scale,shear,perspective,flipud,fliplr,mosaic,mixup,copy_paste
0.05021,0.01,0.01,0.937,0.0005,3.0,0.8,7.5,0.5,1.5,0.015,0.7,0.4,0.0,0.1,0.5,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.5,1.0,0.0,0.0
0.07217,0.01003,0.00967,0.93897,0.00049,2.79757,0.81075,7.5,0.50746,1.44826,0.01503,0.72948,0.40658,0.0,0.0987,0.4922,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.49729,1.0,0.0,0.0
0.06584,0.01003,0.00855,0.91009,0.00073,3.42176,0.95,8.64301,0.54594,1.72261,0.01503,0.59179,0.40658,0.0,0.0987,0.46955,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.49729,0.80187,0.0,0.0
```
#### tune_scatter_plots.png
This file contains scatter plots generated from `tune_results.csv`, helping you visualize relationships between different hyperparameters and performance metrics. Note that hyperparameters initialized to 0 will not be tuned, such as `degrees` and `shear` below.
- **Format**: PNG
- **Usage**: Exploratory data analysis
<p align="center">
<img width="1000" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/266847488-ec382f3d-79bc-4087-a0e0-42fb8b62cad2.png" alt="Hyperparameter Tuning Scatter Plots">
</p>
#### weights/
This directory contains the saved PyTorch models for the last and the best iterations during the hyperparameter tuning process.
- **`last.pt`**: The last.pt are the weights from the last epoch of training.
- **`best.pt`**: The best.pt weights for the iteration that achieved the best fitness score.
Using these results, you can make more informed decisions for your future model trainings and analyses. Feel free to consult these artifacts to understand how well your model performed and how you might improve it further.
## Conclusion
The hyperparameter tuning process in Ultralytics YOLO is simplified yet powerful, thanks to its genetic algorithm-based approach focused on mutation. Following the steps outlined in this guide will assist you in systematically tuning your model to achieve better performance.
### Further Reading
1. [Hyperparameter Optimization in Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparameter_optimization)
2. [YOLOv5 Hyperparameter Evolution Guide](../yolov5/tutorials/hyperparameter_evolution.md)
3. [Efficient Hyperparameter Tuning with Ray Tune and YOLOv8](../integrations/ray-tune.md)
For deeper insights, you can explore the `Tuner` class source code and accompanying documentation. Should you have any questions, feature requests, or need further assistance, feel free to reach out to us on [GitHub](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/issues/new/choose) or [Discord](https://ultralytics.com/discord).

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---
comments: true
description: In-depth exploration of Ultralytics' YOLO. Learn about the YOLO object detection model, how to train it on custom data, multi-GPU training, exporting, predicting, deploying, and more.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, Deep Learning, Object detection, PyTorch, Tutorial, Multi-GPU training, Custom data training, SAHI, Tiled Inference
---
# Comprehensive Tutorials to Ultralytics YOLO
Welcome to the Ultralytics' YOLO 🚀 Guides! Our comprehensive tutorials cover various aspects of the YOLO object detection model, ranging from training and prediction to deployment. Built on PyTorch, YOLO stands out for its exceptional speed and accuracy in real-time object detection tasks.
Whether you're a beginner or an expert in deep learning, our tutorials offer valuable insights into the implementation and optimization of YOLO for your computer vision projects. Let's dive in!
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/96NkhsV-W1U"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Ultralytics YOLOv8 Guides Overview
</p>
## Guides
Here's a compilation of in-depth guides to help you master different aspects of Ultralytics YOLO.
- [YOLO Common Issues](yolo-common-issues.md) ⭐ RECOMMENDED: Practical solutions and troubleshooting tips to the most frequently encountered issues when working with Ultralytics YOLO models.
- [YOLO Performance Metrics](yolo-performance-metrics.md) ⭐ ESSENTIAL: Understand the key metrics like mAP, IoU, and F1 score used to evaluate the performance of your YOLO models. Includes practical examples and tips on how to improve detection accuracy and speed.
- [Model Deployment Options](model-deployment-options.md): Overview of YOLO model deployment formats like ONNX, OpenVINO, and TensorRT, with pros and cons for each to inform your deployment strategy.
- [K-Fold Cross Validation](kfold-cross-validation.md) 🚀 NEW: Learn how to improve model generalization using K-Fold cross-validation technique.
- [Hyperparameter Tuning](hyperparameter-tuning.md) 🚀 NEW: Discover how to optimize your YOLO models by fine-tuning hyperparameters using the Tuner class and genetic evolution algorithms.
- [SAHI Tiled Inference](sahi-tiled-inference.md) 🚀 NEW: Comprehensive guide on leveraging SAHI's sliced inference capabilities with YOLOv8 for object detection in high-resolution images.
- [AzureML Quickstart](azureml-quickstart.md) 🚀 NEW: Get up and running with Ultralytics YOLO models on Microsoft's Azure Machine Learning platform. Learn how to train, deploy, and scale your object detection projects in the cloud.
- [Conda Quickstart](conda-quickstart.md) 🚀 NEW: Step-by-step guide to setting up a [Conda](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ultralytics) environment for Ultralytics. Learn how to install and start using the Ultralytics package efficiently with Conda.
- [Docker Quickstart](docker-quickstart.md) 🚀 NEW: Complete guide to setting up and using Ultralytics YOLO models with [Docker](https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics). Learn how to install Docker, manage GPU support, and run YOLO models in isolated containers for consistent development and deployment.
- [Raspberry Pi](raspberry-pi.md) 🚀 NEW: Quickstart tutorial to run YOLO models to the latest Raspberry Pi hardware.
- [Triton Inference Server Integration](triton-inference-server.md) 🚀 NEW: Dive into the integration of Ultralytics YOLOv8 with NVIDIA's Triton Inference Server for scalable and efficient deep learning inference deployments.
- [YOLO Thread-Safe Inference](yolo-thread-safe-inference.md) 🚀 NEW: Guidelines for performing inference with YOLO models in a thread-safe manner. Learn the importance of thread safety and best practices to prevent race conditions and ensure consistent predictions.
- [Isolating Segmentation Objects](isolating-segmentation-objects.md) 🚀 NEW: Step-by-step recipe and explanation on how to extract and/or isolate objects from images using Ultralytics Segmentation.
- [Edge TPU on Raspberry Pi](coral-edge-tpu-on-raspberry-pi.md): [Google Edge TPU](https://coral.ai/products/accelerator) accelerates YOLO inference on [Raspberry Pi](https://www.raspberrypi.com/).
- [View Inference Images in a Terminal](view-results-in-terminal.md): Use VSCode's integrated terminal to view inference results when using Remote Tunnel or SSH sessions.
- [OpenVINO Latency vs Throughput Modes](optimizing-openvino-latency-vs-throughput-modes.md) - Learn latency and throughput optimization techniques for peak YOLO inference performance.
## Real-World Projects
- [Object Counting](object-counting.md) 🚀 NEW: Explore the process of real-time object counting with Ultralytics YOLOv8 and acquire the knowledge to effectively count objects in a live video stream.
- [Object Cropping](object-cropping.md) 🚀 NEW: Explore object cropping using YOLOv8 for precise extraction of objects from images and videos.
- [Object Blurring](object-blurring.md) 🚀 NEW: Apply object blurring with YOLOv8 for privacy protection in image and video processing.
- [Workouts Monitoring](workouts-monitoring.md) 🚀 NEW: Discover the comprehensive approach to monitoring workouts with Ultralytics YOLOv8. Acquire the skills and insights necessary to effectively use YOLOv8 for tracking and analyzing various aspects of fitness routines in real time.
- [Objects Counting in Regions](region-counting.md) 🚀 NEW: Explore counting objects in specific regions with Ultralytics YOLOv8 for precise and efficient object detection in varied areas.
- [Security Alarm System](security-alarm-system.md) 🚀 NEW: Discover the process of creating a security alarm system with Ultralytics YOLOv8. This system triggers alerts upon detecting new objects in the frame. Subsequently, you can customize the code to align with your specific use case.
- [Heatmaps](heatmaps.md) 🚀 NEW: Elevate your understanding of data with our Detection Heatmaps! These intuitive visual tools use vibrant color gradients to vividly illustrate the intensity of data values across a matrix. Essential in computer vision, heatmaps are skillfully designed to highlight areas of interest, providing an immediate, impactful way to interpret spatial information.
- [Instance Segmentation with Object Tracking](instance-segmentation-and-tracking.md) 🚀 NEW: Explore our feature on [Object Segmentation](https://docs.ultralytics.com/tasks/segment/) in Bounding Boxes Shape, providing a visual representation of precise object boundaries for enhanced understanding and analysis.
- [VisionEye View Objects Mapping](vision-eye.md) 🚀 NEW: This feature aim computers to discern and focus on specific objects, much like the way the human eye observes details from a particular viewpoint.
- [Speed Estimation](speed-estimation.md) 🚀 NEW: Speed estimation in computer vision relies on analyzing object motion through techniques like [object tracking](https://docs.ultralytics.com/modes/track/), crucial for applications like autonomous vehicles and traffic monitoring.
- [Distance Calculation](distance-calculation.md) 🚀 NEW: Distance calculation, which involves measuring the separation between two objects within a defined space, is a crucial aspect. In the context of Ultralytics YOLOv8, the method employed for this involves using the bounding box centroid to determine the distance associated with user-highlighted bounding boxes.
## Contribute to Our Guides
We welcome contributions from the community! If you've mastered a particular aspect of Ultralytics YOLO that's not yet covered in our guides, we encourage you to share your expertise. Writing a guide is a great way to give back to the community and help us make our documentation more comprehensive and user-friendly.
To get started, please read our [Contributing Guide](../help/contributing.md) for guidelines on how to open up a Pull Request (PR) 🛠️. We look forward to your contributions!
Let's work together to make the Ultralytics YOLO ecosystem more robust and versatile 🙏!

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---
comments: true
description: Instance Segmentation with Object Tracking using Ultralytics YOLOv8
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Instance Segmentation, Object Detection, Object Tracking, Bounding Box, Computer Vision, Notebook, IPython Kernel, CLI, Python SDK
---
# Instance Segmentation and Tracking using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
## What is Instance Segmentation?
[Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/) instance segmentation involves identifying and outlining individual objects in an image, providing a detailed understanding of spatial distribution. Unlike semantic segmentation, it uniquely labels and precisely delineates each object, crucial for tasks like object detection and medical imaging.
There are two types of instance segmentation tracking available in the Ultralytics package:
- **Instance Segmentation with Class Objects:** Each class object is assigned a unique color for clear visual separation.
- **Instance Segmentation with Object Tracks:** Every track is represented by a distinct color, facilitating easy identification and tracking.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/75G_S1Ngji8"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Instance Segmentation with Object Tracking using Ultralytics YOLOv8
</p>
## Samples
| Instance Segmentation | Instance Segmentation + Object Tracking |
|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| ![Ultralytics Instance Segmentation](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/d4ad3499-1f33-4871-8fbc-1be0b2643aa2) | ![Ultralytics Instance Segmentation with Object Tracking](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/2e5c38cc-fd5c-4145-9682-fa94ae2010a0) |
| Ultralytics Instance Segmentation 😍 | Ultralytics Instance Segmentation with Object Tracking 🔥 |
!!! Example "Instance Segmentation and Tracking"
=== "Instance Segmentation"
```python
import cv2
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.utils.plotting import Annotator, colors
model = YOLO("yolov8n-seg.pt") # segmentation model
names = model.model.names
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
out = cv2.VideoWriter('instance-segmentation.avi', cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'MJPG'), fps, (w, h))
while True:
ret, im0 = cap.read()
if not ret:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
results = model.predict(im0)
annotator = Annotator(im0, line_width=2)
if results[0].masks is not None:
clss = results[0].boxes.cls.cpu().tolist()
masks = results[0].masks.xy
for mask, cls in zip(masks, clss):
annotator.seg_bbox(mask=mask,
mask_color=colors(int(cls), True),
det_label=names[int(cls)])
out.write(im0)
cv2.imshow("instance-segmentation", im0)
if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break
out.release()
cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "Instance Segmentation with Object Tracking"
```python
import cv2
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.utils.plotting import Annotator, colors
from collections import defaultdict
track_history = defaultdict(lambda: [])
model = YOLO("yolov8n-seg.pt") # segmentation model
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
out = cv2.VideoWriter('instance-segmentation-object-tracking.avi', cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'MJPG'), fps, (w, h))
while True:
ret, im0 = cap.read()
if not ret:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
annotator = Annotator(im0, line_width=2)
results = model.track(im0, persist=True)
if results[0].boxes.id is not None and results[0].masks is not None:
masks = results[0].masks.xy
track_ids = results[0].boxes.id.int().cpu().tolist()
for mask, track_id in zip(masks, track_ids):
annotator.seg_bbox(mask=mask,
mask_color=colors(track_id, True),
track_label=str(track_id))
out.write(im0)
cv2.imshow("instance-segmentation-object-tracking", im0)
if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break
out.release()
cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
### `seg_bbox` Arguments
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|---------------|---------|-----------------|----------------------------------------|
| `mask` | `array` | `None` | Segmentation mask coordinates |
| `mask_color` | `tuple` | `(255, 0, 255)` | Mask color for every segmented box |
| `det_label` | `str` | `None` | Label for segmented object |
| `track_label` | `str` | `None` | Label for segmented and tracked object |
## Note
For any inquiries, feel free to post your questions in the [Ultralytics Issue Section](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/issues/new/choose) or the discussion section mentioned below.

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---
comments: true
description: A concise guide on isolating segmented objects using Ultralytics.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, segmentation, Python, object detection, inference, dataset, prediction, instance segmentation, contours, binary mask, object mask, image processing
---
# Isolating Segmentation Objects
After performing the [Segment Task](../tasks/segment.md), it's sometimes desirable to extract the isolated objects from the inference results. This guide provides a generic recipe on how to accomplish this using the Ultralytics [Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md).
<p align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/1787d76b-ad5f-43f9-a39c-d45c9157f38a" alt="Example Isolated Object Segmentation">
</p>
## Recipe Walk Through
1. Begin with the necessary imports
```python
from pathlib import Path
import cv2
import numpy as np
from ultralytics import YOLO
```
???+ tip "Ultralytics Install"
See the Ultralytics [Quickstart](../quickstart.md/#install-ultralytics) Installation section for a quick walkthrough on installing the required libraries.
***
2. Load a model and run `predict()` method on a source.
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load a model
model = YOLO('yolov8n-seg.pt')
# Run inference
results = model.predict()
```
!!! question "No Prediction Arguments?"
Without specifying a source, the example images from the library will be used:
```
'ultralytics/assets/bus.jpg'
'ultralytics/assets/zidane.jpg'
```
This is helpful for rapid testing with the `predict()` method.
For additional information about Segmentation Models, visit the [Segment Task](../tasks/segment.md#models) page. To learn more about `predict()` method, see [Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md) section of the Documentation.
***
3. Now iterate over the results and the contours. For workflows that want to save an image to file, the source image `base-name` and the detection `class-label` are retrieved for later use (optional).
```{ .py .annotate }
# (2) Iterate detection results (helpful for multiple images)
for r in res:
img = np.copy(r.orig_img)
img_name = Path(r.path).stem # source image base-name
# Iterate each object contour (multiple detections)
for ci,c in enumerate(r):
# (1) Get detection class name
label = c.names[c.boxes.cls.tolist().pop()]
```
1. To learn more about working with detection results, see [Boxes Section for Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md#boxes).
2. To learn more about `predict()` results see [Working with Results for Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md#working-with-results)
??? info "For-Loop"
A single image will only iterate the first loop once. A single image with only a single detection will iterate each loop _only_ once.
***
4. Start with generating a binary mask from the source image and then draw a filled contour onto the mask. This will allow the object to be isolated from the other parts of the image. An example from `bus.jpg` for one of the detected `person` class objects is shown on the right.
![Binary Mask Image](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/59bce684-fdda-4b17-8104-0b4b51149aca){ width="240", align="right" }
```{ .py .annotate }
# Create binary mask
b_mask = np.zeros(img.shape[:2], np.uint8)
# (1) Extract contour result
contour = c.masks.xy.pop()
# (2) Changing the type
contour = contour.astype(np.int32)
# (3) Reshaping
contour = contour.reshape(-1, 1, 2)
# Draw contour onto mask
_ = cv2.drawContours(b_mask,
[contour],
-1,
(255, 255, 255),
cv2.FILLED)
```
1. For more info on `c.masks.xy` see [Masks Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md#masks).
2. Here, the values are cast into `np.int32` for compatibility with `drawContours()` function from OpenCV.
3. The OpenCV `drawContours()` function expects contours to have a shape of `[N, 1, 2]` expand section below for more details.
<details>
<summary> Expand to understand what is happening when defining the <code>contour</code> variable.</summary>
<p>
- `c.masks.xy` :: Provides the coordinates of the mask contour points in the format `(x, y)`. For more details, refer to the [Masks Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md#masks).
- `.pop()` :: As `masks.xy` is a list containing a single element, this element is extracted using the `pop()` method.
- `.astype(np.int32)` :: Using `masks.xy` will return with a data type of `float32`, but this won't be compatible with the OpenCV `drawContours()` function, so this will change the data type to `int32` for compatibility.
- `.reshape(-1, 1, 2)` :: Reformats the data into the required shape of `[N, 1, 2]` where `N` is the number of contour points, with each point represented by a single entry `1`, and the entry is composed of `2` values. The `-1` denotes that the number of values along this dimension is flexible.
</details>
<p></p>
<details>
<summary> Expand for an explanation of the <code>drawContours()</code> configuration.</summary>
<p>
- Encapsulating the `contour` variable within square brackets, `[contour]`, was found to effectively generate the desired contour mask during testing.
- The value `-1` specified for the `drawContours()` parameter instructs the function to draw all contours present in the image.
- The `tuple` `(255, 255, 255)` represents the color white, which is the desired color for drawing the contour in this binary mask.
- The addition of `cv2.FILLED` will color all pixels enclosed by the contour boundary the same, in this case, all enclosed pixels will be white.
- See [OpenCV Documentation on `drawContours()`](https://docs.opencv.org/4.8.0/d6/d6e/group__imgproc__draw.html#ga746c0625f1781f1ffc9056259103edbc) for more information.
</details>
<p></p>
***
5. Next the there are 2 options for how to move forward with the image from this point and a subsequent option for each.
### Object Isolation Options
!!! example ""
=== "Black Background Pixels"
```py
# Create 3-channel mask
mask3ch = cv2.cvtColor(b_mask, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
# Isolate object with binary mask
isolated = cv2.bitwise_and(mask3ch, img)
```
??? question "How does this work?"
- First, the binary mask is first converted from a single-channel image to a three-channel image. This conversion is necessary for the subsequent step where the mask and the original image are combined. Both images must have the same number of channels to be compatible with the blending operation.
- The original image and the three-channel binary mask are merged using the OpenCV function `bitwise_and()`. This operation retains <u>only</u> pixel values that are greater than zero `(> 0)` from both images. Since the mask pixels are greater than zero `(> 0)` <u>only</u> within the contour region, the pixels remaining from the original image are those that overlap with the contour.
### Isolate with Black Pixels: Sub-options
??? info "Full-size Image"
There are no additional steps required if keeping full size image.
<figure markdown>
![Example Full size Isolated Object Image Black Background](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/845c00d0-52a6-4b1e-8010-4ba73e011b99){ width=240 }
<figcaption>Example full-size output</figcaption>
</figure>
??? info "Cropped object Image"
Additional steps required to crop image to only include object region.
![Example Crop Isolated Object Image Black Background](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/103dbf90-c169-4f77-b791-76cdf09c6f22){ align="right" }
``` { .py .annotate }
# (1) Bounding box coordinates
x1, y1, x2, y2 = c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy().squeeze().astype(np.int32)
# Crop image to object region
iso_crop = isolated[y1:y2, x1:x2]
```
1. For more information on bounding box results, see [Boxes Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md/#boxes)
??? question "What does this code do?"
- The `c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy()` call retrieves the bounding boxes as a NumPy array in the `xyxy` format, where `xmin`, `ymin`, `xmax`, and `ymax` represent the coordinates of the bounding box rectangle. See [Boxes Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md/#boxes) for more details.
- The `squeeze()` operation removes any unnecessary dimensions from the NumPy array, ensuring it has the expected shape.
- Converting the coordinate values using `.astype(np.int32)` changes the box coordinates data type from `float32` to `int32`, making them compatible for image cropping using index slices.
- Finally, the bounding box region is cropped from the image using index slicing. The bounds are defined by the `[ymin:ymax, xmin:xmax]` coordinates of the detection bounding box.
=== "Transparent Background Pixels"
```py
# Isolate object with transparent background (when saved as PNG)
isolated = np.dstack([img, b_mask])
```
??? question "How does this work?"
- Using the NumPy `dstack()` function (array stacking along depth-axis) in conjunction with the binary mask generated, will create an image with four channels. This allows for all pixels outside of the object contour to be transparent when saving as a `PNG` file.
### Isolate with Transparent Pixels: Sub-options
??? info "Full-size Image"
There are no additional steps required if keeping full size image.
<figure markdown>
![Example Full size Isolated Object Image No Background](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/b1043ee0-369a-4019-941a-9447a9771042){ width=240 }
<figcaption>Example full-size output + transparent background</figcaption>
</figure>
??? info "Cropped object Image"
Additional steps required to crop image to only include object region.
![Example Crop Isolated Object Image No Background](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/5910244f-d1e1-44af-af7f-6dea4c688da8){ align="right" }
``` { .py .annotate }
# (1) Bounding box coordinates
x1, y1, x2, y2 = c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy().squeeze().astype(np.int32)
# Crop image to object region
iso_crop = isolated[y1:y2, x1:x2]
```
1. For more information on bounding box results, see [Boxes Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md/#boxes)
??? question "What does this code do?"
- When using `c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy()`, the bounding boxes are returned as a NumPy array, using the `xyxy` box coordinates format, which correspond to the points `xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax` for the bounding box (rectangle), see [Boxes Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md/#boxes) for more information.
- Adding `squeeze()` ensures that any extraneous dimensions are removed from the NumPy array.
- Converting the coordinate values using `.astype(np.int32)` changes the box coordinates data type from `float32` to `int32` which will be compatible when cropping the image using index slices.
- Finally the image region for the bounding box is cropped using index slicing, where the bounds are set using the `[ymin:ymax, xmin:xmax]` coordinates of the detection bounding box.
??? question "What if I want the cropped object **including** the background?"
This is a built in feature for the Ultralytics library. See the `save_crop` argument for [Predict Mode Inference Arguments](../modes/predict.md/#inference-arguments) for details.
***
6. <u>What to do next is entirely left to you as the developer.</u> A basic example of one possible next step (saving the image to file for future use) is shown.
- **NOTE:** this step is optional and can be skipped if not required for your specific use case.
??? example "Example Final Step"
```py
# Save isolated object to file
_ = cv2.imwrite(f'{img_name}_{label}-{ci}.png', iso_crop)
```
- In this example, the `img_name` is the base-name of the source image file, `label` is the detected class-name, and `ci` is the index of the object detection (in case of multiple instances with the same class name).
## Full Example code
Here, all steps from the previous section are combined into a single block of code. For repeated use, it would be optimal to define a function to do some or all commands contained in the `for`-loops, but that is an exercise left to the reader.
```{ .py .annotate }
from pathlib import Path
import cv2
import numpy as np
from ultralytics import YOLO
m = YOLO('yolov8n-seg.pt')#(4)!
res = m.predict()#(3)!
# iterate detection results (5)
for r in res:
img = np.copy(r.orig_img)
img_name = Path(r.path).stem
# iterate each object contour (6)
for ci,c in enumerate(r):
label = c.names[c.boxes.cls.tolist().pop()]
b_mask = np.zeros(img.shape[:2], np.uint8)
# Create contour mask (1)
contour = c.masks.xy.pop().astype(np.int32).reshape(-1, 1, 2)
_ = cv2.drawContours(b_mask, [contour], -1, (255, 255, 255), cv2.FILLED)
# Choose one:
# OPTION-1: Isolate object with black background
mask3ch = cv2.cvtColor(b_mask, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
isolated = cv2.bitwise_and(mask3ch, img)
# OPTION-2: Isolate object with transparent background (when saved as PNG)
isolated = np.dstack([img, b_mask])
# OPTIONAL: detection crop (from either OPT1 or OPT2)
x1, y1, x2, y2 = c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy().squeeze().astype(np.int32)
iso_crop = isolated[y1:y2, x1:x2]
# TODO your actions go here (2)
```
1. The line populating `contour` is combined into a single line here, where it was split to multiple above.
2. {==What goes here is up to you!==}
3. See [Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md) for additional information.
4. See [Segment Task](../tasks/segment.md#models) for more information.
5. Learn more about [Working with Results](../modes/predict.md#working-with-results)
6. Learn more about [Segmentation Mask Results](../modes/predict.md#masks)

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---
comments: true
description: An in-depth guide demonstrating the implementation of K-Fold Cross Validation with the Ultralytics ecosystem for object detection datasets, leveraging Python, YOLO, and sklearn.
keywords: K-Fold cross validation, Ultralytics, YOLO detection format, Python, sklearn, object detection
---
# K-Fold Cross Validation with Ultralytics
## Introduction
This comprehensive guide illustrates the implementation of K-Fold Cross Validation for object detection datasets within the Ultralytics ecosystem. We'll leverage the YOLO detection format and key Python libraries such as sklearn, pandas, and PyYaml to guide you through the necessary setup, the process of generating feature vectors, and the execution of a K-Fold dataset split.
<p align="center">
<img width="800" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/258589390-8d815058-ece8-48b9-a94e-0e1ab53ea0f6.png" alt="K-Fold Cross Validation Overview">
</p>
Whether your project involves the Fruit Detection dataset or a custom data source, this tutorial aims to help you comprehend and apply K-Fold Cross Validation to bolster the reliability and robustness of your machine learning models. While we're applying `k=5` folds for this tutorial, keep in mind that the optimal number of folds can vary depending on your dataset and the specifics of your project.
Without further ado, let's dive in!
## Setup
- Your annotations should be in the [YOLO detection format](../datasets/detect/index.md).
- This guide assumes that annotation files are locally available.
- For our demonstration, we use the [Fruit Detection](https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/lakshaytyagi01/fruit-detection/code) dataset.
- This dataset contains a total of 8479 images.
- It includes 6 class labels, each with its total instance counts listed below.
| Class Label | Instance Count |
|:------------|:--------------:|
| Apple | 7049 |
| Grapes | 7202 |
| Pineapple | 1613 |
| Orange | 15549 |
| Banana | 3536 |
| Watermelon | 1976 |
- Necessary Python packages include:
- `ultralytics`
- `sklearn`
- `pandas`
- `pyyaml`
- This tutorial operates with `k=5` folds. However, you should determine the best number of folds for your specific dataset.
1. Initiate a new Python virtual environment (`venv`) for your project and activate it. Use `pip` (or your preferred package manager) to install:
- The Ultralytics library: `pip install -U ultralytics`. Alternatively, you can clone the official [repo](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics).
- Scikit-learn, pandas, and PyYAML: `pip install -U scikit-learn pandas pyyaml`.
2. Verify that your annotations are in the [YOLO detection format](../datasets/detect/index.md).
- For this tutorial, all annotation files are found in the `Fruit-Detection/labels` directory.
## Generating Feature Vectors for Object Detection Dataset
1. Start by creating a new Python file and import the required libraries.
```python
import datetime
import shutil
from pathlib import Path
from collections import Counter
import yaml
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from ultralytics import YOLO
from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
```
2. Proceed to retrieve all label files for your dataset.
```python
dataset_path = Path('./Fruit-detection') # replace with 'path/to/dataset' for your custom data
labels = sorted(dataset_path.rglob("*labels/*.txt")) # all data in 'labels'
```
3. Now, read the contents of the dataset YAML file and extract the indices of the class labels.
```python
yaml_file = 'path/to/data.yaml' # your data YAML with data directories and names dictionary
with open(yaml_file, 'r', encoding="utf8") as y:
classes = yaml.safe_load(y)['names']
cls_idx = sorted(classes.keys())
```
4. Initialize an empty `pandas` DataFrame.
```python
indx = [l.stem for l in labels] # uses base filename as ID (no extension)
labels_df = pd.DataFrame([], columns=cls_idx, index=indx)
```
5. Count the instances of each class-label present in the annotation files.
```python
for label in labels:
lbl_counter = Counter()
with open(label,'r') as lf:
lines = lf.readlines()
for l in lines:
# classes for YOLO label uses integer at first position of each line
lbl_counter[int(l.split(' ')[0])] += 1
labels_df.loc[label.stem] = lbl_counter
labels_df = labels_df.fillna(0.0) # replace `nan` values with `0.0`
```
6. The following is a sample view of the populated DataFrame:
```pandas
0 1 2 3 4 5
'0000a16e4b057580_jpg.rf.00ab48988370f64f5ca8ea4...' 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0
'0000a16e4b057580_jpg.rf.7e6dce029fb67f01eb19aa7...' 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0
'0000a16e4b057580_jpg.rf.bc4d31cdcbe229dd022957a...' 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0
'00020ebf74c4881c_jpg.rf.508192a0a97aa6c4a3b6882...' 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
'00020ebf74c4881c_jpg.rf.5af192a2254c8ecc4188a25...' 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
'ff4cd45896de38be_jpg.rf.c4b5e967ca10c7ced3b9e97...' 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0
'ff4cd45896de38be_jpg.rf.ea4c1d37d2884b3e3cbce08...' 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0
'ff5fd9c3c624b7dc_jpg.rf.bb519feaa36fc4bf630a033...' 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
'ff5fd9c3c624b7dc_jpg.rf.f0751c9c3aa4519ea3c9d6a...' 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
'fffe28b31f2a70d4_jpg.rf.7ea16bd637ba0711c53b540...' 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
```
The rows index the label files, each corresponding to an image in your dataset, and the columns correspond to your class-label indices. Each row represents a pseudo feature-vector, with the count of each class-label present in your dataset. This data structure enables the application of K-Fold Cross Validation to an object detection dataset.
## K-Fold Dataset Split
1. Now we will use the `KFold` class from `sklearn.model_selection` to generate `k` splits of the dataset.
- Important:
- Setting `shuffle=True` ensures a randomized distribution of classes in your splits.
- By setting `random_state=M` where `M` is a chosen integer, you can obtain repeatable results.
```python
ksplit = 5
kf = KFold(n_splits=ksplit, shuffle=True, random_state=20) # setting random_state for repeatable results
kfolds = list(kf.split(labels_df))
```
2. The dataset has now been split into `k` folds, each having a list of `train` and `val` indices. We will construct a DataFrame to display these results more clearly.
```python
folds = [f'split_{n}' for n in range(1, ksplit + 1)]
folds_df = pd.DataFrame(index=indx, columns=folds)
for idx, (train, val) in enumerate(kfolds, start=1):
folds_df[f'split_{idx}'].loc[labels_df.iloc[train].index] = 'train'
folds_df[f'split_{idx}'].loc[labels_df.iloc[val].index] = 'val'
```
3. Now we will calculate the distribution of class labels for each fold as a ratio of the classes present in `val` to those present in `train`.
```python
fold_lbl_distrb = pd.DataFrame(index=folds, columns=cls_idx)
for n, (train_indices, val_indices) in enumerate(kfolds, start=1):
train_totals = labels_df.iloc[train_indices].sum()
val_totals = labels_df.iloc[val_indices].sum()
# To avoid division by zero, we add a small value (1E-7) to the denominator
ratio = val_totals / (train_totals + 1E-7)
fold_lbl_distrb.loc[f'split_{n}'] = ratio
```
The ideal scenario is for all class ratios to be reasonably similar for each split and across classes. This, however, will be subject to the specifics of your dataset.
4. Next, we create the directories and dataset YAML files for each split.
```python
supported_extensions = ['.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png']
# Initialize an empty list to store image file paths
images = []
# Loop through supported extensions and gather image files
for ext in supported_extensions:
images.extend(sorted((dataset_path / 'images').rglob(f"*{ext}")))
# Create the necessary directories and dataset YAML files (unchanged)
save_path = Path(dataset_path / f'{datetime.date.today().isoformat()}_{ksplit}-Fold_Cross-val')
save_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
ds_yamls = []
for split in folds_df.columns:
# Create directories
split_dir = save_path / split
split_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
(split_dir / 'train' / 'images').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
(split_dir / 'train' / 'labels').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
(split_dir / 'val' / 'images').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
(split_dir / 'val' / 'labels').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
# Create dataset YAML files
dataset_yaml = split_dir / f'{split}_dataset.yaml'
ds_yamls.append(dataset_yaml)
with open(dataset_yaml, 'w') as ds_y:
yaml.safe_dump({
'path': split_dir.as_posix(),
'train': 'train',
'val': 'val',
'names': classes
}, ds_y)
```
5. Lastly, copy images and labels into the respective directory ('train' or 'val') for each split.
- __NOTE:__ The time required for this portion of the code will vary based on the size of your dataset and your system hardware.
```python
for image, label in zip(images, labels):
for split, k_split in folds_df.loc[image.stem].items():
# Destination directory
img_to_path = save_path / split / k_split / 'images'
lbl_to_path = save_path / split / k_split / 'labels'
# Copy image and label files to new directory (SamefileError if file already exists)
shutil.copy(image, img_to_path / image.name)
shutil.copy(label, lbl_to_path / label.name)
```
## Save Records (Optional)
Optionally, you can save the records of the K-Fold split and label distribution DataFrames as CSV files for future reference.
```python
folds_df.to_csv(save_path / "kfold_datasplit.csv")
fold_lbl_distrb.to_csv(save_path / "kfold_label_distribution.csv")
```
## Train YOLO using K-Fold Data Splits
1. First, load the YOLO model.
```python
weights_path = 'path/to/weights.pt'
model = YOLO(weights_path, task='detect')
```
2. Next, iterate over the dataset YAML files to run training. The results will be saved to a directory specified by the `project` and `name` arguments. By default, this directory is 'exp/runs#' where # is an integer index.
```python
results = {}
# Define your additional arguments here
batch = 16
project = 'kfold_demo'
epochs = 100
for k in range(ksplit):
dataset_yaml = ds_yamls[k]
model.train(data=dataset_yaml,epochs=epochs, batch=batch, project=project) # include any train arguments
results[k] = model.metrics # save output metrics for further analysis
```
## Conclusion
In this guide, we have explored the process of using K-Fold cross-validation for training the YOLO object detection model. We learned how to split our dataset into K partitions, ensuring a balanced class distribution across the different folds.
We also explored the procedure for creating report DataFrames to visualize the data splits and label distributions across these splits, providing us a clear insight into the structure of our training and validation sets.
Optionally, we saved our records for future reference, which could be particularly useful in large-scale projects or when troubleshooting model performance.
Finally, we implemented the actual model training using each split in a loop, saving our training results for further analysis and comparison.
This technique of K-Fold cross-validation is a robust way of making the most out of your available data, and it helps to ensure that your model performance is reliable and consistent across different data subsets. This results in a more generalizable and reliable model that is less likely to overfit to specific data patterns.
Remember that although we used YOLO in this guide, these steps are mostly transferable to other machine learning models. Understanding these steps allows you to apply cross-validation effectively in your own machine learning projects. Happy coding!

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---
comments: true
description: A guide to help determine which deployment option to choose for your YOLOv8 model, including essential considerations.
keywords: YOLOv8, Deployment, PyTorch, TorchScript, ONNX, OpenVINO, TensorRT, CoreML, TensorFlow, Export
---
# Understanding YOLOv8’s Deployment Options
## Introduction
You've come a long way on your journey with YOLOv8. You've diligently collected data, meticulously annotated it, and put in the hours to train and rigorously evaluate your custom YOLOv8 model. Now, it’s time to put your model to work for your specific application, use case, or project. But there's a critical decision that stands before you: how to export and deploy your model effectively.
This guide walks you through YOLOv8’s deployment options and the essential factors to consider to choose the right option for your project.
## How to Select the Right Deployment Option for Your YOLOv8 Model
When it's time to deploy your YOLOv8 model, selecting a suitable export format is very important. As outlined in the [Ultralytics YOLOv8 Modes documentation](../modes/export.md#usage-examples), the model.export() function allows for converting your trained model into a variety of formats tailored to diverse environments and performance requirements.
The ideal format depends on your model's intended operational context, balancing speed, hardware constraints, and ease of integration. In the following section, we'll take a closer look at each export option, understanding when to choose each one.
### YOLOv8’s Deployment Options
Let’s walk through the different YOLOv8 deployment options. For a detailed walkthrough of the export process, visit the [Ultralytics documentation page on exporting](../modes/export.md).
#### PyTorch
PyTorch is an open-source machine learning library widely used for applications in deep learning and artificial intelligence. It provides a high level of flexibility and speed, which has made it a favorite among researchers and developers.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: PyTorch is known for its ease of use and flexibility, which may result in a slight trade-off in raw performance when compared to other frameworks that are more specialized and optimized.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Offers excellent compatibility with various data science and machine learning libraries in Python.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: One of the most vibrant communities, with extensive resources for learning and troubleshooting.
- **Case Studies**: Commonly used in research prototypes, many academic papers reference models deployed in PyTorch.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Regular updates with active development and support for new features.
- **Security Considerations**: Regular patches for security issues, but security is largely dependent on the overall environment it’s deployed in.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Supports CUDA for GPU acceleration, essential for speeding up model training and inference.
#### TorchScript
TorchScript extends PyTorch’s capabilities by allowing the exportation of models to be run in a C++ runtime environment. This makes it suitable for production environments where Python is unavailable.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Can offer improved performance over native PyTorch, especially in production environments.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Designed for seamless transition from PyTorch to C++ production environments, though some advanced features might not translate perfectly.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Benefits from PyTorch’s large community but has a narrower scope of specialized developers.
- **Case Studies**: Widely used in industry settings where Python’s performance overhead is a bottleneck.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Maintained alongside PyTorch with consistent updates.
- **Security Considerations**: Offers improved security by enabling the running of models in environments without full Python installations.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Inherits PyTorch’s CUDA support, ensuring efficient GPU utilization.
#### ONNX
The Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) is a format that allows for model interoperability across different frameworks, which can be critical when deploying to various platforms.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: ONNX models may experience a variable performance depending on the specific runtime they are deployed on.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: High interoperability across multiple platforms and hardware due to its framework-agnostic nature.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Supported by many organizations, leading to a broad ecosystem and a variety of tools for optimization.
- **Case Studies**: Frequently used to move models between different machine learning frameworks, demonstrating its flexibility.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: As an open standard, ONNX is regularly updated to support new operations and models.
- **Security Considerations**: As with any cross-platform tool, it's essential to ensure secure practices in the conversion and deployment pipeline.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: With ONNX Runtime, models can leverage various hardware optimizations.
#### OpenVINO
OpenVINO is an Intel toolkit designed to facilitate the deployment of deep learning models across Intel hardware, enhancing performance and speed.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Specifically optimized for Intel CPUs, GPUs, and VPUs, offering significant performance boosts on compatible hardware.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Works best within the Intel ecosystem but also supports a range of other platforms.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Backed by Intel, with a solid user base especially in the computer vision domain.
- **Case Studies**: Often utilized in IoT and edge computing scenarios where Intel hardware is prevalent.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Intel regularly updates OpenVINO to support the latest deep learning models and Intel hardware.
- **Security Considerations**: Provides robust security features suitable for deployment in sensitive applications.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Tailored for acceleration on Intel hardware, leveraging dedicated instruction sets and hardware features.
For more details on deployment using OpenVINO, refer to the Ultralytics Integration documentation: [Intel OpenVINO Export](../integrations/openvino.md).
#### TensorRT
TensorRT is a high-performance deep learning inference optimizer and runtime from NVIDIA, ideal for applications needing speed and efficiency.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Delivers top-tier performance on NVIDIA GPUs with support for high-speed inference.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Best suited for NVIDIA hardware, with limited support outside this environment.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Strong support network through NVIDIA’s developer forums and documentation.
- **Case Studies**: Widely adopted in industries requiring real-time inference on video and image data.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: NVIDIA maintains TensorRT with frequent updates to enhance performance and support new GPU architectures.
- **Security Considerations**: Like many NVIDIA products, it has a strong emphasis on security, but specifics depend on the deployment environment.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Exclusively designed for NVIDIA GPUs, providing deep optimization and acceleration.
#### CoreML
CoreML is Apple’s machine learning framework, optimized for on-device performance in the Apple ecosystem, including iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Optimized for on-device performance on Apple hardware with minimal battery usage.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Exclusively for Apple's ecosystem, providing a streamlined workflow for iOS and macOS applications.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Strong support from Apple and a dedicated developer community, with extensive documentation and tools.
- **Case Studies**: Commonly used in applications that require on-device machine learning capabilities on Apple products.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Regularly updated by Apple to support the latest machine learning advancements and Apple hardware.
- **Security Considerations**: Benefits from Apple's focus on user privacy and data security.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Takes full advantage of Apple's neural engine and GPU for accelerated machine learning tasks.
#### TF SavedModel
TF SavedModel is TensorFlow’s format for saving and serving machine learning models, particularly suited for scalable server environments.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Offers scalable performance in server environments, especially when used with TensorFlow Serving.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Wide compatibility across TensorFlow's ecosystem, including cloud and enterprise server deployments.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Large community support due to TensorFlow's popularity, with a vast array of tools for deployment and optimization.
- **Case Studies**: Extensively used in production environments for serving deep learning models at scale.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Supported by Google and the TensorFlow community, ensuring regular updates and new features.
- **Security Considerations**: Deployment using TensorFlow Serving includes robust security features for enterprise-grade applications.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Supports various hardware accelerations through TensorFlow's backends.
#### TF GraphDef
TF GraphDef is a TensorFlow format that represents the model as a graph, which is beneficial for environments where a static computation graph is required.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Provides stable performance for static computation graphs, with a focus on consistency and reliability.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Easily integrates within TensorFlow's infrastructure but less flexible compared to SavedModel.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Good support from TensorFlow's ecosystem, with many resources available for optimizing static graphs.
- **Case Studies**: Useful in scenarios where a static graph is necessary, such as in certain embedded systems.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Regular updates alongside TensorFlow's core updates.
- **Security Considerations**: Ensures safe deployment with TensorFlow's established security practices.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Can utilize TensorFlow's hardware acceleration options, though not as flexible as SavedModel.
#### TF Lite
TF Lite is TensorFlow’s solution for mobile and embedded device machine learning, providing a lightweight library for on-device inference.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Designed for speed and efficiency on mobile and embedded devices.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Can be used on a wide range of devices due to its lightweight nature.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Backed by Google, it has a robust community and a growing number of resources for developers.
- **Case Studies**: Popular in mobile applications that require on-device inference with minimal footprint.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Regularly updated to include the latest features and optimizations for mobile devices.
- **Security Considerations**: Provides a secure environment for running models on end-user devices.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Supports a variety of hardware acceleration options, including GPU and DSP.
#### TF Edge TPU
TF Edge TPU is designed for high-speed, efficient computing on Google's Edge TPU hardware, perfect for IoT devices requiring real-time processing.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Specifically optimized for high-speed, efficient computing on Google's Edge TPU hardware.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Works exclusively with TensorFlow Lite models on Edge TPU devices.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Growing support with resources provided by Google and third-party developers.
- **Case Studies**: Used in IoT devices and applications that require real-time processing with low latency.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Continually improved upon to leverage the capabilities of new Edge TPU hardware releases.
- **Security Considerations**: Integrates with Google's robust security for IoT and edge devices.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Custom-designed to take full advantage of Google Coral devices.
#### TF.js
TensorFlow.js (TF.js) is a library that brings machine learning capabilities directly to the browser, offering a new realm of possibilities for web developers and users alike. It allows for the integration of machine learning models in web applications without the need for back-end infrastructure.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Enables machine learning directly in the browser with reasonable performance, depending on the client device.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: High compatibility with web technologies, allowing for easy integration into web applications.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Support from a community of web and Node.js developers, with a variety of tools for deploying ML models in browsers.
- **Case Studies**: Ideal for interactive web applications that benefit from client-side machine learning without the need for server-side processing.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Maintained by the TensorFlow team with contributions from the open-source community.
- **Security Considerations**: Runs within the browser's secure context, utilizing the security model of the web platform.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Performance can be enhanced with web-based APIs that access hardware acceleration like WebGL.
#### PaddlePaddle
PaddlePaddle is an open-source deep learning framework developed by Baidu. It is designed to be both efficient for researchers and easy to use for developers. It's particularly popular in China and offers specialized support for Chinese language processing.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Offers competitive performance with a focus on ease of use and scalability.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Well-integrated within Baidu's ecosystem and supports a wide range of applications.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: While the community is smaller globally, it's rapidly growing, especially in China.
- **Case Studies**: Commonly used in Chinese markets and by developers looking for alternatives to other major frameworks.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Regularly updated with a focus on serving Chinese language AI applications and services.
- **Security Considerations**: Emphasizes data privacy and security, catering to Chinese data governance standards.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Supports various hardware accelerations, including Baidu's own Kunlun chips.
#### NCNN
NCNN is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform. It stands out for its lightweight nature and efficiency, making it particularly well-suited for mobile and embedded devices where resources are limited.
- **Performance Benchmarks**: Highly optimized for mobile platforms, offering efficient inference on ARM-based devices.
- **Compatibility and Integration**: Suitable for applications on mobile phones and embedded systems with ARM architecture.
- **Community Support and Ecosystem**: Supported by a niche but active community focused on mobile and embedded ML applications.
- **Case Studies**: Favoured for mobile applications where efficiency and speed are critical on Android and other ARM-based systems.
- **Maintenance and Updates**: Continuously improved to maintain high performance on a range of ARM devices.
- **Security Considerations**: Focuses on running locally on the device, leveraging the inherent security of on-device processing.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Tailored for ARM CPUs and GPUs, with specific optimizations for these architectures.
## Comparative Analysis of YOLOv8 Deployment Options
The following table provides a snapshot of the various deployment options available for YOLOv8 models, helping you to assess which may best fit your project needs based on several critical criteria. For an in-depth look at each deployment option's format, please see the [Ultralytics documentation page on export formats](../modes/export.md#export-formats).
| Deployment Option | Performance Benchmarks | Compatibility and Integration | Community Support and Ecosystem | Case Studies | Maintenance and Updates | Security Considerations | Hardware Acceleration |
|-------------------|-------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| PyTorch | Good flexibility; may trade off raw performance | Excellent with Python libraries | Extensive resources and community | Research and prototypes | Regular, active development | Dependent on deployment environment | CUDA support for GPU acceleration |
| TorchScript | Better for production than PyTorch | Smooth transition from PyTorch to C++ | Specialized but narrower than PyTorch | Industry where Python is a bottleneck | Consistent updates with PyTorch | Improved security without full Python | Inherits CUDA support from PyTorch |
| ONNX | Variable depending on runtime | High across different frameworks | Broad ecosystem, supported by many orgs | Flexibility across ML frameworks | Regular updates for new operations | Ensure secure conversion and deployment practices | Various hardware optimizations |
| OpenVINO | Optimized for Intel hardware | Best within Intel ecosystem | Solid in computer vision domain | IoT and edge with Intel hardware | Regular updates for Intel hardware | Robust features for sensitive applications | Tailored for Intel hardware |
| TensorRT | Top-tier on NVIDIA GPUs | Best for NVIDIA hardware | Strong network through NVIDIA | Real-time video and image inference | Frequent updates for new GPUs | Emphasis on security | Designed for NVIDIA GPUs |
| CoreML | Optimized for on-device Apple hardware | Exclusive to Apple ecosystem | Strong Apple and developer support | On-device ML on Apple products | Regular Apple updates | Focus on privacy and security | Apple neural engine and GPU |
| TF SavedModel | Scalable in server environments | Wide compatibility in TensorFlow ecosystem | Large support due to TensorFlow popularity | Serving models at scale | Regular updates by Google and community | Robust features for enterprise | Various hardware accelerations |
| TF GraphDef | Stable for static computation graphs | Integrates well with TensorFlow infrastructure | Resources for optimizing static graphs | Scenarios requiring static graphs | Updates alongside TensorFlow core | Established TensorFlow security practices | TensorFlow acceleration options |
| TF Lite | Speed and efficiency on mobile/embedded | Wide range of device support | Robust community, Google backed | Mobile applications with minimal footprint | Latest features for mobile | Secure environment on end-user devices | GPU and DSP among others |
| TF Edge TPU | Optimized for Google's Edge TPU hardware | Exclusive to Edge TPU devices | Growing with Google and third-party resources | IoT devices requiring real-time processing | Improvements for new Edge TPU hardware | Google's robust IoT security | Custom-designed for Google Coral |
| TF.js | Reasonable in-browser performance | High with web technologies | Web and Node.js developers support | Interactive web applications | TensorFlow team and community contributions | Web platform security model | Enhanced with WebGL and other APIs |
| PaddlePaddle | Competitive, easy to use and scalable | Baidu ecosystem, wide application support | Rapidly growing, especially in China | Chinese market and language processing | Focus on Chinese AI applications | Emphasizes data privacy and security | Including Baidu's Kunlun chips |
| NCNN | Optimized for mobile ARM-based devices | Mobile and embedded ARM systems | Niche but active mobile/embedded ML community | Android and ARM systems efficiency | High performance maintenance on ARM | On-device security advantages | ARM CPUs and GPUs optimizations |
This comparative analysis gives you a high-level overview. For deployment, it's essential to consider the specific requirements and constraints of your project, and consult the detailed documentation and resources available for each option.
## Community and Support
When you're getting started with YOLOv8, having a helpful community and support can make a significant impact. Here's how to connect with others who share your interests and get the assistance you need.
### Engage with the Broader Community
- **GitHub Discussions:** The YOLOv8 repository on GitHub has a "Discussions" section where you can ask questions, report issues, and suggest improvements.
- **Ultralytics Discord Server:** Ultralytics has a [Discord server](https://ultralytics.com/discord/) where you can interact with other users and developers.
### Official Documentation and Resources
- **Ultralytics YOLOv8 Docs:** The [official documentation](../index.md) provides a comprehensive overview of YOLOv8, along with guides on installation, usage, and troubleshooting.
These resources will help you tackle challenges and stay updated on the latest trends and best practices in the YOLOv8 community.
## Conclusion
In this guide, we've explored the different deployment options for YOLOv8. We've also discussed the important factors to consider when making your choice. These options allow you to customize your model for various environments and performance requirements, making it suitable for real-world applications.
Don't forget that the YOLOv8 and Ultralytics community is a valuable source of help. Connect with other developers and experts to learn unique tips and solutions you might not find in regular documentation. Keep seeking knowledge, exploring new ideas, and sharing your experiences.
Happy deploying!

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---
comments: true
description: Learn to blur objects using Ultralytics YOLOv8 for privacy in images and videos.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Object Blurring, Privacy Protection, Image Processing, Video Analysis, AI, Machine Learning
---
# Object Blurring using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
## What is Object Blurring?
Object blurring with [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/) involves applying a blurring effect to specific detected objects in an image or video. This can be achieved using the YOLOv8 model capabilities to identify and manipulate objects within a given scene.
## Advantages of Object Blurring?
- **Privacy Protection**: Object blurring is an effective tool for safeguarding privacy by concealing sensitive or personally identifiable information in images or videos.
- **Selective Focus**: YOLOv8 allows for selective blurring, enabling users to target specific objects, ensuring a balance between privacy and retaining relevant visual information.
- **Real-time Processing**: YOLOv8's efficiency enables object blurring in real-time, making it suitable for applications requiring on-the-fly privacy enhancements in dynamic environments.
!!! Example "Object Blurring using YOLOv8 Example"
=== "Object Blurring"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.utils.plotting import Annotator, colors
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
names = model.names
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Blur ratio
blur_ratio = 50
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("object_blurring_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps, (w, h))
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
results = model.predict(im0, show=False)
boxes = results[0].boxes.xyxy.cpu().tolist()
clss = results[0].boxes.cls.cpu().tolist()
annotator = Annotator(im0, line_width=2, example=names)
if boxes is not None:
for box, cls in zip(boxes, clss):
annotator.box_label(box, color=colors(int(cls), True), label=names[int(cls)])
obj = im0[int(box[1]):int(box[3]), int(box[0]):int(box[2])]
blur_obj = cv2.blur(obj, (blur_ratio, blur_ratio))
im0[int(box[1]):int(box[3]), int(box[0]):int(box[2])] = blur_obj
cv2.imshow("ultralytics", im0)
video_writer.write(im0)
if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
### Arguments `model.predict`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------------|----------------|------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `source` | `str` | `'ultralytics/assets'` | source directory for images or videos |
| `conf` | `float` | `0.25` | object confidence threshold for detection |
| `iou` | `float` | `0.7` | intersection over union (IoU) threshold for NMS |
| `imgsz` | `int or tuple` | `640` | image size as scalar or (h, w) list, i.e. (640, 480) |
| `half` | `bool` | `False` | use half precision (FP16) |
| `device` | `None or str` | `None` | device to run on, i.e. cuda device=0/1/2/3 or device=cpu |
| `max_det` | `int` | `300` | maximum number of detections per image |
| `vid_stride` | `bool` | `False` | video frame-rate stride |
| `stream_buffer` | `bool` | `False` | buffer all streaming frames (True) or return the most recent frame (False) |
| `visualize` | `bool` | `False` | visualize model features |
| `augment` | `bool` | `False` | apply image augmentation to prediction sources |
| `agnostic_nms` | `bool` | `False` | class-agnostic NMS |
| `classes` | `list[int]` | `None` | filter results by class, i.e. classes=0, or classes=[0,2,3] |
| `retina_masks` | `bool` | `False` | use high-resolution segmentation masks |
| `embed` | `list[int]` | `None` | return feature vectors/embeddings from given layers |

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---
comments: true
description: Object Counting Using Ultralytics YOLOv8
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Object Counting, Object Tracking, Notebook, IPython Kernel, CLI, Python SDK
---
# Object Counting using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
## What is Object Counting?
Object counting with [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/) involves accurate identification and counting of specific objects in videos and camera streams. YOLOv8 excels in real-time applications, providing efficient and precise object counting for various scenarios like crowd analysis and surveillance, thanks to its state-of-the-art algorithms and deep learning capabilities.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ag2e-5_NpS0"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Object Counting using Ultralytics YOLOv8
</p>
## Advantages of Object Counting?
- **Resource Optimization:** Object counting facilitates efficient resource management by providing accurate counts, and optimizing resource allocation in applications like inventory management.
- **Enhanced Security:** Object counting enhances security and surveillance by accurately tracking and counting entities, aiding in proactive threat detection.
- **Informed Decision-Making:** Object counting offers valuable insights for decision-making, optimizing processes in retail, traffic management, and various other domains.
## Real World Applications
| Logistics | Aquaculture |
|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| ![Conveyor Belt Packets Counting Using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/70e2d106-510c-4c6c-a57a-d34a765aa757) | ![Fish Counting in Sea using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/c60d047b-3837-435f-8d29-bb9fc95d2191) |
| Conveyor Belt Packets Counting Using Ultralytics YOLOv8 | Fish Counting in Sea using Ultralytics YOLOv8 |
!!! Example "Object Counting using YOLOv8 Example"
=== "Count in Region"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import object_counter
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Define region points
region_points = [(20, 400), (1080, 404), (1080, 360), (20, 360)]
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("object_counting_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
# Init Object Counter
counter = object_counter.ObjectCounter()
counter.set_args(view_img=True,
reg_pts=region_points,
classes_names=model.names,
draw_tracks=True)
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False)
im0 = counter.start_counting(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "Count in Polygon"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import object_counter
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Define region points as a polygon with 5 points
region_points = [(20, 400), (1080, 404), (1080, 360), (20, 360), (20, 400)]
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("object_counting_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
# Init Object Counter
counter = object_counter.ObjectCounter()
counter.set_args(view_img=True,
reg_pts=region_points,
classes_names=model.names,
draw_tracks=True)
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False)
im0 = counter.start_counting(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "Count in Line"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import object_counter
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Define line points
line_points = [(20, 400), (1080, 400)]
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("object_counting_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
# Init Object Counter
counter = object_counter.ObjectCounter()
counter.set_args(view_img=True,
reg_pts=line_points,
classes_names=model.names,
draw_tracks=True)
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False)
im0 = counter.start_counting(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "Specific Classes"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import object_counter
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
line_points = [(20, 400), (1080, 400)] # line or region points
classes_to_count = [0, 2] # person and car classes for count
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("object_counting_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
# Init Object Counter
counter = object_counter.ObjectCounter()
counter.set_args(view_img=True,
reg_pts=line_points,
classes_names=model.names,
draw_tracks=True)
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False,
classes=classes_to_count)
im0 = counter.start_counting(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
???+ tip "Region is Movable"
You can move the region anywhere in the frame by clicking on its edges
### Optional Arguments `set_args`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------------------|-------------|----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| `view_img` | `bool` | `False` | Display frames with counts |
| `view_in_counts` | `bool` | `True` | Display in-counts only on video frame |
| `view_out_counts` | `bool` | `True` | Display out-counts only on video frame |
| `line_thickness` | `int` | `2` | Increase bounding boxes thickness |
| `reg_pts` | `list` | `[(20, 400), (1260, 400)]` | Points defining the Region Area |
| `classes_names` | `dict` | `model.model.names` | Dictionary of Class Names |
| `region_color` | `RGB Color` | `(255, 0, 255)` | Color of the Object counting Region or Line |
| `track_thickness` | `int` | `2` | Thickness of Tracking Lines |
| `draw_tracks` | `bool` | `False` | Enable drawing Track lines |
| `track_color` | `RGB Color` | `(0, 255, 0)` | Color for each track line |
| `line_dist_thresh` | `int` | `15` | Euclidean Distance threshold for line counter |
| `count_txt_thickness` | `int` | `2` | Thickness of Object counts text |
| `count_txt_color` | `RGB Color` | `(0, 0, 0)` | Foreground color for Object counts text |
| `count_color` | `RGB Color` | `(255, 255, 255)` | Background color for Object counts text |
| `region_thickness` | `int` | `5` | Thickness for object counter region or line |
### Arguments `model.track`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------|---------|----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| `source` | `im0` | `None` | source directory for images or videos |
| `persist` | `bool` | `False` | persisting tracks between frames |
| `tracker` | `str` | `botsort.yaml` | Tracking method 'bytetrack' or 'botsort' |
| `conf` | `float` | `0.3` | Confidence Threshold |
| `iou` | `float` | `0.5` | IOU Threshold |
| `classes` | `list` | `None` | filter results by class, i.e. classes=0, or classes=[0,2,3] |
| `verbose` | `bool` | `True` | Display the object tracking results |

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how to isolate and extract specific objects from images and videos using YOLOv8 object cropping.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Object Cropping, Image Analysis, Video Processing, Data Extraction, Python
---
# Object Cropping using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
## What is Object Cropping?
Object cropping with [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/) involves isolating and extracting specific detected objects from an image or video. The YOLOv8 model capabilities are utilized to accurately identify and delineate objects, enabling precise cropping for further analysis or manipulation.
## Advantages of Object Cropping?
- **Focused Analysis**: YOLOv8 facilitates targeted object cropping, allowing for in-depth examination or processing of individual items within a scene.
- **Reduced Data Volume**: By extracting only relevant objects, object cropping helps in minimizing data size, making it efficient for storage, transmission, or subsequent computational tasks.
- **Enhanced Precision**: YOLOv8's object detection accuracy ensures that the cropped objects maintain their spatial relationships, preserving the integrity of the visual information for detailed analysis.
## Visuals
| Airport Luggage |
|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| ![Conveyor Belt at Airport Suitcases Cropping using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/RizwanMunawar/assets/62513924/648f46be-f233-4307-a8e5-046eea38d2e4) |
| Suitcases Cropping at airport conveyor belt using Ultralytics YOLOv8 |
!!! Example "Object Cropping using YOLOv8 Example"
=== "Object Cropping"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.utils.plotting import Annotator, colors
import cv2
import os
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
names = model.names
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
crop_dir_name = "ultralytics_crop"
if not os.path.exists(crop_dir_name):
os.mkdir(crop_dir_name)
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("object_cropping_output.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps, (w, h))
idx = 0
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
results = model.predict(im0, show=False)
boxes = results[0].boxes.xyxy.cpu().tolist()
clss = results[0].boxes.cls.cpu().tolist()
annotator = Annotator(im0, line_width=2, example=names)
if boxes is not None:
for box, cls in zip(boxes, clss):
idx += 1
annotator.box_label(box, color=colors(int(cls), True), label=names[int(cls)])
crop_obj = im0[int(box[1]):int(box[3]), int(box[0]):int(box[2])]
cv2.imwrite(os.path.join(crop_dir_name, str(idx)+".png"), crop_obj)
cv2.imshow("ultralytics", im0)
video_writer.write(im0)
if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
### Arguments `model.predict`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------------|----------------|------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `source` | `str` | `'ultralytics/assets'` | source directory for images or videos |
| `conf` | `float` | `0.25` | object confidence threshold for detection |
| `iou` | `float` | `0.7` | intersection over union (IoU) threshold for NMS |
| `imgsz` | `int or tuple` | `640` | image size as scalar or (h, w) list, i.e. (640, 480) |
| `half` | `bool` | `False` | use half precision (FP16) |
| `device` | `None or str` | `None` | device to run on, i.e. cuda device=0/1/2/3 or device=cpu |
| `max_det` | `int` | `300` | maximum number of detections per image |
| `vid_stride` | `bool` | `False` | video frame-rate stride |
| `stream_buffer` | `bool` | `False` | buffer all streaming frames (True) or return the most recent frame (False) |
| `visualize` | `bool` | `False` | visualize model features |
| `augment` | `bool` | `False` | apply image augmentation to prediction sources |
| `agnostic_nms` | `bool` | `False` | class-agnostic NMS |
| `classes` | `list[int]` | `None` | filter results by class, i.e. classes=0, or classes=[0,2,3] |
| `retina_masks` | `bool` | `False` | use high-resolution segmentation masks |
| `embed` | `list[int]` | `None` | return feature vectors/embeddings from given layers |

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how to optimize Ultralytics YOLOv8 models with Intel OpenVINO for maximum performance. Discover expert techniques to minimize latency and maximize throughput for real-time object detection applications.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, OpenVINO, optimization, latency, throughput, inference, object detection, deep learning, machine learning, guide, Intel
---
# Optimizing OpenVINO Inference for Ultralytics YOLO Models: A Comprehensive Guide
<img width="1024" src="https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/RizwanMunawar/assets/62513924/2b181f68-aa91-4514-ba09-497cc3c83b00" alt="OpenVINO Ecosystem">
## Introduction
When deploying deep learning models, particularly those for object detection such as Ultralytics YOLO models, achieving optimal performance is crucial. This guide delves into leveraging Intel's OpenVINO toolkit to optimize inference, focusing on latency and throughput. Whether you're working on consumer-grade applications or large-scale deployments, understanding and applying these optimization strategies will ensure your models run efficiently on various devices.
## Optimizing for Latency
Latency optimization is vital for applications requiring immediate response from a single model given a single input, typical in consumer scenarios. The goal is to minimize the delay between input and inference result. However, achieving low latency involves careful consideration, especially when running concurrent inferences or managing multiple models.
### Key Strategies for Latency Optimization:
- **Single Inference per Device:** The simplest way to achieve low latency is by limiting to one inference at a time per device. Additional concurrency often leads to increased latency.
- **Leveraging Sub-Devices:** Devices like multi-socket CPUs or multi-tile GPUs can execute multiple requests with minimal latency increase by utilizing their internal sub-devices.
- **OpenVINO Performance Hints:** Utilizing OpenVINO's `ov::hint::PerformanceMode::LATENCY` for the `ov::hint::performance_mode` property during model compilation simplifies performance tuning, offering a device-agnostic and future-proof approach.
### Managing First-Inference Latency:
- **Model Caching:** To mitigate model load and compile times impacting latency, use model caching where possible. For scenarios where caching isn't viable, CPUs generally offer the fastest model load times.
- **Model Mapping vs. Reading:** To reduce load times, OpenVINO replaced model reading with mapping. However, if the model is on a removable or network drive, consider using `ov::enable_mmap(false)` to switch back to reading.
- **AUTO Device Selection:** This mode begins inference on the CPU, shifting to an accelerator once ready, seamlessly reducing first-inference latency.
## Optimizing for Throughput
Throughput optimization is crucial for scenarios serving numerous inference requests simultaneously, maximizing resource utilization without significantly sacrificing individual request performance.
### Approaches to Throughput Optimization:
1. **OpenVINO Performance Hints:** A high-level, future-proof method to enhance throughput across devices using performance hints.
```python
import openvino.properties as props
import openvino.properties.hint as hints
config = {hints.performance_mode: hints.PerformanceMode.THROUGHPUT}
compiled_model = core.compile_model(model, "GPU", config)
```
2. **Explicit Batching and Streams:** A more granular approach involving explicit batching and the use of streams for advanced performance tuning.
### Designing Throughput-Oriented Applications:
To maximize throughput, applications should:
- Process inputs in parallel, making full use of the device's capabilities.
- Decompose data flow into concurrent inference requests, scheduled for parallel execution.
- Utilize the Async API with callbacks to maintain efficiency and avoid device starvation.
### Multi-Device Execution:
OpenVINO's multi-device mode simplifies scaling throughput by automatically balancing inference requests across devices without requiring application-level device management.
## Conclusion
Optimizing Ultralytics YOLO models for latency and throughput with OpenVINO can significantly enhance your application's performance. By carefully applying the strategies outlined in this guide, developers can ensure their models run efficiently, meeting the demands of various deployment scenarios. Remember, the choice between optimizing for latency or throughput depends on your specific application needs and the characteristics of the deployment environment.
For more detailed technical information and the latest updates, refer to the [OpenVINO documentation](https://docs.openvino.ai/latest/index.html) and [Ultralytics YOLO repository](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics). These resources provide in-depth guides, tutorials, and community support to help you get the most out of your deep learning models.
---
Ensuring your models achieve optimal performance is not just about tweaking configurations; it's about understanding your application's needs and making informed decisions. Whether you're optimizing for real-time responses or maximizing throughput for large-scale processing, the combination of Ultralytics YOLO models and OpenVINO offers a powerful toolkit for developers to deploy high-performance AI solutions.

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---
comments: true
description: Quick start guide to setting up YOLO on a Raspberry Pi with a Pi Camera using the libcamera stack. Detailed comparison between Raspberry Pi 3, 4 and 5 models.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, Raspberry Pi, Pi Camera, libcamera, quick start guide, Raspberry Pi 4 vs Raspberry Pi 5, YOLO on Raspberry Pi, hardware setup, machine learning, AI
---
# Quick Start Guide: Raspberry Pi and Pi Camera with YOLOv5 and YOLOv8
This comprehensive guide aims to expedite your journey with YOLO object detection models on a [Raspberry Pi](https://www.raspberrypi.com/) using a [Pi Camera](https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/camera-module-v2/). Whether you're a student, hobbyist, or a professional, this guide is designed to get you up and running in less than 30 minutes. The instructions here are rigorously tested to minimize setup issues, allowing you to focus on utilizing YOLO for your specific projects.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yul4gq_LrOI"
title="Introducing Raspberry Pi 5" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Raspberry Pi 5 updates and improvements.
</p>
## Prerequisites
- Raspberry Pi 3, 4 or 5
- Pi Camera
- 64-bit Raspberry Pi Operating System
Connect the Pi Camera to your Raspberry Pi via a CSI cable and install the 64-bit Raspberry Pi Operating System. Verify your camera with the following command:
```bash
libcamera-hello
```
You should see a video feed from your camera.
## Choose Your YOLO Version: YOLOv5 or YOLOv8
This guide offers you the flexibility to start with either [YOLOv5](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5) or [YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics). Both versions have their unique advantages and use-cases. The choice is yours, but remember, the guide's aim is not just quick setup but also a robust foundation for your future work in object detection.
## Hardware Specifics: At a Glance
To assist you in making an informed hardware decision, we've summarized the key hardware specifics of Raspberry Pi 3, 4, and 5 in the table below:
| Feature | Raspberry Pi 3 | Raspberry Pi 4 | Raspberry Pi 5 |
|----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **CPU** | 1.2GHz Quad-Core ARM Cortex-A53 | 1.5GHz Quad-core 64-bit ARM Cortex-A72 | 2.4GHz Quad-core 64-bit Arm Cortex-A76 |
| **RAM** | 1GB LPDDR2 | 2GB, 4GB or 8GB LPDDR4 | *Details not yet available* |
| **USB Ports** | 4 x USB 2.0 | 2 x USB 2.0, 2 x USB 3.0 | 2 x USB 3.0, 2 x USB 2.0 |
| **Network** | Ethernet & Wi-Fi 802.11n | Gigabit Ethernet & Wi-Fi 802.11ac | Gigabit Ethernet with PoE+ support, Dual-band 802.11ac Wi-Fi® |
| **Performance** | Slower, may require lighter YOLO models | Faster, can run complex YOLO models | *Details not yet available* |
| **Power Requirement** | 2.5A power supply | 3.0A USB-C power supply | *Details not yet available* |
| **Official Documentation** | [Link](https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/bcm2837/README.md) | [Link](https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/bcm2711/README.md) | [Link](https://www.raspberrypi.com/news/introducing-raspberry-pi-5/) |
Please make sure to follow the instructions specific to your Raspberry Pi model to ensure a smooth setup process.
## Quick Start with YOLOv5
This section outlines how to set up YOLOv5 on a Raspberry Pi with a Pi Camera. These steps are designed to be compatible with the libcamera camera stack introduced in Raspberry Pi OS Bullseye.
### Install Necessary Packages
1. Update the Raspberry Pi:
```bash
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade -y
sudo apt-get autoremove -y
```
2. Clone the YOLOv5 repository:
```bash
cd ~
git clone https://github.com/Ultralytics/yolov5.git
```
3. Install the required dependencies:
```bash
cd ~/yolov5
pip3 install -r requirements.txt
```
4. For Raspberry Pi 3, install compatible versions of PyTorch and Torchvision (skip for Raspberry Pi 4):
```bash
pip3 uninstall torch torchvision
pip3 install torch==1.11.0 torchvision==0.12.0
```
### Modify `detect.py`
To enable TCP streams via SSH or the CLI, minor modifications are needed in `detect.py`.
1. Open `detect.py`:
```bash
sudo nano ~/yolov5/detect.py
```
2. Find and modify the `is_url` line to accept TCP streams:
```python
is_url = source.lower().startswith(('rtsp://', 'rtmp://', 'http://', 'https://', 'tcp://'))
```
3. Comment out the `view_img` line:
```python
# view_img = check_imshow(warn=True)
```
4. Save and exit:
```bash
CTRL + O -> ENTER -> CTRL + X
```
### Initiate TCP Stream with Libcamera
1. Start the TCP stream:
```bash
libcamera-vid -n -t 0 --width 1280 --height 960 --framerate 1 --inline --listen -o tcp://127.0.0.1:8888
```
Keep this terminal session running for the next steps.
### Perform YOLOv5 Inference
1. Run the YOLOv5 detection:
```bash
cd ~/yolov5
python3 detect.py --source=tcp://127.0.0.1:8888
```
## Quick Start with YOLOv8
Follow this section if you are interested in setting up YOLOv8 instead. The steps are quite similar but are tailored for YOLOv8's specific needs.
### Install Necessary Packages
1. Update the Raspberry Pi:
```bash
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade -y
sudo apt-get autoremove -y
```
2. Install the `ultralytics` Python package:
```bash
pip3 install ultralytics
```
3. Reboot:
```bash
sudo reboot
```
### Initiate TCP Stream with Libcamera
1. Start the TCP stream:
```bash
libcamera-vid -n -t 0 --width 1280 --height 960 --framerate 1 --inline --listen -o tcp://127.0.0.1:8888
```
### Perform YOLOv8 Inference
To perform inference with YOLOv8, you can use the following Python code snippet:
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt')
results = model('tcp://127.0.0.1:8888', stream=True)
while True:
for result in results:
boxes = result.boxes
probs = result.probs
```
## Next Steps
Congratulations on successfully setting up YOLO on your Raspberry Pi! For further learning and support, visit [Ultralytics](https://ultralytics.com/) and [Kashmir World Foundation](https://www.kashmirworldfoundation.org/).
## Acknowledgements and Citations
This guide was initially created by Daan Eeltink for Kashmir World Foundation, an organization dedicated to the use of YOLO for the conservation of endangered species. We acknowledge their pioneering work and educational focus in the realm of object detection technologies.
For more information about Kashmir World Foundation's activities, you can visit their [website](https://www.kashmirworldfoundation.org/).

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---
comments: true
description: Object Counting in Different Region using Ultralytics YOLOv8
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Object Counting, Object Tracking, Notebook, IPython Kernel, CLI, Python SDK
---
# Object Counting in Different Regions using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
## What is Object Counting in Regions?
[Object counting](https://docs.ultralytics.com/guides/object-counting/) in regions with [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/) involves precisely determining the number of objects within specified areas using advanced computer vision. This approach is valuable for optimizing processes, enhancing security, and improving efficiency in various applications.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/okItf1iHlV8"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Ultralytics YOLOv8 Object Counting in Multiple & Movable Regions
</p>
## Advantages of Object Counting in Regions?
- **Precision and Accuracy:** Object counting in regions with advanced computer vision ensures precise and accurate counts, minimizing errors often associated with manual counting.
- **Efficiency Improvement:** Automated object counting enhances operational efficiency, providing real-time results and streamlining processes across different applications.
- **Versatility and Application:** The versatility of object counting in regions makes it applicable across various domains, from manufacturing and surveillance to traffic monitoring, contributing to its widespread utility and effectiveness.
## Real World Applications
| Retail | Market Streets |
|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| ![People Counting in Different Region using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/5ab3bbd7-fd12-4849-928e-5f294d6c3fcf) | ![Crowd Counting in Different Region using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/e7c1aea7-474d-4d78-8d48-b50854ffe1ca) |
| People Counting in Different Region using Ultralytics YOLOv8 | Crowd Counting in Different Region using Ultralytics YOLOv8 |
## Steps to Run
### Step 1: Install Required Libraries
Begin by cloning the Ultralytics repository, installing dependencies, and navigating to the local directory using the provided commands in Step 2.
```bash
# Clone Ultralytics repo
git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics
# Navigate to the local directory
cd ultralytics/examples/YOLOv8-Region-Counter
```
### Step 2: Run Region Counting Using Ultralytics YOLOv8
Execute the following basic commands for inference.
???+ tip "Region is Movable"
During video playback, you can interactively move the region within the video by clicking and dragging using the left mouse button.
```bash
# Save results
python yolov8_region_counter.py --source "path/to/video.mp4" --save-img
# Run model on CPU
python yolov8_region_counter.py --source "path/to/video.mp4" --device cpu
# Change model file
python yolov8_region_counter.py --source "path/to/video.mp4" --weights "path/to/model.pt"
# Detect specific classes (e.g., first and third classes)
python yolov8_region_counter.py --source "path/to/video.mp4" --classes 0 2
# View results without saving
python yolov8_region_counter.py --source "path/to/video.mp4" --view-img
```
### Optional Arguments
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|----------------------|--------|--------------|--------------------------------------------|
| `--source` | `str` | `None` | Path to video file, for webcam 0 |
| `--line_thickness` | `int` | `2` | Bounding Box thickness |
| `--save-img` | `bool` | `False` | Save the predicted video/image |
| `--weights` | `str` | `yolov8n.pt` | Weights file path |
| `--classes` | `list` | `None` | Detect specific classes i.e. --classes 0 2 |
| `--region-thickness` | `int` | `2` | Region Box thickness |
| `--track-thickness` | `int` | `2` | Tracking line thickness |

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---
comments: true
description: A comprehensive guide on how to use YOLOv8 with SAHI for standard and sliced inference in object detection tasks.
keywords: YOLOv8, SAHI, Sliced Inference, Object Detection, Ultralytics, Large Scale Image Analysis, High-Resolution Imagery
---
# Ultralytics Docs: Using YOLOv8 with SAHI for Sliced Inference
Welcome to the Ultralytics documentation on how to use YOLOv8 with [SAHI](https://github.com/obss/sahi) (Slicing Aided Hyper Inference). This comprehensive guide aims to furnish you with all the essential knowledge you'll need to implement SAHI alongside YOLOv8. We'll deep-dive into what SAHI is, why sliced inference is critical for large-scale applications, and how to integrate these functionalities with YOLOv8 for enhanced object detection performance.
<p align="center">
<img width="1024" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/obss/sahi/main/resources/sliced_inference.gif" alt="SAHI Sliced Inference Overview">
</p>
## Introduction to SAHI
SAHI (Slicing Aided Hyper Inference) is an innovative library designed to optimize object detection algorithms for large-scale and high-resolution imagery. Its core functionality lies in partitioning images into manageable slices, running object detection on each slice, and then stitching the results back together. SAHI is compatible with a range of object detection models, including the YOLO series, thereby offering flexibility while ensuring optimized use of computational resources.
### Key Features of SAHI
- **Seamless Integration**: SAHI integrates effortlessly with YOLO models, meaning you can start slicing and detecting without a lot of code modification.
- **Resource Efficiency**: By breaking down large images into smaller parts, SAHI optimizes the memory usage, allowing you to run high-quality detection on hardware with limited resources.
- **High Accuracy**: SAHI maintains the detection accuracy by employing smart algorithms to merge overlapping detection boxes during the stitching process.
## What is Sliced Inference?
Sliced Inference refers to the practice of subdividing a large or high-resolution image into smaller segments (slices), conducting object detection on these slices, and then recompiling the slices to reconstruct the object locations on the original image. This technique is invaluable in scenarios where computational resources are limited or when working with extremely high-resolution images that could otherwise lead to memory issues.
### Benefits of Sliced Inference
- **Reduced Computational Burden**: Smaller image slices are faster to process, and they consume less memory, enabling smoother operation on lower-end hardware.
- **Preserved Detection Quality**: Since each slice is treated independently, there is no reduction in the quality of object detection, provided the slices are large enough to capture the objects of interest.
- **Enhanced Scalability**: The technique allows for object detection to be more easily scaled across different sizes and resolutions of images, making it ideal for a wide range of applications from satellite imagery to medical diagnostics.
<table border="0">
<tr>
<th>YOLOv8 without SAHI</th>
<th>YOLOv8 with SAHI</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/266123241-260a9740-5998-4e9a-ad04-b39b7767e731.png" alt="YOLOv8 without SAHI" width="640"></td>
<td><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/266123245-55f696ad-ec74-4e71-9155-c211d693bb69.png" alt="YOLOv8 with SAHI" width="640"></td>
</tr>
</table>
## Installation and Preparation
### Installation
To get started, install the latest versions of SAHI and Ultralytics:
```bash
pip install -U ultralytics sahi
```
### Import Modules and Download Resources
Here's how to import the necessary modules and download a YOLOv8 model and some test images:
```python
from sahi.utils.yolov8 import download_yolov8s_model
from sahi import AutoDetectionModel
from sahi.utils.cv import read_image
from sahi.utils.file import download_from_url
from sahi.predict import get_prediction, get_sliced_prediction, predict
from pathlib import Path
from IPython.display import Image
# Download YOLOv8 model
yolov8_model_path = "models/yolov8s.pt"
download_yolov8s_model(yolov8_model_path)
# Download test images
download_from_url('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/obss/sahi/main/demo/demo_data/small-vehicles1.jpeg', 'demo_data/small-vehicles1.jpeg')
download_from_url('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/obss/sahi/main/demo/demo_data/terrain2.png', 'demo_data/terrain2.png')
```
## Standard Inference with YOLOv8
### Instantiate the Model
You can instantiate a YOLOv8 model for object detection like this:
```python
detection_model = AutoDetectionModel.from_pretrained(
model_type='yolov8',
model_path=yolov8_model_path,
confidence_threshold=0.3,
device="cpu", # or 'cuda:0'
)
```
### Perform Standard Prediction
Perform standard inference using an image path or a numpy image.
```python
# With an image path
result = get_prediction("demo_data/small-vehicles1.jpeg", detection_model)
# With a numpy image
result = get_prediction(read_image("demo_data/small-vehicles1.jpeg"), detection_model)
```
### Visualize Results
Export and visualize the predicted bounding boxes and masks:
```python
result.export_visuals(export_dir="demo_data/")
Image("demo_data/prediction_visual.png")
```
## Sliced Inference with YOLOv8
Perform sliced inference by specifying the slice dimensions and overlap ratios:
```python
result = get_sliced_prediction(
"demo_data/small-vehicles1.jpeg",
detection_model,
slice_height=256,
slice_width=256,
overlap_height_ratio=0.2,
overlap_width_ratio=0.2
)
```
## Handling Prediction Results
SAHI provides a `PredictionResult` object, which can be converted into various annotation formats:
```python
# Access the object prediction list
object_prediction_list = result.object_prediction_list
# Convert to COCO annotation, COCO prediction, imantics, and fiftyone formats
result.to_coco_annotations()[:3]
result.to_coco_predictions(image_id=1)[:3]
result.to_imantics_annotations()[:3]
result.to_fiftyone_detections()[:3]
```
## Batch Prediction
For batch prediction on a directory of images:
```python
predict(
model_type="yolov8",
model_path="path/to/yolov8n.pt",
model_device="cpu", # or 'cuda:0'
model_confidence_threshold=0.4,
source="path/to/dir",
slice_height=256,
slice_width=256,
overlap_height_ratio=0.2,
overlap_width_ratio=0.2,
)
```
That's it! Now you're equipped to use YOLOv8 with SAHI for both standard and sliced inference.
## Citations and Acknowledgments
If you use SAHI in your research or development work, please cite the original SAHI paper and acknowledge the authors:
!!! Quote ""
=== "BibTeX"
```bibtex
@article{akyon2022sahi,
title={Slicing Aided Hyper Inference and Fine-tuning for Small Object Detection},
author={Akyon, Fatih Cagatay and Altinuc, Sinan Onur and Temizel, Alptekin},
journal={2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)},
doi={10.1109/ICIP46576.2022.9897990},
pages={966-970},
year={2022}
}
```
We extend our thanks to the SAHI research group for creating and maintaining this invaluable resource for the computer vision community. For more information about SAHI and its creators, visit the [SAHI GitHub repository](https://github.com/obss/sahi).

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---
comments: true
description: Security Alarm System Project Using Ultralytics YOLOv8. Learn How to implement a Security Alarm System Using ultralytics YOLOv8
keywords: Object Detection, Security Alarm, Object Tracking, YOLOv8, Computer Vision Projects
---
# Security Alarm System Project Using Ultralytics YOLOv8
<img src="https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/f4e4a613-fb25-4bd0-9ec5-78352ddb62bd" alt="Security Alarm System">
The Security Alarm System Project utilizing Ultralytics YOLOv8 integrates advanced computer vision capabilities to enhance security measures. YOLOv8, developed by Ultralytics, provides real-time object detection, allowing the system to identify and respond to potential security threats promptly. This project offers several advantages:
- **Real-time Detection:** YOLOv8's efficiency enables the Security Alarm System to detect and respond to security incidents in real-time, minimizing response time.
- **Accuracy:** YOLOv8 is known for its accuracy in object detection, reducing false positives and enhancing the reliability of the security alarm system.
- **Integration Capabilities:** The project can be seamlessly integrated with existing security infrastructure, providing an upgraded layer of intelligent surveillance.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_1CmwUzoxY4"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Security Alarm System Project with Ultralytics YOLOv8 Object Detection
</p>
### Code
#### Import Libraries
```python
import torch
import numpy as np
import cv2
from time import time
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.utils.plotting import Annotator, colors
import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
```
#### Set up the parameters of the message
???+ tip "Note"
App Password Generation is necessary
- Navigate to [App Password Generator](https://myaccount.google.com/apppasswords), designate an app name such as "security project," and obtain a 16-digit password. Copy this password and paste it into the designated password field as instructed.
```python
password = ""
from_email = "" # must match the email used to generate the password
to_email = "" # receiver email
```
#### Server creation and authentication
```python
server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com: 587')
server.starttls()
server.login(from_email, password)
```
#### Email Send Function
```python
def send_email(to_email, from_email, object_detected=1):
message = MIMEMultipart()
message['From'] = from_email
message['To'] = to_email
message['Subject'] = "Security Alert"
# Add in the message body
message_body = f'ALERT - {object_detected} objects has been detected!!'
message.attach(MIMEText(message_body, 'plain'))
server.sendmail(from_email, to_email, message.as_string())
```
#### Object Detection and Alert Sender
```python
class ObjectDetection:
def __init__(self, capture_index):
# default parameters
self.capture_index = capture_index
self.email_sent = False
# model information
self.model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
# visual information
self.annotator = None
self.start_time = 0
self.end_time = 0
# device information
self.device = 'cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
def predict(self, im0):
results = self.model(im0)
return results
def display_fps(self, im0):
self.end_time = time()
fps = 1 / np.round(self.end_time - self.start_time, 2)
text = f'FPS: {int(fps)}'
text_size = cv2.getTextSize(text, cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, 2)[0]
gap = 10
cv2.rectangle(im0, (20 - gap, 70 - text_size[1] - gap), (20 + text_size[0] + gap, 70 + gap), (255, 255, 255), -1)
cv2.putText(im0, text, (20, 70), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (0, 0, 0), 2)
def plot_bboxes(self, results, im0):
class_ids = []
self.annotator = Annotator(im0, 3, results[0].names)
boxes = results[0].boxes.xyxy.cpu()
clss = results[0].boxes.cls.cpu().tolist()
names = results[0].names
for box, cls in zip(boxes, clss):
class_ids.append(cls)
self.annotator.box_label(box, label=names[int(cls)], color=colors(int(cls), True))
return im0, class_ids
def __call__(self):
cap = cv2.VideoCapture(self.capture_index)
assert cap.isOpened()
cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, 640)
cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, 480)
frame_count = 0
while True:
self.start_time = time()
ret, im0 = cap.read()
assert ret
results = self.predict(im0)
im0, class_ids = self.plot_bboxes(results, im0)
if len(class_ids) > 0: # Only send email If not sent before
if not self.email_sent:
send_email(to_email, from_email, len(class_ids))
self.email_sent = True
else:
self.email_sent = False
self.display_fps(im0)
cv2.imshow('YOLOv8 Detection', im0)
frame_count += 1
if cv2.waitKey(5) & 0xFF == 27:
break
cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
server.quit()
```
#### Call the Object Detection class and Run the Inference
```python
detector = ObjectDetection(capture_index=0)
detector()
```
That's it! When you execute the code, you'll receive a single notification on your email if any object is detected. The notification is sent immediately, not repeatedly. However, feel free to customize the code to suit your project requirements.
#### Email Received Sample
<img width="256" src="https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/db79ccc6-aabd-4566-a825-b34e679c90f9" alt="Email Received Sample">

110
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@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
---
comments: true
description: Speed Estimation Using Ultralytics YOLOv8
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Speed Estimation, Object Tracking, Notebook, IPython Kernel, CLI, Python SDK
---
# Speed Estimation using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
## What is Speed Estimation?
Speed estimation is the process of calculating the rate of movement of an object within a given context, often employed in computer vision applications. Using [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/) you can now calculate the speed of object using [object tracking](https://docs.ultralytics.com/modes/track/) alongside distance and time data, crucial for tasks like traffic and surveillance. The accuracy of speed estimation directly influences the efficiency and reliability of various applications, making it a key component in the advancement of intelligent systems and real-time decision-making processes.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rCggzXRRSRo"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Speed Estimation using Ultralytics YOLOv8
</p>
## Advantages of Speed Estimation?
- **Efficient Traffic Control:** Accurate speed estimation aids in managing traffic flow, enhancing safety, and reducing congestion on roadways.
- **Precise Autonomous Navigation:** In autonomous systems like self-driving cars, reliable speed estimation ensures safe and accurate vehicle navigation.
- **Enhanced Surveillance Security:** Speed estimation in surveillance analytics helps identify unusual behaviors or potential threats, improving the effectiveness of security measures.
## Real World Applications
| Transportation | Transportation |
|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| ![Speed Estimation on Road using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/c8a0fd4a-d394-436d-8de3-d5b754755fc7) | ![Speed Estimation on Bridge using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/cee10e02-b268-4304-b73a-5b9cb42da669) |
| Speed Estimation on Road using Ultralytics YOLOv8 | Speed Estimation on Bridge using Ultralytics YOLOv8 |
!!! Example "Speed Estimation using YOLOv8 Example"
=== "Speed Estimation"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import speed_estimation
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
names = model.model.names
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
# Video writer
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("speed_estimation.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
line_pts = [(0, 360), (1280, 360)]
# Init speed-estimation obj
speed_obj = speed_estimation.SpeedEstimator()
speed_obj.set_args(reg_pts=line_pts,
names=names,
view_img=True)
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
tracks = model.track(im0, persist=True, show=False)
im0 = speed_obj.estimate_speed(im0, tracks)
video_writer.write(im0)
cap.release()
video_writer.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
???+ warning "Speed is Estimate"
Speed will be an estimate and may not be completely accurate. Additionally, the estimation can vary depending on GPU speed.
### Optional Arguments `set_args`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| `reg_pts` | `list` | `[(20, 400), (1260, 400)]` | Points defining the Region Area |
| `names` | `dict` | `None` | Classes names |
| `view_img` | `bool` | `False` | Display frames with counts |
| `line_thickness` | `int` | `2` | Increase bounding boxes thickness |
| `region_thickness` | `int` | `5` | Thickness for object counter region or line |
| `spdl_dist_thresh` | `int` | `10` | Euclidean Distance threshold for speed check line |
### Arguments `model.track`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------|---------|----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| `source` | `im0` | `None` | source directory for images or videos |
| `persist` | `bool` | `False` | persisting tracks between frames |
| `tracker` | `str` | `botsort.yaml` | Tracking method 'bytetrack' or 'botsort' |
| `conf` | `float` | `0.3` | Confidence Threshold |
| `iou` | `float` | `0.5` | IOU Threshold |
| `classes` | `list` | `None` | filter results by class, i.e. classes=0, or classes=[0,2,3] |
| `verbose` | `bool` | `True` | Display the object tracking results |

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---
comments: true
description: A step-by-step guide on integrating Ultralytics YOLOv8 with Triton Inference Server for scalable and high-performance deep learning inference deployments.
keywords: YOLOv8, Triton Inference Server, ONNX, Deep Learning Deployment, Scalable Inference, Ultralytics, NVIDIA, Object Detection, Cloud Inference
---
# Triton Inference Server with Ultralytics YOLOv8
The [Triton Inference Server](https://developer.nvidia.com/nvidia-triton-inference-server) (formerly known as TensorRT Inference Server) is an open-source software solution developed by NVIDIA. It provides a cloud inference solution optimized for NVIDIA GPUs. Triton simplifies the deployment of AI models at scale in production. Integrating Ultralytics YOLOv8 with Triton Inference Server allows you to deploy scalable, high-performance deep learning inference workloads. This guide provides steps to set up and test the integration.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NQDtfSi5QF4"
title="Getting Started with NVIDIA Triton Inference Server" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Getting Started with NVIDIA Triton Inference Server.
</p>
## What is Triton Inference Server?
Triton Inference Server is designed to deploy a variety of AI models in production. It supports a wide range of deep learning and machine learning frameworks, including TensorFlow, PyTorch, ONNX Runtime, and many others. Its primary use cases are:
- Serving multiple models from a single server instance.
- Dynamic model loading and unloading without server restart.
- Ensemble inference, allowing multiple models to be used together to achieve results.
- Model versioning for A/B testing and rolling updates.
## Prerequisites
Ensure you have the following prerequisites before proceeding:
- Docker installed on your machine.
- Install `tritonclient`:
```bash
pip install tritonclient[all]
```
## Exporting YOLOv8 to ONNX Format
Before deploying the model on Triton, it must be exported to the ONNX format. ONNX (Open Neural Network Exchange) is a format that allows models to be transferred between different deep learning frameworks. Use the `export` function from the `YOLO` class:
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load a model
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt') # load an official model
# Export the model
onnx_file = model.export(format='onnx', dynamic=True)
```
## Setting Up Triton Model Repository
The Triton Model Repository is a storage location where Triton can access and load models.
1. Create the necessary directory structure:
```python
from pathlib import Path
# Define paths
triton_repo_path = Path('tmp') / 'triton_repo'
triton_model_path = triton_repo_path / 'yolo'
# Create directories
(triton_model_path / '1').mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
```
2. Move the exported ONNX model to the Triton repository:
```python
from pathlib import Path
# Move ONNX model to Triton Model path
Path(onnx_file).rename(triton_model_path / '1' / 'model.onnx')
# Create config file
(triton_model_path / 'config.pbtxt').touch()
```
## Running Triton Inference Server
Run the Triton Inference Server using Docker:
```python
import subprocess
import time
from tritonclient.http import InferenceServerClient
# Define image https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/containers/tritonserver
tag = 'nvcr.io/nvidia/tritonserver:23.09-py3' # 6.4 GB
# Pull the image
subprocess.call(f'docker pull {tag}', shell=True)
# Run the Triton server and capture the container ID
container_id = subprocess.check_output(
f'docker run -d --rm -v {triton_repo_path}:/models -p 8000:8000 {tag} tritonserver --model-repository=/models',
shell=True).decode('utf-8').strip()
# Wait for the Triton server to start
triton_client = InferenceServerClient(url='localhost:8000', verbose=False, ssl=False)
# Wait until model is ready
for _ in range(10):
with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
assert triton_client.is_model_ready(model_name)
break
time.sleep(1)
```
Then run inference using the Triton Server model:
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load the Triton Server model
model = YOLO(f'http://localhost:8000/yolo', task='detect')
# Run inference on the server
results = model('path/to/image.jpg')
```
Cleanup the container:
```python
# Kill and remove the container at the end of the test
subprocess.call(f'docker kill {container_id}', shell=True)
```
---
By following the above steps, you can deploy and run Ultralytics YOLOv8 models efficiently on Triton Inference Server, providing a scalable and high-performance solution for deep learning inference tasks. If you face any issues or have further queries, refer to the [official Triton documentation](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/triton-inference-server/user-guide/docs/index.html) or reach out to the Ultralytics community for support.

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how to view image results inside a compatible VSCode terminal.
keywords: YOLOv8, VSCode, Terminal, Remote Development, Ultralytics, SSH, Object Detection, Inference, Results, Remote Tunnel, Images, Helpful, Productivity Hack
---
# Viewing Inference Results in a Terminal
<p align="center">
<img width="800" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/saitoha/libsixel/data/data/sixel.gif" alt="Sixel example of image in Terminal">
</p>
Image from the [libsixel](https://saitoha.github.io/libsixel/) website.
## Motivation
When connecting to a remote machine, normally visualizing image results is not possible or requires moving data to a local device with a GUI. The VSCode integrated terminal allows for directly rendering images. This is a short demonstration on how to use this in conjunction with `ultralytics` with [prediction results](../modes/predict.md).
!!! warning
Only compatible with Linux and MacOS. Check the VSCode [repository](https://github.com/microsoft/vscode), check [Issue status](https://github.com/microsoft/vscode/issues/198622), or [documentation](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs) for updates about Windows support to view images in terminal with `sixel`.
The VSCode compatible protocols for viewing images using the integrated terminal are [`sixel`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixel) and [`iTerm`](https://iterm2.com/documentation-images.html). This guide will demonstrate use of the `sixel` protocol.
## Process
1. First, you must enable settings `terminal.integrated.enableImages` and `terminal.integrated.gpuAcceleration` in VSCode.
```yaml
"terminal.integrated.gpuAcceleration": "auto" # "auto" is default, can also use "on"
"terminal.integrated.enableImages": false
```
<p align="center">
<img width="800" src="https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/d158ab1c-893c-4397-a5de-2f9f74f81175" alt="VSCode enable terminal images setting">
</p>
1. Install the `python-sixel` library in your virtual environment. This is a [fork](https://github.com/lubosz/python-sixel?tab=readme-ov-file) of the `PySixel` library, which is no longer maintained.
```bash
pip install sixel
```
1. Import the relevant libraries
```py
import io
import cv2 as cv
from ultralytics import YOLO
from sixel import SixelWriter
```
1. Load a model and execute inference, then plot the results and store in a variable. See more about inference arguments and working with results on the [predict mode](../modes/predict.md) page.
```{ .py .annotate }
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load a model
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
# Run inference on an image
results = model.predict(source="ultralytics/assets/bus.jpg")
# Plot inference results
plot = results[0].plot() #(1)!
```
1. See [plot method parameters](../modes/predict.md#plot-method-parameters) to see possible arguments to use.
1. Now, use OpenCV to convert the `numpy.ndarray` to `bytes` data. Then use `io.BytesIO` to make a "file-like" object.
```{ .py .annotate }
# Results image as bytes
im_bytes = cv.imencode(
".png", #(1)!
plot,
)[1].tobytes() #(2)!
# Image bytes as a file-like object
mem_file = io.BytesIO(im_bytes)
```
1. It's possible to use other image extensions as well.
2. Only the object at index `1` that is returned is needed.
1. Create a `SixelWriter` instance, and then use the `.draw()` method to draw the image in the terminal.
```py
# Create sixel writer object
w = SixelWriter()
# Draw the sixel image in the terminal
w.draw(mem_file)
```
## Example Inference Results
<p align="center">
<img width="800" src="https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/6743ab64-300d-4429-bdce-e246455f7b68" alt="View Image in Terminal">
</p>
!!! danger
Using this example with videos or animated GIF frames has **not** been tested. Attempt at your own risk.
## Full Code Example
```{ .py .annotate }
import io
import cv2 as cv
from ultralytics import YOLO
from sixel import SixelWriter
# Load a model
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
# Run inference on an image
results = model.predict(source="ultralytics/assets/bus.jpg")
# Plot inference results
plot = results[0].plot() #(3)!
# Results image as bytes
im_bytes = cv.imencode(
".png", #(1)!
plot,
)[1].tobytes() #(2)!
mem_file = io.BytesIO(im_bytes)
w = SixelWriter()
w.draw(mem_file)
```
1. It's possible to use other image extensions as well.
2. Only the object at index `1` that is returned is needed.
3. See [plot method parameters](../modes/predict.md#plot-method-parameters) to see possible arguments to use.
---
!!! tip
You may need to use `clear` to "erase" the view of the image in the terminal.

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---
comments: true
description: VisionEye View Object Mapping using Ultralytics YOLOv8
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Object Tracking, IDetection, VisionEye, Computer Vision, Notebook, IPython Kernel, CLI, Python SDK
---
# VisionEye View Object Mapping using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
## What is VisionEye Object Mapping?
[Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/) VisionEye offers the capability for computers to identify and pinpoint objects, simulating the observational precision of the human eye. This functionality enables computers to discern and focus on specific objects, much like the way the human eye observes details from a particular viewpoint.
## Samples
| VisionEye View | VisionEye View With Object Tracking | VisionEye View With Distance Calculation |
|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| ![VisionEye View Object Mapping using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/7d593acc-2e37-41b0-ad0e-92b4ffae6647) | ![VisionEye View Object Mapping with Object Tracking using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/fcd85952-390f-451e-8fb0-b82e943af89c) | ![VisionEye View with Distance Calculation using Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/RizwanMunawar/assets/62513924/18c4dafe-a22e-4fa9-a7d4-2bb293562a95) |
| VisionEye View Object Mapping using Ultralytics YOLOv8 | VisionEye View Object Mapping with Object Tracking using Ultralytics YOLOv8 | VisionEye View with Distance Calculation using Ultralytics YOLOv8 |
!!! Example "VisionEye Object Mapping using YOLOv8"
=== "VisionEye Object Mapping"
```python
import cv2
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.utils.plotting import colors, Annotator
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
names = model.model.names
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
out = cv2.VideoWriter('visioneye-pinpoint.avi', cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'MJPG'), fps, (w, h))
center_point = (-10, h)
while True:
ret, im0 = cap.read()
if not ret:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
results = model.predict(im0)
boxes = results[0].boxes.xyxy.cpu()
clss = results[0].boxes.cls.cpu().tolist()
annotator = Annotator(im0, line_width=2)
for box, cls in zip(boxes, clss):
annotator.box_label(box, label=names[int(cls)], color=colors(int(cls)))
annotator.visioneye(box, center_point)
out.write(im0)
cv2.imshow("visioneye-pinpoint", im0)
if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break
out.release()
cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "VisionEye Object Mapping with Object Tracking"
```python
import cv2
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.utils.plotting import colors, Annotator
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
out = cv2.VideoWriter('visioneye-pinpoint.avi', cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'MJPG'), fps, (w, h))
center_point = (-10, h)
while True:
ret, im0 = cap.read()
if not ret:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
annotator = Annotator(im0, line_width=2)
results = model.track(im0, persist=True)
boxes = results[0].boxes.xyxy.cpu()
if results[0].boxes.id is not None:
track_ids = results[0].boxes.id.int().cpu().tolist()
for box, track_id in zip(boxes, track_ids):
annotator.box_label(box, label=str(track_id), color=colors(int(track_id)))
annotator.visioneye(box, center_point)
out.write(im0)
cv2.imshow("visioneye-pinpoint", im0)
if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break
out.release()
cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "VisionEye with Distance Calculation"
```python
import cv2
import math
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.utils.plotting import Annotator, colors
model = YOLO("yolov8s.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("Path/to/video/file.mp4")
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
out = cv2.VideoWriter('visioneye-distance-calculation.avi', cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'MJPG'), fps, (w, h))
center_point = (0, h)
pixel_per_meter = 10
txt_color, txt_background, bbox_clr = ((0, 0, 0), (255, 255, 255), (255, 0, 255))
while True:
ret, im0 = cap.read()
if not ret:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
annotator = Annotator(im0, line_width=2)
results = model.track(im0, persist=True)
boxes = results[0].boxes.xyxy.cpu()
if results[0].boxes.id is not None:
track_ids = results[0].boxes.id.int().cpu().tolist()
for box, track_id in zip(boxes, track_ids):
annotator.box_label(box, label=str(track_id), color=bbox_clr)
annotator.visioneye(box, center_point)
x1, y1 = int((box[0] + box[2]) // 2), int((box[1] + box[3]) // 2) # Bounding box centroid
distance = (math.sqrt((x1 - center_point[0]) ** 2 + (y1 - center_point[1]) ** 2))/pixel_per_meter
text_size, _ = cv2.getTextSize(f"Distance: {distance:.2f} m", cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,1.2, 3)
cv2.rectangle(im0, (x1, y1 - text_size[1] - 10),(x1 + text_size[0] + 10, y1), txt_background, -1)
cv2.putText(im0, f"Distance: {distance:.2f} m",(x1, y1 - 5), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.2,txt_color, 3)
out.write(im0)
cv2.imshow("visioneye-distance-calculation", im0)
if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break
out.release()
cap.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
### `visioneye` Arguments
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|---------------|---------|------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| `color` | `tuple` | `(235, 219, 11)` | Line and object centroid color |
| `pin_color` | `tuple` | `(255, 0, 255)` | VisionEye pinpoint color |
| `thickness` | `int` | `2` | pinpoint to object line thickness |
| `pins_radius` | `int` | `10` | Pinpoint and object centroid point circle radius |
## Note
For any inquiries, feel free to post your questions in the [Ultralytics Issue Section](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/issues/new/choose) or the discussion section mentioned below.

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---
comments: true
description: Workouts Monitoring Using Ultralytics YOLOv8
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Pose Estimation, PushUps, PullUps, Ab workouts, Notebook, IPython Kernel, CLI, Python SDK
---
# Workouts Monitoring using Ultralytics YOLOv8 🚀
Monitoring workouts through pose estimation with [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/) enhances exercise assessment by accurately tracking key body landmarks and joints in real-time. This technology provides instant feedback on exercise form, tracks workout routines, and measures performance metrics, optimizing training sessions for users and trainers alike.
## Advantages of Workouts Monitoring?
- **Optimized Performance:** Tailoring workouts based on monitoring data for better results.
- **Goal Achievement:** Track and adjust fitness goals for measurable progress.
- **Personalization:** Customized workout plans based on individual data for effectiveness.
- **Health Awareness:** Early detection of patterns indicating health issues or over-training.
- **Informed Decisions:** Data-driven decisions for adjusting routines and setting realistic goals.
## Real World Applications
| Workouts Monitoring | Workouts Monitoring |
|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| ![PushUps Counting](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/cf016a41-589f-420f-8a8c-2cc8174a16de) | ![PullUps Counting](https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/cb20f316-fac2-4330-8445-dcf5ffebe329) |
| PushUps Counting | PullUps Counting |
!!! Example "Workouts Monitoring Example"
=== "Workouts Monitoring"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import ai_gym
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n-pose.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
gym_object = ai_gym.AIGym() # init AI GYM module
gym_object.set_args(line_thickness=2,
view_img=True,
pose_type="pushup",
kpts_to_check=[6, 8, 10])
frame_count = 0
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
frame_count += 1
results = model.track(im0, verbose=False) # Tracking recommended
#results = model.predict(im0) # Prediction also supported
im0 = gym_object.start_counting(im0, results, frame_count)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
```
=== "Workouts Monitoring with Save Output"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
from ultralytics.solutions import ai_gym
import cv2
model = YOLO("yolov8n-pose.pt")
cap = cv2.VideoCapture("path/to/video/file.mp4")
assert cap.isOpened(), "Error reading video file"
w, h, fps = (int(cap.get(x)) for x in (cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT, cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter("workouts.avi",
cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v'),
fps,
(w, h))
gym_object = ai_gym.AIGym() # init AI GYM module
gym_object.set_args(line_thickness=2,
view_img=True,
pose_type="pushup",
kpts_to_check=[6, 8, 10])
frame_count = 0
while cap.isOpened():
success, im0 = cap.read()
if not success:
print("Video frame is empty or video processing has been successfully completed.")
break
frame_count += 1
results = model.track(im0, verbose=False) # Tracking recommended
#results = model.predict(im0) # Prediction also supported
im0 = gym_object.start_counting(im0, results, frame_count)
video_writer.write(im0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
video_writer.release()
```
???+ tip "Support"
"pushup", "pullup" and "abworkout" supported
### KeyPoints Map
![keyPoints Order Ultralytics YOLOv8 Pose](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62513924/f45d8315-b59f-47b7-b9c8-c61af1ce865b)
### Arguments `set_args`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-------------------|--------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `kpts_to_check` | `list` | `None` | List of three keypoints index, for counting specific workout, followed by keypoint Map |
| `view_img` | `bool` | `False` | Display the frame with counts |
| `line_thickness` | `int` | `2` | Increase the thickness of count value |
| `pose_type` | `str` | `pushup` | Pose that need to be monitored, `pullup` and `abworkout` also supported |
| `pose_up_angle` | `int` | `145` | Pose Up Angle value |
| `pose_down_angle` | `int` | `90` | Pose Down Angle value |
### Arguments `model.predict`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------------|----------------|------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `source` | `str` | `'ultralytics/assets'` | source directory for images or videos |
| `conf` | `float` | `0.25` | object confidence threshold for detection |
| `iou` | `float` | `0.7` | intersection over union (IoU) threshold for NMS |
| `imgsz` | `int or tuple` | `640` | image size as scalar or (h, w) list, i.e. (640, 480) |
| `half` | `bool` | `False` | use half precision (FP16) |
| `device` | `None or str` | `None` | device to run on, i.e. cuda device=0/1/2/3 or device=cpu |
| `max_det` | `int` | `300` | maximum number of detections per image |
| `vid_stride` | `bool` | `False` | video frame-rate stride |
| `stream_buffer` | `bool` | `False` | buffer all streaming frames (True) or return the most recent frame (False) |
| `visualize` | `bool` | `False` | visualize model features |
| `augment` | `bool` | `False` | apply image augmentation to prediction sources |
| `agnostic_nms` | `bool` | `False` | class-agnostic NMS |
| `classes` | `list[int]` | `None` | filter results by class, i.e. classes=0, or classes=[0,2,3] |
| `retina_masks` | `bool` | `False` | use high-resolution segmentation masks |
| `embed` | `list[int]` | `None` | return feature vectors/embeddings from given layers |
### Arguments `model.track`
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|-----------|---------|----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| `source` | `im0` | `None` | source directory for images or videos |
| `persist` | `bool` | `False` | persisting tracks between frames |
| `tracker` | `str` | `botsort.yaml` | Tracking method 'bytetrack' or 'botsort' |
| `conf` | `float` | `0.3` | Confidence Threshold |
| `iou` | `float` | `0.5` | IOU Threshold |
| `classes` | `list` | `None` | filter results by class, i.e. classes=0, or classes=[0,2,3] |
| `verbose` | `bool` | `True` | Display the object tracking results |

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---
comments: true
description: A comprehensive guide to troubleshooting common issues encountered while working with YOLOv8 in the Ultralytics ecosystem.
keywords: Troubleshooting, Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Installation Errors, Training Data, Model Performance, Hyperparameter Tuning, Deployment
---
# Troubleshooting Common YOLO Issues
<p align="center">
<img width="800" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/273067258-7c1b9aee-b4e8-43b5-befd-588d4f0bd361.png" alt="YOLO Common Issues Image">
</p>
## Introduction
This guide serves as a comprehensive aid for troubleshooting common issues encountered while working with YOLOv8 on your Ultralytics projects. Navigating through these issues can be a breeze with the right guidance, ensuring your projects remain on track without unnecessary delays.
## Common Issues
### Installation Errors
Installation errors can arise due to various reasons, such as incompatible versions, missing dependencies, or incorrect environment setups. First, check to make sure you are doing the following:
- You're using Python 3.8 or later as recommended.
- Ensure that you have the correct version of PyTorch (1.8 or later) installed.
- Consider using virtual environments to avoid conflicts.
- Follow the [official installation guide](../quickstart.md) step by step.
Additionally, here are some common installation issues users have encountered, along with their respective solutions:
- Import Errors or Dependency Issues - If you're getting errors during the import of YOLOv8, or you're having issues related to dependencies, consider the following troubleshooting steps:
- **Fresh Installation**: Sometimes, starting with a fresh installation can resolve unexpected issues. Especially with libraries like Ultralytics, where updates might introduce changes to the file tree structure or functionalities.
- **Update Regularly**: Ensure you're using the latest version of the library. Older versions might not be compatible with recent updates, leading to potential conflicts or issues.
- **Check Dependencies**: Verify that all required dependencies are correctly installed and are of the compatible versions.
- **Review Changes**: If you initially cloned or installed an older version, be aware that significant updates might affect the library's structure or functionalities. Always refer to the official documentation or changelogs to understand any major changes.
- Remember, keeping your libraries and dependencies up-to-date is crucial for a smooth and error-free experience.
- Running YOLOv8 on GPU - If you're having trouble running YOLOv8 on GPU, consider the following troubleshooting steps:
- **Verify CUDA Compatibility and Installation**: Ensure your GPU is CUDA compatible and that CUDA is correctly installed. Use the `nvidia-smi` command to check the status of your NVIDIA GPU and CUDA version.
- **Check PyTorch and CUDA Integration**: Ensure PyTorch can utilize CUDA by running `import torch; print(torch.cuda.is_available())` in a Python terminal. If it returns 'True', PyTorch is set up to use CUDA.
- **Environment Activation**: Ensure you're in the correct environment where all necessary packages are installed.
- **Update Your Packages**: Outdated packages might not be compatible with your GPU. Keep them updated.
- **Program Configuration**: Check if the program or code specifies GPU usage. In YOLOv8, this might be in the settings or configuration.
### Model Training Issues
This section will address common issues faced while training and their respective explanations and solutions.
#### Verification of Configuration Settings
**Issue**: You are unsure whether the configuration settings in the `.yaml` file are being applied correctly during model training.
**Solution**: The configuration settings in the `.yaml` file should be applied when using the `model.train()` function. To ensure that these settings are correctly applied, follow these steps:
- Confirm that the path to your `.yaml` configuration file is correct.
- Make sure you pass the path to your `.yaml` file as the `data` argument when calling `model.train()`, as shown below:
```python
model.train(data='/path/to/your/data.yaml', batch=4)
```
#### Accelerating Training with Multiple GPUs
**Issue**: Training is slow on a single GPU, and you want to speed up the process using multiple GPUs.
**Solution**: Increasing the batch size can accelerate training, but it's essential to consider GPU memory capacity. To speed up training with multiple GPUs, follow these steps:
- Ensure that you have multiple GPUs available.
- Modify your .yaml configuration file to specify the number of GPUs to use, e.g., gpus: 4.
- Increase the batch size accordingly to fully utilize the multiple GPUs without exceeding memory limits.
- Modify your training command to utilize multiple GPUs:
```python
# Adjust the batch size and other settings as needed to optimize training speed
model.train(data='/path/to/your/data.yaml', batch=32, multi_scale=True)
```
#### Continuous Monitoring Parameters
**Issue**: You want to know which parameters should be continuously monitored during training, apart from loss.
**Solution**: While loss is a crucial metric to monitor, it's also essential to track other metrics for model performance optimization. Some key metrics to monitor during training include:
- Precision
- Recall
- Mean Average Precision (mAP)
You can access these metrics from the training logs or by using tools like TensorBoard or wandb for visualization. Implementing early stopping based on these metrics can help you achieve better results.
#### Tools for Tracking Training Progress
**Issue**: You are looking for recommendations on tools to track training progress.
**Solution**: To track and visualize training progress, you can consider using the following tools:
- [TensorBoard](https://www.tensorflow.org/tensorboard): TensorBoard is a popular choice for visualizing training metrics, including loss, accuracy, and more. You can integrate it with your YOLOv8 training process.
- [Comet](https://bit.ly/yolov8-readme-comet): Comet provides an extensive toolkit for experiment tracking and comparison. It allows you to track metrics, hyperparameters, and even model weights. Integration with YOLO models is also straightforward, providing you with a complete overview of your experiment cycle.
- [Ultralytics HUB](https://hub.ultralytics.com): Ultralytics HUB offers a specialized environment for tracking YOLO models, giving you a one-stop platform to manage metrics, datasets, and even collaborate with your team. Given its tailored focus on YOLO, it offers more customized tracking options.
Each of these tools offers its own set of advantages, so you may want to consider the specific needs of your project when making a choice.
#### How to Check if Training is Happening on the GPU
**Issue**: The 'device' value in the training logs is 'null,' and you're unsure if training is happening on the GPU.
**Solution**: The 'device' value being 'null' typically means that the training process is set to automatically use an available GPU, which is the default behavior. To ensure training occurs on a specific GPU, you can manually set the 'device' value to the GPU index (e.g., '0' for the first GPU) in your .yaml configuration file:
```yaml
device: 0
```
This will explicitly assign the training process to the specified GPU. If you wish to train on the CPU, set 'device' to 'cpu'.
Keep an eye on the 'runs' folder for logs and metrics to monitor training progress effectively.
#### Key Considerations for Effective Model Training
Here are some things to keep in mind, if you are facing issues related to model training.
**Dataset Format and Labels**
- Importance: The foundation of any machine learning model lies in the quality and format of the data it is trained on.
- Recommendation: Ensure that your custom dataset and its associated labels adhere to the expected format. It's crucial to verify that annotations are accurate and of high quality. Incorrect or subpar annotations can derail the model's learning process, leading to unpredictable outcomes.
**Model Convergence**
- Importance: Achieving model convergence ensures that the model has sufficiently learned from the training data.
- Recommendation: When training a model 'from scratch', it's vital to ensure that the model reaches a satisfactory level of convergence. This might necessitate a longer training duration, with more epochs, compared to when you're fine-tuning an existing model.
**Learning Rate and Batch Size**
- Importance: These hyperparameters play a pivotal role in determining how the model updates its weights during training.
- Recommendation: Regularly evaluate if the chosen learning rate and batch size are optimal for your specific dataset. Parameters that are not in harmony with the dataset's characteristics can hinder the model's performance.
**Class Distribution**
- Importance: The distribution of classes in your dataset can influence the model's prediction tendencies.
- Recommendation: Regularly assess the distribution of classes within your dataset. If there's a class imbalance, there's a risk that the model will develop a bias towards the more prevalent class. This bias can be evident in the confusion matrix, where the model might predominantly predict the majority class.
**Cross-Check with Pretrained Weights**
- Importance: Leveraging pretrained weights can provide a solid starting point for model training, especially when data is limited.
- Recommendation: As a diagnostic step, consider training your model using the same data but initializing it with pretrained weights. If this approach yields a well-formed confusion matrix, it could suggest that the 'from scratch' model might require further training or adjustments.
### Issues Related to Model Predictions
This section will address common issues faced during model prediction.
#### Getting Bounding Box Predictions With Your YOLOv8 Custom Model
**Issue**: When running predictions with a custom YOLOv8 model, there are challenges with the format and visualization of the bounding box coordinates.
**Solution**:
- Coordinate Format: YOLOv8 provides bounding box coordinates in absolute pixel values. To convert these to relative coordinates (ranging from 0 to 1), you need to divide by the image dimensions. For example, let’s say your image size is 640x640. Then you would do the following:
```python
# Convert absolute coordinates to relative coordinates
x1 = x1 / 640 # Divide x-coordinates by image width
x2 = x2 / 640
y1 = y1 / 640 # Divide y-coordinates by image height
y2 = y2 / 640
```
- File Name: To obtain the file name of the image you're predicting on, access the image file path directly from the result object within your prediction loop.
#### Filtering Objects in YOLOv8 Predictions
**Issue**: Facing issues with how to filter and display only specific objects in the prediction results when running YOLOv8 using the Ultralytics library.
**Solution**: To detect specific classes use the classes argument to specify the classes you want to include in the output. For instance, to detect only cars (assuming 'cars' have class index 2):
```shell
yolo task=detect mode=segment model=yolov8n-seg.pt source='path/to/car.mp4' show=True classes=2
```
#### Understanding Precision Metrics in YOLOv8
**Issue**: Confusion regarding the difference between box precision, mask precision, and confusion matrix precision in YOLOv8.
**Solution**: Box precision measures the accuracy of predicted bounding boxes compared to the actual ground truth boxes using IoU (Intersection over Union) as the metric. Mask precision assesses the agreement between predicted segmentation masks and ground truth masks in pixel-wise object classification. Confusion matrix precision, on the other hand, focuses on overall classification accuracy across all classes and does not consider the geometric accuracy of predictions. It's important to note that a bounding box can be geometrically accurate (true positive) even if the class prediction is wrong, leading to differences between box precision and confusion matrix precision. These metrics evaluate distinct aspects of a model's performance, reflecting the need for different evaluation metrics in various tasks.
#### Extracting Object Dimensions in YOLOv8
**Issue**: Difficulty in retrieving the length and height of detected objects in YOLOv8, especially when multiple objects are detected in an image.
**Solution**: To retrieve the bounding box dimensions, first use the Ultralytics YOLOv8 model to predict objects in an image. Then, extract the width and height information of bounding boxes from the prediction results.
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load a pre-trained YOLOv8 model
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt')
# Specify the source image
source = 'https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg'
# Make predictions
results = model.predict(source, save=True, imgsz=320, conf=0.5)
# Extract bounding box dimensions
boxes = results[0].boxes.xywh.cpu()
for box in boxes:
x, y, w, h = box
print(f"Width of Box: {w}, Height of Box: {h}")
```
### Deployment Challenges
#### GPU Deployment Issues
**Issue:** Deploying models in a multi-GPU environment can sometimes lead to unexpected behaviors like unexpected memory usage, inconsistent results across GPUs, etc.
**Solution:** Check for default GPU initialization. Some frameworks, like PyTorch, might initialize CUDA operations on a default GPU before transitioning to the designated GPUs. To bypass unexpected default initializations, specify the GPU directly during deployment and prediction. Then, use tools to monitor GPU utilization and memory usage to identify any anomalies in real-time. Also, ensure you're using the latest version of the framework or library.
#### Model Conversion/Exporting Issues
**Issue:** During the process of converting or exporting machine learning models to different formats or platforms, users might encounter errors or unexpected behaviors.
**Solution:**
- Compatibility Check: Ensure that you are using versions of libraries and frameworks that are compatible with each other. Mismatched versions can lead to unexpected errors during conversion.
- Environment Reset: If you're using an interactive environment like Jupyter or Colab, consider restarting your environment after making significant changes or installations. A fresh start can sometimes resolve underlying issues.
- Official Documentation: Always refer to the official documentation of the tool or library you are using for conversion. It often contains specific guidelines and best practices for model exporting.
- Community Support: Check the library or framework's official repository for similar issues reported by other users. The maintainers or community might have provided solutions or workarounds in discussion threads.
- Update Regularly: Ensure that you are using the latest version of the tool or library. Developers frequently release updates that fix known bugs or improve functionality.
- Test Incrementally: Before performing a full conversion, test the process with a smaller model or dataset to identify potential issues early on.
## Community and Support
Engaging with a community of like-minded individuals can significantly enhance your experience and success in working with YOLOv8. Below are some channels and resources you may find helpful.
### Forums and Channels for Getting Help
**GitHub Issues:** The YOLOv8 repository on GitHub has an [Issues tab](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/issues) where you can ask questions, report bugs, and suggest new features. The community and maintainers are active here, and it’s a great place to get help with specific problems.
**Ultralytics Discord Server:** Ultralytics has a [Discord server](https://ultralytics.com/discord/) where you can interact with other users and the developers.
### Official Documentation and Resources
**Ultralytics YOLOv8 Docs**: The [official documentation](../index.md) provides a comprehensive overview of YOLOv8, along with guides on installation, usage, and troubleshooting.
These resources should provide a solid foundation for troubleshooting and improving your YOLOv8 projects, as well as connecting with others in the YOLOv8 community.
## Conclusion
Troubleshooting is an integral part of any development process, and being equipped with the right knowledge can significantly reduce the time and effort spent in resolving issues. This guide aimed to address the most common challenges faced by users of the YOLOv8 model within the Ultralytics ecosystem. By understanding and addressing these common issues, you can ensure smoother project progress and achieve better results with your computer vision tasks.
Remember, the Ultralytics community is a valuable resource. Engaging with fellow developers and experts can provide additional insights and solutions that might not be covered in standard documentation. Always keep learning, experimenting, and sharing your experiences to contribute to the collective knowledge of the community.
Happy troubleshooting!

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---
comments: true
description: A comprehensive guide on various performance metrics related to YOLOv8, their significance, and how to interpret them.
keywords: YOLOv8, Performance metrics, Object detection, Intersection over Union (IoU), Average Precision (AP), Mean Average Precision (mAP), Precision, Recall, Validation mode, Ultralytics
---
# Performance Metrics Deep Dive
## Introduction
Performance metrics are key tools to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of object detection models. They shed light on how effectively a model can identify and localize objects within images. Additionally, they help in understanding the model's handling of false positives and false negatives. These insights are crucial for evaluating and enhancing the model's performance. In this guide, we will explore various performance metrics associated with YOLOv8, their significance, and how to interpret them.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/q7LwPoM7tSQ"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Ultralytics YOLOv8 Performance Metrics | MAP, F1 Score, Precision, IoU & Accuracy
</p>
## Object Detection Metrics
Let’s start by discussing some metrics that are not only important to YOLOv8 but are broadly applicable across different object detection models.
- **Intersection over Union (IoU):** IoU is a measure that quantifies the overlap between a predicted bounding box and a ground truth bounding box. It plays a fundamental role in evaluating the accuracy of object localization.
- **Average Precision (AP):** AP computes the area under the precision-recall curve, providing a single value that encapsulates the model's precision and recall performance.
- **Mean Average Precision (mAP):** mAP extends the concept of AP by calculating the average AP values across multiple object classes. This is useful in multi-class object detection scenarios to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the model's performance.
- **Precision and Recall:** Precision quantifies the proportion of true positives among all positive predictions, assessing the model's capability to avoid false positives. On the other hand, Recall calculates the proportion of true positives among all actual positives, measuring the model's ability to detect all instances of a class.
- **F1 Score:** The F1 Score is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, providing a balanced assessment of a model's performance while considering both false positives and false negatives.
## How to Calculate Metrics for YOLOv8 Model
Now, we can explore [YOLOv8's Validation mode](../modes/val.md) that can be used to compute the above discussed evaluation metrics.
Using the validation mode is simple. Once you have a trained model, you can invoke the model.val() function. This function will then process the validation dataset and return a variety of performance metrics. But what do these metrics mean? And how should you interpret them?
### Interpreting the Output
Let's break down the output of the model.val() function and understand each segment of the output.
#### Class-wise Metrics
One of the sections of the output is the class-wise breakdown of performance metrics. This granular information is useful when you are trying to understand how well the model is doing for each specific class, especially in datasets with a diverse range of object categories. For each class in the dataset the following is provided:
- **Class**: This denotes the name of the object class, such as "person", "car", or "dog".
- **Images**: This metric tells you the number of images in the validation set that contain the object class.
- **Instances**: This provides the count of how many times the class appears across all images in the validation set.
- **Box(P, R, mAP50, mAP50-95)**: This metric provides insights into the model's performance in detecting objects:
- **P (Precision)**: The accuracy of the detected objects, indicating how many detections were correct.
- **R (Recall)**: The ability of the model to identify all instances of objects in the images.
- **mAP50**: Mean average precision calculated at an intersection over union (IoU) threshold of 0.50. It's a measure of the model's accuracy considering only the "easy" detections.
- **mAP50-95**: The average of the mean average precision calculated at varying IoU thresholds, ranging from 0.50 to 0.95. It gives a comprehensive view of the model's performance across different levels of detection difficulty.
#### Speed Metrics
The speed of inference can be as critical as accuracy, especially in real-time object detection scenarios. This section breaks down the time taken for various stages of the validation process, from preprocessing to post-processing.
#### COCO Metrics Evaluation
For users validating on the COCO dataset, additional metrics are calculated using the COCO evaluation script. These metrics give insights into precision and recall at different IoU thresholds and for objects of different sizes.
#### Visual Outputs
The model.val() function, apart from producing numeric metrics, also yields visual outputs that can provide a more intuitive understanding of the model's performance. Here's a breakdown of the visual outputs you can expect:
- **F1 Score Curve (`F1_curve.png`)**: This curve represents the F1 score across various thresholds. Interpreting this curve can offer insights into the model's balance between false positives and false negatives over different thresholds.
- **Precision-Recall Curve (`PR_curve.png`)**: An integral visualization for any classification problem, this curve showcases the trade-offs between precision and recall at varied thresholds. It becomes especially significant when dealing with imbalanced classes.
- **Precision Curve (`P_curve.png`)**: A graphical representation of precision values at different thresholds. This curve helps in understanding how precision varies as the threshold changes.
- **Recall Curve (`R_curve.png`)**: Correspondingly, this graph illustrates how the recall values change across different thresholds.
- **Confusion Matrix (`confusion_matrix.png`)**: The confusion matrix provides a detailed view of the outcomes, showcasing the counts of true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives for each class.
- **Normalized Confusion Matrix (`confusion_matrix_normalized.png`)**: This visualization is a normalized version of the confusion matrix. It represents the data in proportions rather than raw counts. This format makes it simpler to compare the performance across classes.
- **Validation Batch Labels (`val_batchX_labels.jpg`)**: These images depict the ground truth labels for distinct batches from the validation dataset. They provide a clear picture of what the objects are and their respective locations as per the dataset.
- **Validation Batch Predictions (`val_batchX_pred.jpg`)**: Contrasting the label images, these visuals display the predictions made by the YOLOv8 model for the respective batches. By comparing these to the label images, you can easily assess how well the model detects and classifies objects visually.
#### Results Storage
For future reference, the results are saved to a directory, typically named runs/detect/val.
## Choosing the Right Metrics
Choosing the right metrics to evaluate often depends on the specific application.
- **mAP:** Suitable for a broad assessment of model performance.
- **IoU:** Essential when precise object location is crucial.
- **Precision:** Important when minimizing false detections is a priority.
- **Recall:** Vital when it's important to detect every instance of an object.
- **F1 Score:** Useful when a balance between precision and recall is needed.
For real-time applications, speed metrics like FPS (Frames Per Second) and latency are crucial to ensure timely results.
## Interpretation of Results
It’s important to understand the metrics. Here's what some of the commonly observed lower scores might suggest:
- **Low mAP:** Indicates the model may need general refinements.
- **Low IoU:** The model might be struggling to pinpoint objects accurately. Different bounding box methods could help.
- **Low Precision:** The model may be detecting too many non-existent objects. Adjusting confidence thresholds might reduce this.
- **Low Recall:** The model could be missing real objects. Improving feature extraction or using more data might help.
- **Imbalanced F1 Score:** There's a disparity between precision and recall.
- **Class-specific AP:** Low scores here can highlight classes the model struggles with.
## Case Studies
Real-world examples can help clarify how these metrics work in practice.
### Case 1
- **Situation:** mAP and F1 Score are suboptimal, but while Recall is good, Precision isn't.
- **Interpretation & Action:** There might be too many incorrect detections. Tightening confidence thresholds could reduce these, though it might also slightly decrease recall.
### Case 2
- **Situation:** mAP and Recall are acceptable, but IoU is lacking.
- **Interpretation & Action:** The model detects objects well but might not be localizing them precisely. Refining bounding box predictions might help.
### Case 3
- **Situation:** Some classes have a much lower AP than others, even with a decent overall mAP.
- **Interpretation & Action:** These classes might be more challenging for the model. Using more data for these classes or adjusting class weights during training could be beneficial.
## Connect and Collaborate
Tapping into a community of enthusiasts and experts can amplify your journey with YOLOv8. Here are some avenues that can facilitate learning, troubleshooting, and networking.
### Engage with the Broader Community
- **GitHub Issues:** The YOLOv8 repository on GitHub has an [Issues tab](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/issues) where you can ask questions, report bugs, and suggest new features. The community and maintainers are active here, and it’s a great place to get help with specific problems.
- **Ultralytics Discord Server:** Ultralytics has a [Discord server](https://ultralytics.com/discord/) where you can interact with other users and the developers.
### Official Documentation and Resources:
- **Ultralytics YOLOv8 Docs:** The [official documentation](../index.md) provides a comprehensive overview of YOLOv8, along with guides on installation, usage, and troubleshooting.
Using these resources will not only guide you through any challenges but also keep you updated with the latest trends and best practices in the YOLOv8 community.
## Conclusion
In this guide, we've taken a close look at the essential performance metrics for YOLOv8. These metrics are key to understanding how well a model is performing and are vital for anyone aiming to fine-tune their models. They offer the necessary insights for improvements and to make sure the model works effectively in real-life situations.
Remember, the YOLOv8 and Ultralytics community is an invaluable asset. Engaging with fellow developers and experts can open doors to insights and solutions not found in standard documentation. As you journey through object detection, keep the spirit of learning alive, experiment with new strategies, and share your findings. By doing so, you contribute to the community's collective wisdom and ensure its growth.
Happy object detecting!

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---
comments: true
description: This guide provides best practices for performing thread-safe inference with YOLO models, ensuring reliable and concurrent predictions in multi-threaded applications.
keywords: thread-safe, YOLO inference, multi-threading, concurrent predictions, YOLO models, Ultralytics, Python threading, safe YOLO usage, AI concurrency
---
# Thread-Safe Inference with YOLO Models
Running YOLO models in a multi-threaded environment requires careful consideration to ensure thread safety. Python's `threading` module allows you to run several threads concurrently, but when it comes to using YOLO models across these threads, there are important safety issues to be aware of. This page will guide you through creating thread-safe YOLO model inference.
## Understanding Python Threading
Python threads are a form of parallelism that allow your program to run multiple operations at once. However, Python's Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) means that only one thread can execute Python bytecode at a time.
<p align="center">
<img width="800" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/281418476-7f478570-fd77-4a40-bf3d-74b4db4d668c.png" alt="Single vs Multi-Thread Examples">
</p>
While this sounds like a limitation, threads can still provide concurrency, especially for I/O-bound operations or when using operations that release the GIL, like those performed by YOLO's underlying C libraries.
## The Danger of Shared Model Instances
Instantiating a YOLO model outside your threads and sharing this instance across multiple threads can lead to race conditions, where the internal state of the model is inconsistently modified due to concurrent accesses. This is particularly problematic when the model or its components hold state that is not designed to be thread-safe.
### Non-Thread-Safe Example: Single Model Instance
When using threads in Python, it's important to recognize patterns that can lead to concurrency issues. Here is what you should avoid: sharing a single YOLO model instance across multiple threads.
```python
# Unsafe: Sharing a single model instance across threads
from ultralytics import YOLO
from threading import Thread
# Instantiate the model outside the thread
shared_model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
def predict(image_path):
results = shared_model.predict(image_path)
# Process results
# Starting threads that share the same model instance
Thread(target=predict, args=("image1.jpg",)).start()
Thread(target=predict, args=("image2.jpg",)).start()
```
In the example above, the `shared_model` is used by multiple threads, which can lead to unpredictable results because `predict` could be executed simultaneously by multiple threads.
### Non-Thread-Safe Example: Multiple Model Instances
Similarly, here is an unsafe pattern with multiple YOLO model instances:
```python
# Unsafe: Sharing multiple model instances across threads can still lead to issues
from ultralytics import YOLO
from threading import Thread
# Instantiate multiple models outside the thread
shared_model_1 = YOLO("yolov8n_1.pt")
shared_model_2 = YOLO("yolov8n_2.pt")
def predict(model, image_path):
results = model.predict(image_path)
# Process results
# Starting threads with individual model instances
Thread(target=predict, args=(shared_model_1, "image1.jpg")).start()
Thread(target=predict, args=(shared_model_2, "image2.jpg")).start()
```
Even though there are two separate model instances, the risk of concurrency issues still exists. If the internal implementation of `YOLO` is not thread-safe, using separate instances might not prevent race conditions, especially if these instances share any underlying resources or states that are not thread-local.
## Thread-Safe Inference
To perform thread-safe inference, you should instantiate a separate YOLO model within each thread. This ensures that each thread has its own isolated model instance, eliminating the risk of race conditions.
### Thread-Safe Example
Here's how to instantiate a YOLO model inside each thread for safe parallel inference:
```python
# Safe: Instantiating a single model inside each thread
from ultralytics import YOLO
from threading import Thread
def thread_safe_predict(image_path):
# Instantiate a new model inside the thread
local_model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
results = local_model.predict(image_path)
# Process results
# Starting threads that each have their own model instance
Thread(target=thread_safe_predict, args=("image1.jpg",)).start()
Thread(target=thread_safe_predict, args=("image2.jpg",)).start()
```
In this example, each thread creates its own `YOLO` instance. This prevents any thread from interfering with the model state of another, thus ensuring that each thread performs inference safely and without unexpected interactions with the other threads.
## Conclusion
When using YOLO models with Python's `threading`, always instantiate your models within the thread that will use them to ensure thread safety. This practice avoids race conditions and makes sure that your inference tasks run reliably.
For more advanced scenarios and to further optimize your multi-threaded inference performance, consider using process-based parallelism with `multiprocessing` or leveraging a task queue with dedicated worker processes.

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how Ultralytics leverages Continuous Integration (CI) for maintaining high-quality code. Explore our CI tests and the status of these tests for our repositories.
keywords: continuous integration, software development, CI tests, Ultralytics repositories, high-quality code, Docker Deployment, Broken Links, CodeQL, PyPi Publishing
---
# Continuous Integration (CI)
Continuous Integration (CI) is an essential aspect of software development which involves integrating changes and testing them automatically. CI allows us to maintain high-quality code by catching issues early and often in the development process. At Ultralytics, we use various CI tests to ensure the quality and integrity of our codebase.
## CI Actions
Here's a brief description of our CI actions:
- **[CI](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/ci.yaml):** This is our primary CI test that involves running unit tests, linting checks, and sometimes more comprehensive tests depending on the repository.
- **[Docker Deployment](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/docker.yaml):** This test checks the deployment of the project using Docker to ensure the Dockerfile and related scripts are working correctly.
- **[Broken Links](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/links.yml):** This test scans the codebase for any broken or dead links in our markdown or HTML files.
- **[CodeQL](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/codeql.yaml):** CodeQL is a tool from GitHub that performs semantic analysis on our code, helping to find potential security vulnerabilities and maintain high-quality code.
- **[PyPi Publishing](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/publish.yml):** This test checks if the project can be packaged and published to PyPi without any errors.
### CI Results
Below is the table showing the status of these CI tests for our main repositories:
| Repository | CI | Docker Deployment | Broken Links | CodeQL | PyPi and Docs Publishing |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| [yolov3](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3) | [![YOLOv3 CI](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/actions/workflows/ci-testing.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/actions/workflows/ci-testing.yml) | [![Publish Docker Images](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/actions/workflows/docker.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/actions/workflows/docker.yml) | [![Check Broken links](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/actions/workflows/links.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/actions/workflows/links.yml) | [![CodeQL](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/actions/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/actions/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml) | |
| [yolov5](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5) | [![YOLOv5 CI](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/ci-testing.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/ci-testing.yml) | [![Publish Docker Images](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/docker.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/docker.yml) | [![Check Broken links](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/links.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/links.yml) | [![CodeQL](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml) | |
| [ultralytics](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics) | [![ultralytics CI](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/ci.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/ci.yaml) | [![Publish Docker Images](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/docker.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/docker.yaml) | [![Check Broken links](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/links.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/links.yml) | [![CodeQL](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/codeql.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/codeql.yaml) | [![Publish to PyPI and Deploy Docs](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/publish.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/publish.yml) |
| [hub](https://github.com/ultralytics/hub) | [![HUB CI](https://github.com/ultralytics/hub/actions/workflows/ci.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/hub/actions/workflows/ci.yaml) | | [![Check Broken links](https://github.com/ultralytics/hub/actions/workflows/links.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/hub/actions/workflows/links.yml) | | |
| [docs](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs) | | | [![Check Broken links](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/links.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/links.yml)[![Check Domains](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/check_domains.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/check_domains.yml) | | [![pages-build-deployment](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/pages/pages-build-deployment/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/docs/actions/workflows/pages/pages-build-deployment) |
Each badge shows the status of the last run of the corresponding CI test on the `main` branch of the respective repository. If a test fails, the badge will display a "failing" status, and if it passes, it will display a "passing" status.
If you notice a test failing, it would be a great help if you could report it through a GitHub issue in the respective repository.
Remember, a successful CI test does not mean that everything is perfect. It is always recommended to manually review the code before deployment or merging changes.
## Code Coverage
Code coverage is a metric that represents the percentage of your codebase that is executed when your tests run. It provides insight into how well your tests exercise your code and can be crucial in identifying untested parts of your application. A high code coverage percentage is often associated with a lower likelihood of bugs. However, it's essential to understand that code coverage does not guarantee the absence of defects. It merely indicates which parts of the code have been executed by the tests.
### Integration with [codecov.io](https://codecov.io/)
At Ultralytics, we have integrated our repositories with [codecov.io](https://codecov.io/), a popular online platform for measuring and visualizing code coverage. Codecov provides detailed insights, coverage comparisons between commits, and visual overlays directly on your code, indicating which lines were covered.
By integrating with Codecov, we aim to maintain and improve the quality of our code by focusing on areas that might be prone to errors or need further testing.
### Coverage Results
To quickly get a glimpse of the code coverage status of the `ultralytics` python package, we have included a badge and sunburst visual of the `ultralytics` coverage results. These images show the percentage of code covered by our tests, offering an at-a-glance metric of our testing efforts. For full details please see https://codecov.io/github/ultralytics/ultralytics.
| Repository | Code Coverage |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| [ultralytics](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics) | [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/ultralytics/ultralytics/branch/main/graph/badge.svg?token=HHW7IIVFVY)](https://codecov.io/gh/ultralytics/ultralytics) |
In the sunburst graphic below, the innermost circle is the entire project, moving away from the center are folders then, finally, a single file. The size and color of each slice is representing the number of statements and the coverage, respectively.
<a href="https://codecov.io/github/ultralytics/ultralytics">
<img src="https://codecov.io/gh/ultralytics/ultralytics/branch/main/graphs/sunburst.svg?token=HHW7IIVFVY" alt="Ultralytics Codecov Image">
</a>

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---
description: Understand terms governing contributions to Ultralytics projects including source code, bug fixes, documentation and more. Read our Contributor License Agreement.
keywords: Ultralytics, Contributor License Agreement, Open Source Software, Contributions, Copyright License, Patent License, Moral Rights
---
# Ultralytics Individual Contributor License Agreement
Thank you for your interest in contributing to open source software projects (“Projects”) made available by Ultralytics Inc. (“Ultralytics”). This Individual Contributor License Agreement (“Agreement”) sets out the terms governing any source code, object code, bug fixes, configuration changes, tools, specifications, documentation, data, materials, feedback, information or other works of authorship that you submit or have submitted, in any form and in any manner, to Ultralytics in respect of any Projects (collectively “Contributions”). If you have any questions respecting this Agreement, please contact hello@ultralytics.com.
You agree that the following terms apply to all of your past, present and future Contributions. Except for the licenses granted in this Agreement, you retain all of your right, title and interest in and to your Contributions.
**Copyright License.** You hereby grant, and agree to grant, to Ultralytics a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, worldwide, fully-paid, royalty-free, transferable copyright license to reproduce, prepare derivative works of, publicly display, publicly perform, and distribute your Contributions and such derivative works, with the right to sublicense the foregoing rights through multiple tiers of sublicensees.
**Patent License.** You hereby grant, and agree to grant, to Ultralytics a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, worldwide, fully-paid, royalty-free, transferable patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer your Contributions, where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable by you that are necessarily infringed by your Contributions alone or by combination of your Contributions with the Project to which such Contributions were submitted, with the right to sublicense the foregoing rights through multiple tiers of sublicensees.
**Moral Rights.** To the fullest extent permitted under applicable law, you hereby waive, and agree not to assert, all of your “moral rights” in or relating to your Contributions for the benefit of Ultralytics, its assigns, and their respective direct and indirect sublicensees.
**Third Party Content/Rights.** If your Contribution includes or is based on any source code, object code, bug fixes, configuration changes, tools, specifications, documentation, data, materials, feedback, information or other works of authorship that were not authored by you (“Third Party Content”) or if you are aware of any third party intellectual property or proprietary rights associated with your Contribution (“Third Party Rights”), then you agree to include with the submission of your Contribution full details respecting such Third Party Content and Third Party Rights, including, without limitation, identification of which aspects of your Contribution contain Third Party Content or are associated with Third Party Rights, the owner/author of the Third Party Content and Third Party Rights, where you obtained the Third Party Content, and any applicable third party license terms or restrictions respecting the Third Party Content and Third Party Rights. For greater certainty, the foregoing obligations respecting the identification of Third Party Content and Third Party Rights do not apply to any portion of a Project that is incorporated into your Contribution to that same Project.
**Representations.** You represent that, other than the Third Party Content and Third Party Rights identified by you in accordance with this Agreement, you are the sole author of your Contributions and are legally entitled to grant the foregoing licenses and waivers in respect of your Contributions. If your Contributions were created in the course of your employment with your past or present employer(s), you represent that such employer(s) has authorized you to make your Contributions on behalf of such employer(s) or such employer(s) has waived all of their right, title or interest in or to your Contributions.
**Disclaimer.** To the fullest extent permitted under applicable law, your Contributions are provided on an "asis" basis, without any warranties or conditions, express or implied, including, without limitation, any implied warranties or conditions of non-infringement, merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. You are not required to provide support for your Contributions, except to the extent you desire to provide support.
**No Obligation.** You acknowledge that Ultralytics is under no obligation to use or incorporate your Contributions into any of the Projects. The decision to use or incorporate your Contributions into any of the Projects will be made at the sole discretion of Ultralytics or its authorized delegates.
**Disputes.** This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, United States of America, without giving effect to its principles or rules regarding conflicts of laws, other than such principles directing application of New York law. The parties hereby submit to venue in, and jurisdiction of the courts located in New York, New York for purposes relating to this Agreement. In the event that any of the provisions of this Agreement shall be held by a court or other tribunal of competent jurisdiction to be unenforceable, the remaining portions hereof shall remain in full force and effect.
**Assignment.** You agree that Ultralytics may assign this Agreement, and all of its rights, obligations and licenses hereunder.

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---
comments: true
description: Find solutions to your common Ultralytics YOLO related queries. Learn about hardware requirements, fine-tuning YOLO models, conversion to ONNX/TensorFlow, and more.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, FAQ, hardware requirements, ONNX, TensorFlow, real-time detection, YOLO accuracy
---
# Ultralytics YOLO Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
This FAQ section addresses some common questions and issues users might encounter while working with Ultralytics YOLO repositories.
## 1. What are the hardware requirements for running Ultralytics YOLO?
Ultralytics YOLO can be run on a variety of hardware configurations, including CPUs, GPUs, and even some edge devices. However, for optimal performance and faster training and inference, we recommend using a GPU with a minimum of 8GB of memory. NVIDIA GPUs with CUDA support are ideal for this purpose.
## 2. How do I fine-tune a pre-trained YOLO model on my custom dataset?
To fine-tune a pre-trained YOLO model on your custom dataset, you'll need to create a dataset configuration file (YAML) that defines the dataset's properties, such as the path to the images, the number of classes, and class names. Next, you'll need to modify the model configuration file to match the number of classes in your dataset. Finally, use the `train.py` script to start the training process with your custom dataset and the pre-trained model. You can find a detailed guide on fine-tuning YOLO in the Ultralytics documentation.
## 3. How do I convert a YOLO model to ONNX or TensorFlow format?
Ultralytics provides built-in support for converting YOLO models to ONNX format. You can use the `export.py` script to convert a saved model to ONNX format. If you need to convert the model to TensorFlow format, you can use the ONNX model as an intermediary and then use the ONNX-TensorFlow converter to convert the ONNX model to TensorFlow format.
## 4. Can I use Ultralytics YOLO for real-time object detection?
Yes, Ultralytics YOLO is designed to be efficient and fast, making it suitable for real-time object detection tasks. The actual performance will depend on your hardware configuration and the complexity of the model. Using a GPU and optimizing the model for your specific use case can help achieve real-time performance.
## 5. How can I improve the accuracy of my YOLO model?
Improving the accuracy of a YOLO model may involve several strategies, such as:
- Fine-tuning the model on more annotated data
- Data augmentation to increase the variety of training samples
- Using a larger or more complex model architecture
- Adjusting the learning rate, batch size, and other hyperparameters
- Using techniques like transfer learning or knowledge distillation
Remember that there's often a trade-off between accuracy and inference speed, so finding the right balance is crucial for your specific application.
If you have any more questions or need assistance, don't hesitate to consult the Ultralytics documentation or reach out to the community through GitHub Issues or the official discussion forum.

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---
comments: true
description: Explore Ultralytics community’s Code of Conduct, ensuring a supportive, inclusive environment for contributors & members at all levels. Find our guidelines on acceptable behavior & enforcement.
keywords: Ultralytics, code of conduct, community, contribution, behavior guidelines, enforcement, open source contributions
---
# Ultralytics Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
## Our Pledge
We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression, level of experience, education, socioeconomic status, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming, diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
## Our Standards
Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our community include:
- Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
- Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
- Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
- Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes, and learning from the experience
- Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the overall community
Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
- The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or advances of any kind
- Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
- Public or private harassment
- Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email address, without their explicit permission
- Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a professional setting
## Enforcement Responsibilities
Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive, or harmful.
Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation decisions when appropriate.
## Scope
This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces. Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed representative at an online or offline event.
## Enforcement
Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at hello@ultralytics.com. All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the reporter of any incident.
## Enforcement Guidelines
Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
### 1. Correction
**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
### 2. Warning
**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series of actions.
**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or permanent ban.
### 3. Temporary Ban
**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior.
**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period. Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
### 4. Permanent Ban
**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior, harassment of an individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within the community.
## Attribution
This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 2.0, available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/0/code_of_conduct.html.
Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by [Mozilla's code of conduct enforcement ladder](https://github.com/mozilla/diversity).
For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq. Translations are available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations.
[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how to contribute to Ultralytics YOLO projects – guidelines for pull requests, reporting bugs, code conduct and CLA signing.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, open-source, contribute, pull request, bug report, coding guidelines, CLA, code of conduct, GitHub
---
# Contributing to Ultralytics Open-Source YOLO Repositories
First of all, thank you for your interest in contributing to Ultralytics open-source YOLO repositories! Your contributions will help improve the project and benefit the community. This document provides guidelines and best practices to get you started.
## Table of Contents
1. [Code of Conduct](#code-of-conduct)
2. [Contributing via Pull Requests](#contributing-via-pull-requests)
- [CLA Signing](#cla-signing)
- [Google-Style Docstrings](#google-style-docstrings)
- [GitHub Actions CI Tests](#github-actions-ci-tests)
3. [Reporting Bugs](#reporting-bugs)
4. [License](#license)
5. [Conclusion](#conclusion)
## Code of Conduct
All contributors are expected to adhere to the [Code of Conduct](code_of_conduct.md) to ensure a welcoming and inclusive environment for everyone.
## Contributing via Pull Requests
We welcome contributions in the form of pull requests. To make the review process smoother, please follow these guidelines:
1. **[Fork the repository](https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/working-with-forks/fork-a-repo)**: Fork the Ultralytics YOLO repository to your own GitHub account.
2. **[Create a branch](https://docs.github.com/en/desktop/making-changes-in-a-branch/managing-branches-in-github-desktop)**: Create a new branch in your forked repository with a descriptive name for your changes.
3. **Make your changes**: Make the changes you want to contribute. Ensure that your changes follow the coding style of the project and do not introduce new errors or warnings.
4. **[Test your changes](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/tree/main/tests)**: Test your changes locally to ensure that they work as expected and do not introduce new issues.
5. **[Commit your changes](https://docs.github.com/en/desktop/making-changes-in-a-branch/committing-and-reviewing-changes-to-your-project-in-github-desktop)**: Commit your changes with a descriptive commit message. Make sure to include any relevant issue numbers in your commit message.
6. **[Create a pull request](https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/proposing-changes-to-your-work-with-pull-requests/creating-a-pull-request)**: Create a pull request from your forked repository to the main Ultralytics YOLO repository. In the pull request description, provide a clear explanation of your changes and how they improve the project.
### CLA Signing
Before we can accept your pull request, you need to sign a [Contributor License Agreement (CLA)](CLA.md). This is a legal document stating that you agree to the terms of contributing to the Ultralytics YOLO repositories. The CLA ensures that your contributions are properly licensed and that the project can continue to be distributed under the AGPL-3.0 license.
To sign the CLA, follow the instructions provided by the CLA bot after you submit your PR and add a comment in your PR saying:
```
I have read the CLA Document and I sign the CLA
```
### Google-Style Docstrings
When adding new functions or classes, please include a [Google-style docstring](https://google.github.io/styleguide/pyguide.html) to provide clear and concise documentation for other developers. This will help ensure that your contributions are easy to understand and maintain.
!!! Example "Example Docstrings"
=== "Google-style"
This example shows both Google-style docstrings. Note that both input and output `types` must always be enclosed by parentheses, i.e. `(bool)`.
```python
def example_function(arg1, arg2=4):
"""
Example function that demonstrates Google-style docstrings.
Args:
arg1 (int): The first argument.
arg2 (int): The second argument. Default value is 4.
Returns:
(bool): True if successful, False otherwise.
Examples:
>>> result = example_function(1, 2) # returns False
"""
if arg1 == arg2:
return True
return False
```
=== "Google-style with type hints"
This example shows both Google-style docstrings and argument and return type hints, though both are not required, one can be used without the other.
```python
def example_function(arg1: int, arg2: int = 4) -> bool:
"""
Example function that demonstrates Google-style docstrings.
Args:
arg1: The first argument.
arg2: The second argument. Default value is 4.
Returns:
True if successful, False otherwise.
Examples:
>>> result = example_function(1, 2) # returns False
"""
if arg1 == arg2:
return True
return False
```
=== "Single-line"
Smaller or simpler functions can utilize a single-line docstring. Note the docstring must use 3 double-quotes, and be a complete sentence starting with a capital letter and ending with a period.
```python
def example_small_function(arg1: int, arg2: int = 4) -> bool:
"""Example function that demonstrates a single-line docstring."""
return arg1 == arg2
```
### GitHub Actions CI Tests
Before your pull request can be merged, all GitHub Actions [Continuous Integration](CI.md) (CI) tests must pass. These tests include linting, unit tests, and other checks to ensure that your changes meet the quality standards of the project. Make sure to review the output of the GitHub Actions and fix any issues
## Reporting Bugs
We appreciate bug reports as they play a crucial role in maintaining the project's quality. When reporting bugs it is important to provide a [Minimum Reproducible Example](minimum_reproducible_example.md): a clear, concise code example that replicates the issue. This helps in quick identification and resolution of the bug.
## License
Ultralytics embraces the [GNU Affero General Public License v3.0 (AGPL-3.0)](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/LICENSE) for its repositories, promoting openness, transparency, and collaborative enhancement in software development. This strong copyleft license ensures that all users and developers retain the freedom to use, modify, and share the software. It fosters community collaboration, ensuring that any improvements remain accessible to all.
Users and developers are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the terms of AGPL-3.0 to contribute effectively and ethically to the Ultralytics open-source community.
## Conclusion
Thank you for your interest in contributing to [Ultralytics open-source](https://github.com/ultralytics) YOLO projects. Your participation is crucial in shaping the future of our software and fostering a community of innovation and collaboration. Whether you're improving code, reporting bugs, or suggesting features, your contributions make a significant impact.
We're eager to see your ideas in action and appreciate your commitment to advancing object detection technology. Let's continue to grow and innovate together in this exciting open-source journey. Happy coding! 🚀🌟

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---
comments: false
description: Discover Ultralytics’ EHS policy principles and implementation measures. Committed to safety, environment, and continuous improvement for a sustainable future.
keywords: Ultralytics policy, EHS, environment, health and safety, compliance, prevention, continuous improvement, risk management, emergency preparedness, resource allocation, communication
---
# Ultralytics Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Policy
At Ultralytics, we recognize that the long-term success of our company relies not only on the products and services we offer, but also the manner in which we conduct our business. We are committed to ensuring the safety and well-being of our employees, stakeholders, and the environment, and we will continuously strive to mitigate our impact on the environment while promoting health and safety.
## Policy Principles
1. **Compliance**: We will comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and standards related to EHS, and we will strive to exceed these standards where possible.
2. **Prevention**: We will work to prevent accidents, injuries, and environmental harm by implementing risk management measures and ensuring all our operations and procedures are safe.
3. **Continuous Improvement**: We will continuously improve our EHS performance by setting measurable objectives, monitoring our performance, auditing our operations, and revising our policies and procedures as needed.
4. **Communication**: We will communicate openly about our EHS performance and will engage with stakeholders to understand and address their concerns and expectations.
5. **Education and Training**: We will educate and train our employees and contractors in appropriate EHS procedures and practices.
## Implementation Measures
1. **Responsibility and Accountability**: Every employee and contractor working at or with Ultralytics is responsible for adhering to this policy. Managers and supervisors are accountable for ensuring this policy is implemented within their areas of control.
2. **Risk Management**: We will identify, assess, and manage EHS risks associated with our operations and activities to prevent accidents, injuries, and environmental harm.
3. **Resource Allocation**: We will allocate the necessary resources to ensure the effective implementation of our EHS policy, including the necessary equipment, personnel, and training.
4. **Emergency Preparedness and Response**: We will develop, maintain, and test emergency preparedness and response plans to ensure we can respond effectively to EHS incidents.
5. **Monitoring and Review**: We will monitor and review our EHS performance regularly to identify opportunities for improvement and ensure we are meeting our objectives.
This policy reflects our commitment to minimizing our environmental footprint, ensuring the safety and well-being of our employees, and continuously improving our performance.
Please remember that the implementation of an effective EHS policy requires the involvement and commitment of everyone working at or with Ultralytics. We encourage you to take personal responsibility for your safety and the safety of others, and to take care of the environment in which we live and work.

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---
comments: true
description: Find comprehensive guides and documents on Ultralytics YOLO tasks. Includes FAQs, contributing guides, CI guide, CLA, MRE guide, code of conduct & more.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, guides, documents, FAQ, contributing, CI guide, CLA, MRE guide, code of conduct, EHS policy, security policy, privacy policy
---
Welcome to the Ultralytics Help page! We are dedicated to providing you with detailed resources to enhance your experience with the Ultralytics YOLO models and repositories. This page serves as your portal to guides and documentation designed to assist you with various tasks and answer questions you may encounter while engaging with our repositories.
- [Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)](FAQ.md): Find answers to common questions and issues encountered by the community of Ultralytics YOLO users and contributors.
- [Contributing Guide](contributing.md): Discover the protocols for making contributions, including how to submit pull requests, report bugs, and more.
- [Continuous Integration (CI) Guide](CI.md): Gain insights into the CI processes we employ, complete with status reports for each Ultralytics repository.
- [Contributor License Agreement (CLA)](CLA.md): Review the CLA to understand the rights and responsibilities associated with contributing to Ultralytics projects.
- [Minimum Reproducible Example (MRE) Guide](minimum_reproducible_example.md): Learn the process for creating an MRE, which is crucial for the timely and effective resolution of bug reports.
- [Code of Conduct](code_of_conduct.md): Our community guidelines support a respectful and open atmosphere for all collaborators.
- [Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Policy](environmental-health-safety.md): Delve into our commitment to sustainability and the well-being of all our stakeholders.
- [Security Policy](security.md): Familiarize yourself with our security protocols and the procedure for reporting vulnerabilities.
- [Privacy Policy](privacy.md): Read our privacy policy to understand how we protect your data and respect your privacy in all our services and operations.
We encourage you to review these resources for a seamless and productive experience. Our aim is to foster a helpful and friendly environment for everyone in the Ultralytics community. Should you require additional support, please feel free to reach out via GitHub Issues or our official discussion forums. Happy coding!

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how to create minimum reproducible examples (MRE) for efficient bug reporting in Ultralytics YOLO repositories with this step-by-step guide.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, minimum reproducible example, MRE, bug reports, guide, dependencies, code, troubleshooting
---
# Creating a Minimum Reproducible Example for Bug Reports in Ultralytics YOLO Repositories
When submitting a bug report for Ultralytics YOLO repositories, it's essential to provide a [minimum reproducible example](https://docs.ultralytics.com/help/minimum_reproducible_example/) (MRE). An MRE is a small, self-contained piece of code that demonstrates the problem you're experiencing. Providing an MRE helps maintainers and contributors understand the issue and work on a fix more efficiently. This guide explains how to create an MRE when submitting bug reports to Ultralytics YOLO repositories.
## 1. Isolate the Problem
The first step in creating an MRE is to isolate the problem. This means removing any unnecessary code or dependencies that are not directly related to the issue. Focus on the specific part of the code that is causing the problem and remove any irrelevant code.
## 2. Use Public Models and Datasets
When creating an MRE, use publicly available models and datasets to reproduce the issue. For example, use the 'yolov8n.pt' model and the 'coco8.yaml' dataset. This ensures that the maintainers and contributors can easily run your example and investigate the problem without needing access to proprietary data or custom models.
## 3. Include All Necessary Dependencies
Make sure to include all the necessary dependencies in your MRE. If your code relies on external libraries, specify the required packages and their versions. Ideally, provide a `requirements.txt` file or list the dependencies in your bug report.
## 4. Write a Clear Description of the Issue
Provide a clear and concise description of the issue you're experiencing. Explain the expected behavior and the actual behavior you're encountering. If applicable, include any relevant error messages or logs.
## 5. Format Your Code Properly
When submitting an MRE, format your code properly using code blocks in the issue description. This makes it easier for others to read and understand your code. In GitHub, you can create a code block by wrapping your code with triple backticks (\```) and specifying the language:
<pre>
```python
# Your Python code goes here
```
</pre>
## 6. Test Your MRE
Before submitting your MRE, test it to ensure that it accurately reproduces the issue. Make sure that others can run your example without any issues or modifications.
## Example of an MRE
Here's an example of an MRE for a hypothetical bug report:
**Bug description:**
When running the `detect.py` script on the sample image from the 'coco8.yaml' dataset, I get an error related to the dimensions of the input tensor.
**MRE:**
```python
import torch
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load the model
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
# Load a 0-channel image
image = torch.rand(1, 0, 640, 640)
# Run the model
results = model(image)
```
**Error message:**
```
RuntimeError: Expected input[1, 0, 640, 640] to have 3 channels, but got 0 channels instead
```
**Dependencies:**
- torch==2.0.0
- ultralytics==8.0.90
In this example, the MRE demonstrates the issue with a minimal amount of code, uses a public model ('yolov8n.pt'), includes all necessary dependencies, and provides a clear description of the problem along with the error message.
By following these guidelines, you'll help the maintainers and contributors of Ultralytics YOLO repositories to understand and resolve your issue more efficiently.

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---
description: Learn about how Ultralytics collects and uses data to improve user experience, ensure software stability, and address privacy concerns, with options to opt-out.
keywords: Ultralytics, Data Collection, User Privacy, Google Analytics, Sentry, Crash Reporting, Anonymized Data, Privacy Settings, Opt-Out
---
# Data Collection for Ultralytics Python Package
## Overview
[Ultralytics](https://ultralytics.com) is dedicated to the continuous enhancement of the user experience and the capabilities of our Python package, including the advanced YOLO models we develop. Our approach involves the gathering of anonymized usage statistics and crash reports, helping us identify opportunities for improvement and ensuring the reliability of our software. This transparency document outlines what data we collect, its purpose, and the choice you have regarding this data collection.
## Anonymized Google Analytics
[Google Analytics](https://developers.google.com/analytics) is a web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports website traffic. It allows us to collect data about how our Python package is used, which is crucial for making informed decisions about design and functionality.
### What We Collect
- **Usage Metrics**: These metrics help us understand how frequently and in what ways the package is utilized, what features are favored, and the typical command-line arguments that are used.
- **System Information**: We collect general non-identifiable information about your computing environment to ensure our package performs well across various systems.
- **Performance Data**: Understanding the performance of our models during training, validation, and inference helps us in identifying optimization opportunities.
For more information about Google Analytics and data privacy, visit [Google Analytics Privacy](https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/6004245).
### How We Use This Data
- **Feature Improvement**: Insights from usage metrics guide us in enhancing user satisfaction and interface design.
- **Optimization**: Performance data assist us in fine-tuning our models for better efficiency and speed across diverse hardware and software configurations.
- **Trend Analysis**: By studying usage trends, we can predict and respond to the evolving needs of our community.
### Privacy Considerations
We take several measures to ensure the privacy and security of the data you entrust to us:
- **Anonymization**: We configure Google Analytics to anonymize the data collected, which means no personally identifiable information (PII) is gathered. You can use our services with the assurance that your personal details remain private.
- **Aggregation**: Data is analyzed only in aggregate form. This practice ensures that patterns can be observed without revealing any individual user's activity.
- **No Image Data Collection**: Ultralytics does not collect, process, or view any training or inference images.
## Sentry Crash Reporting
[Sentry](https://sentry.io/) is a developer-centric error tracking software that aids in identifying, diagnosing, and resolving issues in real-time, ensuring the robustness and reliability of applications. Within our package, it plays a crucial role by providing insights through crash reporting, significantly contributing to the stability and ongoing refinement of our software.
!!! Note
Crash reporting via Sentry is activated only if the `sentry-sdk` Python package is pre-installed on your system. This package isn't included in the `ultralytics` prerequisites and won't be installed automatically by Ultralytics.
### What We Collect
If the `sentry-sdk` Python package is pre-installed on your system a crash event may send the following information:
- **Crash Logs**: Detailed reports on the application's condition at the time of a crash, which are vital for our debugging efforts.
- **Error Messages**: We record error messages generated during the operation of our package to understand and resolve potential issues quickly.
To learn more about how Sentry handles data, please visit [Sentry's Privacy Policy](https://sentry.io/privacy/).
### How We Use This Data
- **Debugging**: Analyzing crash logs and error messages enables us to swiftly identify and correct software bugs.
- **Stability Metrics**: By constantly monitoring for crashes, we aim to improve the stability and reliability of our package.
### Privacy Considerations
- **Sensitive Information**: We ensure that crash logs are scrubbed of any personally identifiable or sensitive user data, safeguarding the confidentiality of your information.
- **Controlled Collection**: Our crash reporting mechanism is meticulously calibrated to gather only what is essential for troubleshooting while respecting user privacy.
By detailing the tools used for data collection and offering additional background information with URLs to their respective privacy pages, users are provided with a comprehensive view of our practices, emphasizing transparency and respect for user privacy.
## Disabling Data Collection
We believe in providing our users with full control over their data. By default, our package is configured to collect analytics and crash reports to help improve the experience for all users. However, we respect that some users may prefer to opt out of this data collection.
To opt out of sending analytics and crash reports, you can simply set `sync=False` in your YOLO settings. This ensures that no data is transmitted from your machine to our analytics tools.
### Inspecting Settings
To gain insight into the current configuration of your settings, you can view them directly:
!!! Example "View settings"
=== "Python"
You can use Python to view your settings. Start by importing the `settings` object from the `ultralytics` module. Print and return settings using the following commands:
```python
from ultralytics import settings
# View all settings
print(settings)
# Return analytics and crash reporting setting
value = settings['sync']
```
=== "CLI"
Alternatively, the command-line interface allows you to check your settings with a simple command:
```bash
yolo settings
```
### Modifying Settings
Ultralytics allows users to easily modify their settings. Changes can be performed in the following ways:
!!! Example "Update settings"
=== "Python"
Within the Python environment, call the `update` method on the `settings` object to change your settings:
```python
from ultralytics import settings
# Disable analytics and crash reporting
settings.update({'sync': False})
# Reset settings to default values
settings.reset()
```
=== "CLI"
If you prefer using the command-line interface, the following commands will allow you to modify your settings:
```bash
# Disable analytics and crash reporting
yolo settings sync=False
# Reset settings to default values
yolo settings reset
```
The `sync=False` setting will prevent any data from being sent to Google Analytics or Sentry. Your settings will be respected across all sessions using the Ultralytics package and saved to disk for future sessions.
## Commitment to Privacy
Ultralytics takes user privacy seriously. We design our data collection practices with the following principles:
- **Transparency**: We are open about the data we collect and how it is used.
- **Control**: We give users full control over their data.
- **Security**: We employ industry-standard security measures to protect the data we collect.
## Questions or Concerns
If you have any questions or concerns about our data collection practices, please reach out to us via our [contact form](https://ultralytics.com/contact) or via [support@ultralytics.com](mailto:support@ultralytics.com). We are dedicated to ensuring our users feel informed and confident in their privacy when using our package.

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---
description: Explore Ultralytics' comprehensive security strategies safeguarding user data and systems. Learn about our diverse security tools, including Snyk, GitHub CodeQL, and Dependabot Alerts.
keywords: Ultralytics, Comprehensive Security, user data protection, Snyk, GitHub CodeQL, Dependabot, vulnerability management, coding security practices
---
# Ultralytics Security Policy
At [Ultralytics](https://ultralytics.com), the security of our users' data and systems is of utmost importance. To ensure the safety and security of our [open-source projects](https://github.com/ultralytics), we have implemented several measures to detect and prevent security vulnerabilities.
## Snyk Scanning
We utilize [Snyk](https://snyk.io/advisor/python/ultralytics) to conduct comprehensive security scans on Ultralytics repositories. Snyk's robust scanning capabilities extend beyond dependency checks; it also examines our code and Dockerfiles for various vulnerabilities. By identifying and addressing these issues proactively, we ensure a higher level of security and reliability for our users.
[![ultralytics](https://snyk.io/advisor/python/ultralytics/badge.svg)](https://snyk.io/advisor/python/ultralytics)
## GitHub CodeQL Scanning
Our security strategy includes GitHub's [CodeQL](https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/code-scanning/automatically-scanning-your-code-for-vulnerabilities-and-errors/about-code-scanning-with-codeql) scanning. CodeQL delves deep into our codebase, identifying complex vulnerabilities like SQL injection and XSS by analyzing the code's semantic structure. This advanced level of analysis ensures early detection and resolution of potential security risks.
[![CodeQL](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/codeql.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/codeql.yaml)
## GitHub Dependabot Alerts
[Dependabot](https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot) is integrated into our workflow to monitor dependencies for known vulnerabilities. When a vulnerability is identified in one of our dependencies, Dependabot alerts us, allowing for swift and informed remediation actions.
## GitHub Secret Scanning Alerts
We employ GitHub [secret scanning](https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/secret-scanning/managing-alerts-from-secret-scanning) alerts to detect sensitive data, such as credentials and private keys, accidentally pushed to our repositories. This early detection mechanism helps prevent potential security breaches and data exposures.
## Private Vulnerability Reporting
We enable private vulnerability reporting, allowing users to discreetly report potential security issues. This approach facilitates responsible disclosure, ensuring vulnerabilities are handled securely and efficiently.
If you suspect or discover a security vulnerability in any of our repositories, please let us know immediately. You can reach out to us directly via our [contact form](https://ultralytics.com/contact) or via [security@ultralytics.com](mailto:security@ultralytics.com). Our security team will investigate and respond as soon as possible.
We appreciate your help in keeping all Ultralytics open-source projects secure and safe for everyone 🙏.

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---
description: Discover what's next for Ultralytics with our under-construction page, previewing new, groundbreaking AI and ML features coming soon.
keywords: Ultralytics, coming soon, under construction, new features, AI updates, ML advancements, YOLO, technology preview
---
# Under Construction 🏗️🌟
Welcome to the Ultralytics "Under Construction" page! Here, we're hard at work developing the next generation of AI and ML innovations. This page serves as a teaser for the exciting updates and new features we're eager to share with you!
## Exciting New Features on the Way 🎉
- **Innovative Breakthroughs:** Get ready for advanced features and services that will transform your AI and ML experience.
- **New Horizons:** Anticipate novel products that redefine AI and ML capabilities.
- **Enhanced Services:** We're upgrading our services for greater efficiency and user-friendliness.
## Stay Updated 🚧
This placeholder page is your first stop for upcoming developments. Keep an eye out for:
- **Newsletter:** Subscribe [here](https://ultralytics.com/#newsletter) for the latest news.
- **Social Media:** Follow us [here](https://www.linkedin.com/company/ultralytics) for updates and teasers.
- **Blog:** Visit our [blog](https://ultralytics.com/blog) for detailed insights.
## We Value Your Input 🗣️
Your feedback shapes our future releases. Share your thoughts and suggestions [here](https://ultralytics.com/contact).
## Thank You, Community! 🌍
Your [contributions](https://docs.ultralytics.com/help/contributing) inspire our continuous [innovation](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics). Stay tuned for the big reveal of what's next in AI and ML at Ultralytics!
---
Excited for what's coming? Bookmark this page and get ready for a transformative AI and ML journey with Ultralytics! 🛠️🤖

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---
comments: true
description: Learn about the Ultralytics Android App, enabling real-time object detection using YOLO models. Discover in-app features, quantization methods, and delegate options for optimal performance.
keywords: Ultralytics, Android App, real-time object detection, YOLO models, TensorFlow Lite, FP16 quantization, INT8 quantization, CPU, GPU, Hexagon, NNAPI
---
# Ultralytics Android App: Real-time Object Detection with YOLO Models
<a href="https://bit.ly/ultralytics_hub" target="_blank">
<img width="100%" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/281124469-6b3b0945-dbb1-44c8-80a9-ef6bc778b299.jpg" alt="Ultralytics HUB preview image"></a>
<br>
<div align="center">
<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-github.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics GitHub"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-linkedin.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics LinkedIn"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://twitter.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-twitter.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Twitter"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://youtube.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-youtube.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics YouTube"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-tiktok.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics TikTok"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-instagram.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Instagram"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://ultralytics.com/discord"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-discord.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Discord"></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ultralytics.ultralytics_app" style="text-decoration:none;">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/master/app/google-play.svg" width="15%" alt="Google Play store"></a>&nbsp;
</div>
The Ultralytics Android App is a powerful tool that allows you to run YOLO models directly on your Android device for real-time object detection. This app utilizes TensorFlow Lite for model optimization and various hardware delegates for acceleration, enabling fast and efficient object detection.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AIvrQ7y0aLo"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Getting Started with the Ultralytics HUB App (IOS & Android)
</p>
## Quantization and Acceleration
To achieve real-time performance on your Android device, YOLO models are quantized to either FP16 or INT8 precision. Quantization is a process that reduces the numerical precision of the model's weights and biases, thus reducing the model's size and the amount of computation required. This results in faster inference times without significantly affecting the model's accuracy.
### FP16 Quantization
FP16 (or half-precision) quantization converts the model's 32-bit floating-point numbers to 16-bit floating-point numbers. This reduces the model's size by half and speeds up the inference process, while maintaining a good balance between accuracy and performance.
### INT8 Quantization
INT8 (or 8-bit integer) quantization further reduces the model's size and computation requirements by converting its 32-bit floating-point numbers to 8-bit integers. This quantization method can result in a significant speedup, but it may lead to a slight reduction in mean average precision (mAP) due to the lower numerical precision.
!!! Tip "mAP Reduction in INT8 Models"
The reduced numerical precision in INT8 models can lead to some loss of information during the quantization process, which may result in a slight decrease in mAP. However, this trade-off is often acceptable considering the substantial performance gains offered by INT8 quantization.
## Delegates and Performance Variability
Different delegates are available on Android devices to accelerate model inference. These delegates include CPU, [GPU](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite/android/delegates/gpu), [Hexagon](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite/android/delegates/hexagon) and [NNAPI](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite/android/delegates/nnapi). The performance of these delegates varies depending on the device's hardware vendor, product line, and specific chipsets used in the device.
1. **CPU**: The default option, with reasonable performance on most devices.
2. **GPU**: Utilizes the device's GPU for faster inference. It can provide a significant performance boost on devices with powerful GPUs.
3. **Hexagon**: Leverages Qualcomm's Hexagon DSP for faster and more efficient processing. This option is available on devices with Qualcomm Snapdragon processors.
4. **NNAPI**: The Android Neural Networks API (NNAPI) serves as an abstraction layer for running ML models on Android devices. NNAPI can utilize various hardware accelerators, such as CPU, GPU, and dedicated AI chips (e.g., Google's Edge TPU, or the Pixel Neural Core).
Here's a table showing the primary vendors, their product lines, popular devices, and supported delegates:
| Vendor | Product Lines | Popular Devices | Delegates Supported |
|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| [Qualcomm](https://www.qualcomm.com/) | [Snapdragon (e.g., 800 series)](https://www.qualcomm.com/snapdragon) | [Samsung Galaxy S21](https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s21-5g/), [OnePlus 9](https://www.oneplus.com/9), [Google Pixel 6](https://store.google.com/product/pixel_6) | CPU, GPU, Hexagon, NNAPI |
| [Samsung](https://www.samsung.com/) | [Exynos (e.g., Exynos 2100)](https://www.samsung.com/semiconductor/minisite/exynos/) | [Samsung Galaxy S21 (Global version)](https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s21-5g/) | CPU, GPU, NNAPI |
| [MediaTek](https://i.mediatek.com/) | [Dimensity (e.g., Dimensity 1200)](https://i.mediatek.com/dimensity-1200) | [Realme GT](https://www.realme.com/global/realme-gt), [Xiaomi Redmi Note](https://www.mi.com/en/phone/redmi/note-list) | CPU, GPU, NNAPI |
| [HiSilicon](https://www.hisilicon.com/) | [Kirin (e.g., Kirin 990)](https://www.hisilicon.com/en/products/Kirin) | [Huawei P40 Pro](https://consumer.huawei.com/en/phones/p40-pro/), [Huawei Mate 30 Pro](https://consumer.huawei.com/en/phones/mate30-pro/) | CPU, GPU, NNAPI |
| [NVIDIA](https://www.nvidia.com/) | [Tegra (e.g., Tegra X1)](https://developer.nvidia.com/content/tegra-x1) | [NVIDIA Shield TV](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/shield/shield-tv/), [Nintendo Switch](https://www.nintendo.com/switch/) | CPU, GPU, NNAPI |
Please note that the list of devices mentioned is not exhaustive and may vary depending on the specific chipsets and device models. Always test your models on your target devices to ensure compatibility and optimal performance.
Keep in mind that the choice of delegate can affect performance and model compatibility. For example, some models may not work with certain delegates, or a delegate may not be available on a specific device. As such, it's essential to test your model and the chosen delegate on your target devices for the best results.
## Getting Started with the Ultralytics Android App
To get started with the Ultralytics Android App, follow these steps:
1. Download the Ultralytics App from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ultralytics.ultralytics_app).
2. Launch the app on your Android device and sign in with your Ultralytics account. If you don't have an account yet, create one [here](https://hub.ultralytics.com/).
3. Once signed in, you will see a list of your trained YOLO models. Select a model to use for object detection.
4. Grant the app permission to access your device's camera.
5. Point your device's camera at objects you want to detect. The app will display bounding boxes and class labels in real-time as it detects objects.
6. Explore the app's settings to adjust the detection threshold, enable or disable specific object classes, and more.
With the Ultralytics Android App, you now have the power of real-time object detection using YOLO models right at your fingertips. Enjoy exploring the app's features and optimizing its settings to suit your specific use cases.

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---
comments: true
description: Explore the Ultralytics HUB App, offering the ability to run YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models on your iOS and Android devices with optimized performance.
keywords: Ultralytics, HUB App, YOLOv5, YOLOv8, mobile AI, real-time object detection, image recognition, mobile device, hardware acceleration, Apple Neural Engine, Android GPU, NNAPI, custom model training
---
# Ultralytics HUB App
<a href="https://bit.ly/ultralytics_hub" target="_blank">
<img width="100%" src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/im/ultralytics-hub.png" alt="Ultralytics HUB preview image"></a>
<br>
<div align="center">
<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-github.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics GitHub"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-linkedin.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics LinkedIn"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://twitter.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-twitter.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Twitter"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://youtube.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-youtube.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics YouTube"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-tiktok.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics TikTok"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-instagram.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Instagram"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://ultralytics.com/discord"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-discord.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Discord"></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://apps.apple.com/xk/app/ultralytics/id1583935240" style="text-decoration:none;">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/master/app/app-store.svg" width="15%" alt="Apple App store"></a>
<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ultralytics.ultralytics_app" style="text-decoration:none;">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/master/app/google-play.svg" width="15%" alt="Google Play store"></a>&nbsp;
</div>
Welcome to the Ultralytics HUB App! We are excited to introduce this powerful mobile app that allows you to run YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models directly on your [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/xk/app/ultralytics/id1583935240) and [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ultralytics.ultralytics_app) devices. With the HUB App, you can utilize hardware acceleration features like Apple's Neural Engine (ANE) or Android GPU and Neural Network API (NNAPI) delegates to achieve impressive performance on your mobile device.
## Features
- **Run YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models**: Experience the power of YOLO models on your mobile device for real-time object detection and image recognition tasks.
- **Hardware Acceleration**: Benefit from Apple ANE on iOS devices or Android GPU and NNAPI delegates for optimized performance.
- **Custom Model Training**: Train custom models with the Ultralytics HUB platform and preview them live using the HUB App.
- **Mobile Compatibility**: The HUB App supports both iOS and Android devices, bringing the power of YOLO models to a wide range of users.
## App Documentation
- [**iOS**](ios.md): Learn about YOLO CoreML models accelerated on Apple's Neural Engine for iPhones and iPads.
- [**Android**](android.md): Explore TFLite acceleration on Android mobile devices.
Get started today by downloading the Ultralytics HUB App on your mobile device and unlock the potential of YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models on-the-go. Don't forget to check out our comprehensive [HUB Docs](../index.md) for more information on training, deploying, and using your custom models with the Ultralytics HUB platform.

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---
comments: true
description: Execute object detection in real-time on your iOS devices utilizing YOLO models. Leverage the power of the Apple Neural Engine and Core ML for fast and efficient object detection.
keywords: Ultralytics, iOS app, object detection, YOLO models, real time, Apple Neural Engine, Core ML, FP16, INT8, quantization
---
# Ultralytics iOS App: Real-time Object Detection with YOLO Models
<a href="https://bit.ly/ultralytics_hub" target="_blank">
<img width="100%" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/281124469-6b3b0945-dbb1-44c8-80a9-ef6bc778b299.jpg" alt="Ultralytics HUB preview image"></a>
<br>
<div align="center">
<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-github.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics GitHub"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-linkedin.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics LinkedIn"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://twitter.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-twitter.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Twitter"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://youtube.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-youtube.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics YouTube"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-tiktok.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics TikTok"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-instagram.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Instagram"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://ultralytics.com/discord"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-discord.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Discord"></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://apps.apple.com/xk/app/ultralytics/id1583935240" style="text-decoration:none;">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/master/app/app-store.svg" width="15%" alt="Apple App store"></a>
</div>
The Ultralytics iOS App is a powerful tool that allows you to run YOLO models directly on your iPhone or iPad for real-time object detection. This app utilizes the Apple Neural Engine and Core ML for model optimization and acceleration, enabling fast and efficient object detection.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AIvrQ7y0aLo"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Getting Started with the Ultralytics HUB App (IOS & Android)
</p>
## Quantization and Acceleration
To achieve real-time performance on your iOS device, YOLO models are quantized to either FP16 or INT8 precision. Quantization is a process that reduces the numerical precision of the model's weights and biases, thus reducing the model's size and the amount of computation required. This results in faster inference times without significantly affecting the model's accuracy.
### FP16 Quantization
FP16 (or half-precision) quantization converts the model's 32-bit floating-point numbers to 16-bit floating-point numbers. This reduces the model's size by half and speeds up the inference process, while maintaining a good balance between accuracy and performance.
### INT8 Quantization
INT8 (or 8-bit integer) quantization further reduces the model's size and computation requirements by converting its 32-bit floating-point numbers to 8-bit integers. This quantization method can result in a significant speedup, but it may lead to a slight reduction in accuracy.
## Apple Neural Engine
The Apple Neural Engine (ANE) is a dedicated hardware component integrated into Apple's A-series and M-series chips. It's designed to accelerate machine learning tasks, particularly for neural networks, allowing for faster and more efficient execution of your YOLO models.
By combining quantized YOLO models with the Apple Neural Engine, the Ultralytics iOS App achieves real-time object detection on your iOS device without compromising on accuracy or performance.
| Release Year | iPhone Name | Chipset Name | Node Size | ANE TOPs |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|-----------|----------|
| 2017 | [iPhone X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_X) | [A11 Bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A11) | 10 nm | 0.6 |
| 2018 | [iPhone XS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_XS) | [A12 Bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A12) | 7 nm | 5 |
| 2019 | [iPhone 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_11) | [A13 Bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A13) | 7 nm | 6 |
| 2020 | [iPhone 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_12) | [A14 Bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A14) | 5 nm | 11 |
| 2021 | [iPhone 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_13) | [A15 Bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A15) | 5 nm | 15.8 |
| 2022 | [iPhone 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_14) | [A16 Bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A16) | 4 nm | 17.0 |
Please note that this list only includes iPhone models from 2017 onwards, and the ANE TOPs values are approximate.
## Getting Started with the Ultralytics iOS App
To get started with the Ultralytics iOS App, follow these steps:
1. Download the Ultralytics App from the [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/xk/app/ultralytics/id1583935240).
2. Launch the app on your iOS device and sign in with your Ultralytics account. If you don't have an account yet, create one [here](https://hub.ultralytics.com/).
3. Once signed in, you will see a list of your trained YOLO models. Select a model to use for object detection.
4. Grant the app permission to access your device's camera.
5. Point your device's camera at objects you want to detect. The app will display bounding boxes and class labels in real-time as it detects objects.
6. Explore the app's settings to adjust the detection threshold, enable or disable specific object classes, and more.
With the Ultralytics iOS App, you can now leverage the power of YOLO models for real-time object detection on your iPhone or iPad, powered by the Apple Neural Engine and optimized with FP16 or INT8 quantization.

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how to use Ultralytics HUB for efficient and user-friendly AI model training in the cloud. Follow our detailed guide for easy model creation, training, evaluation, and deployment.
keywords: Ultralytics, HUB Models, AI model training, model creation, model training, model evaluation, model deployment
---
# Cloud Training
[Ultralytics HUB](https://hub.ultralytics.com/) provides a powerful and user-friendly cloud platform to train custom object detection models. Easily select your dataset and the desired training method, then kick off the process with just a few clicks. Ultralytics HUB offers pre-built options and various model architectures to streamline your workflow.
![cloud training cover](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/cbfdb3b8-ad35-44a6-afe6-61ec0b8e8b8d)
Read more about creating and other details of a Model at our [HUB Models page](models.md)
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ie3vLUDNYZo"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> New Feature 🌟 Introducing Ultralytics HUB Cloud Training
</p>
## Selecting an Instance
For details on picking a model and instances for it, please read our [Instances guide Page](models.md)
## Steps to Train the Model
Once the instance has been selected, training a model using Ultralytics HUB is a three-step process, as below:
1. Picking a Dataset - Read more about datasets, steps to add/remove datasets from the [Dataset page](datasets.md)
2. Picking a Model - Read more about models, steps to create/share and handle a model on the [HUB Models page](models.md)
3. Training the Model on the Chosen Dataset
Ultralytics HUB offers three training options:
- **Ultralytics Cloud** - Explained in this page.
- **Google Colab** - Train on Google's popular Colab notebooks.
- **Bring your own agent** - Train models locally on your own hardware or on-premise GPU servers.
In order to start training your model, follow the instructions presented in these steps.
## Training via Ultralytics Cloud
To start training your model using Ultralytics Cloud, simply select the Training Duration, Available Instances, and Payment options.
**Training Duration** - Ultralytics offers two kinds of training durations:
1. Training based on `Epochs`: This option allows you to train your model based on the number of times your dataset needs to go through the cycle of train, label, and test. The exact pricing based on the number of epochs is hard to determine. Hence, if the credit gets exhausted before the intended number of epochs, the training pauses, and you get a prompt to top-up and resume training.
2. Timed Training: The timed training feature allows you to fix the time duration of the entire training process and also determines the estimated amount before the start of training.
![Ultralytics cloud screenshot of training duration options](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/47b96f3f-a9ea-441a-b065-cba97edc333f)
When the training starts, you can click **Done** and monitor the training progress on the Model page.
## Monitor Your Training
Once the model and mode of training have been selected, you can monitor the training procedure on the `Train` section with the link provided in the terminal (on your agent/Google Colab) or a button from Ultralytics Cloud.
![Monitor your Training](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/316f8301-0d60-465e-8c99-aa3daf66433c)
## Stopping and Resuming Your Training
Once the training has started, you can `Stop` the training, which will also correspondingly pause the credit usage. You can then `Resume` the training from the point where it stopped.
![Pausing and Resuming Training](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/b2707a93-fa5c-4ee2-8443-6be9e1c2857d)
## Payments and Billing Options
Ultralytics HUB offers `Pay Now` as upfront and/or using `Ultralytics HUB Account` as a wallet to top up and fulfill the billing. You can choose from two types of accounts: `Free` and `Pro` user.
To access your profile, click on the profile picture in the bottom left corner.
![Clicking profile picture](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/53e5410e-06f5-4b40-b29d-ef00b5779163)
Click on the Billing tab to view your current plan and options to upgrade it.
![Clicking Upgrade button](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/361b43c7-a9d4-4d05-b80b-dc1fa8bce829)
You will be prompted with different available plans, and you can pick from the available plans as shown below.
![Picking a plan](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/4326b01c-0d7d-4850-ac4f-ced2de3339ee)
Navigate to the Payment page, fill in the details, and complete the payment.
![Payment Page](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/5deebabe-1d8a-485a-b290-e038729c849f)

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how Ultralytics HUB datasets streamline your ML workflow. Upload, format, validate, access, share, edit or delete datasets for Ultralytics YOLO model training.
keywords: Ultralytics, HUB datasets, YOLO model training, upload datasets, dataset validation, ML workflow, share datasets
---
# HUB Datasets
[Ultralytics HUB](https://hub.ultralytics.com/) datasets are a practical solution for managing and leveraging your custom datasets.
Once uploaded, datasets can be immediately utilized for model training. This integrated approach facilitates a seamless transition from dataset management to model training, significantly simplifying the entire process.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/R42s2zFtNIY"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Watch: Upload Datasets to Ultralytics HUB | Complete Walkthrough of Dataset Upload Feature
</p>
## Upload Dataset
Ultralytics HUB datasets are just like YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 🚀 datasets. They use the same structure and the same label formats to keep everything simple.
Before you upload a dataset to Ultralytics HUB, make sure to **place your dataset YAML file inside the dataset root directory** and that **your dataset YAML, directory and ZIP have the same name**, as shown in the example below, and then zip the dataset directory.
For example, if your dataset is called "coco8", as our [COCO8](https://docs.ultralytics.com/datasets/detect/coco8) example dataset, then you should have a `coco8.yaml` inside your `coco8/` directory, which will create a `coco8.zip` when zipped:
```bash
zip -r coco8.zip coco8
```
You can download our [COCO8](https://github.com/ultralytics/hub/blob/main/example_datasets/coco8.zip) example dataset and unzip it to see exactly how to structure your dataset.
<p align="center">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/datasets/hub_upload_dataset_1.jpg" alt="COCO8 Dataset Structure" width="80%">
</p>
The dataset YAML is the same standard YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 YAML format.
!!! Example "coco8.yaml"
```yaml
--8<-- "ultralytics/cfg/datasets/coco8.yaml"
```
After zipping your dataset, you should validate it before uploading it to Ultralytics HUB. Ultralytics HUB conducts the dataset validation check post-upload, so by ensuring your dataset is correctly formatted and error-free ahead of time, you can forestall any setbacks due to dataset rejection.
```py
from ultralytics.hub import check_dataset
check_dataset('path/to/coco8.zip')
```
Once your dataset ZIP is ready, navigate to the [Datasets](https://hub.ultralytics.com/datasets) page by clicking on the **Datasets** button in the sidebar.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Home page with an arrow pointing to the Datasets button in the sidebar](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/2d9f774c-100d-4ff4-a82b-2a38ced33c21)
Click on the **Upload Dataset** button on the top right of the page. This action will trigger the **Upload Dataset** dialog.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Dataset page with an arrow pointing to the Upload Dataset button](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/52ac10f5-ce42-483a-ac02-1d37d2cba3de)
Upload your dataset in the _Dataset .zip file_ field.
You have the additional option to set a custom name and description for your Ultralytics HUB dataset.
When you're happy with your dataset configuration, click **Upload**.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Upload Dataset dialog with an arrow pointing to the Upload button](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/7d210ff6-bdb2-4535-a661-0470274bd7d6)
After your dataset is uploaded and processed, you will be able to access it from the Datasets page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Datasets page with an arrow pointing to one of the datasets](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/a05d9b66-f8ba-4474-b8ac-ebe0dd143831)
You can view the images in your dataset grouped by splits (Train, Validation, Test).
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Dataset page with an arrow pointing to the Images tab](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/e07468e3-6284-4334-9783-84bfb11130f8)
!!! tip "Tip"
Each image can be enlarged for better visualization.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Images tab inside the Dataset page with an arrow pointing to the expand icon](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/26f411a0-5153-4805-a8c1-cbd379708e28)
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Images tab inside the Dataset page with one of the images expanded](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/7d5e0d50-85e5-4014-9f5b-464284e5b291)
Also, you can analyze your dataset by click on the **Overview** tab.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Dataset page with an arrow pointing to the Overview tab](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/5eaacd5d-fedf-4332-9091-1418c9f333cb)
Next, [train a model](https://docs.ultralytics.com/hub/models/#train-model) on your dataset.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Dataset page with an arrow pointing to the Train Model button](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/cb709e5f-a10b-478f-a81d-a48f61c193fe)
## Share Dataset
!!! Info "Info"
Ultralytics HUB's sharing functionality provides a convenient way to share datasets with others. This feature is designed to accommodate both existing Ultralytics HUB users and those who have yet to create an account.
!!! note "Note"
You have control over the general access of your datasets.
You can choose to set the general access to "Private", in which case, only you will have access to it. Alternatively, you can set the general access to "Unlisted" which grants viewing access to anyone who has the direct link to the dataset, regardless of whether they have an Ultralytics HUB account or not.
Navigate to the Dataset page of the dataset you want to share, open the dataset actions dropdown and click on the **Share** option. This action will trigger the **Share Dataset** dialog.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Dataset page with an arrow pointing to the Share option](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/9a0e61e7-2838-42b3-8abe-a22980e6c680)
!!! tip "Tip"
You can also share a dataset directly from the [Datasets](https://hub.ultralytics.com/datasets) page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Datasets page with an arrow pointing to the Share option of one of the datasets](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/datasets/hub_share_dataset_2.jpg)
Set the general access to "Unlisted" and click **Save**.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Share Dataset dialog with an arrow pointing to the dropdown and one to the Save button](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/5818b928-19a3-48a8-892d-27ac1dc684dd)
Now, anyone who has the direct link to your dataset can view it.
!!! tip "Tip"
You can easily click on the dataset's link shown in the **Share Dataset** dialog to copy it.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Share Dataset dialog with an arrow pointing to the dataset's link](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/8ede7d20-2a68-411d-9de5-3175b5ba7038)
## Edit / Delete Dataset
Navigate to the Dataset page of the dataset you want to edit, open the dataset actions dropdown and click on the **Edit** option. This action will trigger the **Update Dataset** dialog.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Dataset page with an arrow pointing to the Edit and Delete option](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/6c248c8c-29cd-4bd5-b33d-43e90aa1d000)
Apply the desired modifications to your dataset and then confirm the changes by clicking **Save**.
Navigate to the Dataset page of the dataset you want to delete, open the dataset actions dropdown and click on the **Delete** option. This action will delete the dataset.
!!! note "Note"
If you change your mind, you can restore the dataset from the [Trash](https://hub.ultralytics.com/trash) page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Trash page with an arrow pointing to the Restore option of one of the datasets](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/56a9460c-0e06-4659-989d-715211b9d7ce)

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@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
---
comments: true
description: Gain insights into training and deploying your YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models with Ultralytics HUB. Explore pre-trained models, templates and various integrations.
keywords: Ultralytics HUB, YOLOv5, YOLOv8, model training, model deployment, pretrained models, model integrations
---
# Ultralytics HUB
<a href="https://bit.ly/ultralytics_hub" target="_blank">
<img width="100%" src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/im/ultralytics-hub.png" alt="Ultralytics HUB preview image"></a>
<br>
<div align="center">
<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-github.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics GitHub"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-linkedin.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics LinkedIn"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://twitter.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-twitter.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Twitter"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://youtube.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-youtube.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics YouTube"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-tiktok.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics TikTok"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-instagram.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Instagram"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://ultralytics.com/discord"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-discord.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Discord"></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics/hub/actions/workflows/ci.yaml">
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/hub/actions/workflows/ci.yaml/badge.svg" alt="CI CPU"></a>
<a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/ultralytics/hub/blob/master/hub.ipynb">
<img src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open In Colab"></a>
</div>
👋 Hello from the [Ultralytics](https://ultralytics.com/) Team! We've been working hard these last few months to launch [Ultralytics HUB](https://bit.ly/ultralytics_hub), a new web tool for training and deploying all your YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 🚀 models from one spot!
## Introduction
HUB is designed to be user-friendly and intuitive, with a drag-and-drop interface that allows users to easily upload their data and train new models quickly. It offers a range of pre-trained models and templates to choose from, making it easy for users to get started with training their own models. Once a model is trained, it can be easily deployed and used for real-time object detection, instance segmentation and classification tasks.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lveF9iCMIzc?si=_Q4WB5kMB5qNe7q6"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Train Your Custom YOLO Models In A Few Clicks with Ultralytics HUB.
</p>
We hope that the resources here will help you get the most out of HUB. Please browse the HUB <a href="https://docs.ultralytics.com/hub">Docs</a> for details, raise an issue on <a href="https://github.com/ultralytics/hub/issues/new/choose">GitHub</a> for support, and join our <a href="https://ultralytics.com/discord">Discord</a> community for questions and discussions!
- [**Quickstart**](quickstart.md). Start training and deploying YOLO models with HUB in seconds.
- [**Datasets: Preparing and Uploading**](datasets.md). Learn how to prepare and upload your datasets to HUB in YOLO format.
- [**Projects: Creating and Managing**](projects.md). Group your models into projects for improved organization.
- [**Models: Training and Exporting**](models.md). Train YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models on your custom datasets and export them to various formats for deployment.
- [**Integrations: Options**](integrations.md). Explore different integration options for your trained models, such as TensorFlow, ONNX, OpenVINO, CoreML, and PaddlePaddle.
- [**Ultralytics HUB App**](app/index.md). Learn about the Ultralytics App for iOS and Android, which allows you to run models directly on your mobile device.
- [**iOS**](app/ios.md). Learn about YOLO CoreML models accelerated on Apple's Neural Engine on iPhones and iPads.
- [**Android**](app/android.md). Explore TFLite acceleration on mobile devices.
- [**Inference API**](inference-api.md). Understand how to use the Inference API for running your trained models in the cloud to generate predictions.

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---
comments: true
description: Access object detection capabilities of YOLOv8 via our RESTful API. Learn how to use the YOLO Inference API with Python or cURL for swift object detection.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Inference API, object detection, RESTful API, Python, cURL, Quickstart
---
# YOLO Inference API
The YOLO Inference API allows you to access the YOLOv8 object detection capabilities via a RESTful API. This enables you to run object detection on images without the need to install and set up the YOLOv8 environment locally.
![Inference API Screenshot](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/a8c00e55-1590-403b-bdee-ed456c60af4d) Screenshot of the Inference API section in the trained model Preview tab.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OpWpBI35A5Y"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Ultralytics HUB Inference API Walkthrough
</p>
## API URL
The API URL is the address used to access the YOLO Inference API. In this case, the base URL is:
```
https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict
```
## Example Usage in Python
To access the YOLO Inference API with the specified model and API key using Python, you can use the following code:
```python
import requests
# API URL, use actual MODEL_ID
url = f"https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict/MODEL_ID"
# Headers, use actual API_KEY
headers = {"x-api-key": "API_KEY"}
# Inference arguments (optional)
data = {"size": 640, "confidence": 0.25, "iou": 0.45}
# Load image and send request
with open("path/to/image.jpg", "rb") as image_file:
files = {"image": image_file}
response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, files=files, data=data)
print(response.json())
```
In this example, replace `API_KEY` with your actual API key, `MODEL_ID` with the desired model ID, and `path/to/image.jpg` with the path to the image you want to analyze.
## Example Usage with cURL
You can use the YOLO Inference API with client URL (cURL) by utilizing the `curl` command. Replace `API_KEY` with your actual API key, `MODEL_ID` with the desired model ID, and `image.jpg` with the path to the image you want to analyze:
```bash
curl -X POST "https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict/MODEL_ID" \
-H "x-api-key: API_KEY" \
-F "image=@/path/to/image.jpg" \
-F "size=640" \
-F "confidence=0.25" \
-F "iou=0.45"
```
## Passing Arguments
This command sends a POST request to the YOLO Inference API with the specified `MODEL_ID` in the URL and the `API_KEY` in the request `headers`, along with the image file specified by `@path/to/image.jpg`.
Here's an example of passing the `size`, `confidence`, and `iou` arguments via the API URL using the `requests` library in Python:
```python
import requests
# API URL, use actual MODEL_ID
url = f"https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict/MODEL_ID"
# Headers, use actual API_KEY
headers = {"x-api-key": "API_KEY"}
# Inference arguments (optional)
data = {"size": 640, "confidence": 0.25, "iou": 0.45}
# Load image and send request
with open("path/to/image.jpg", "rb") as image_file:
files = {"image": image_file}
response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, files=files, data=data)
print(response.json())
```
In this example, the `data` dictionary contains the query arguments `size`, `confidence`, and `iou`, which tells the API to run inference at image size 640 with confidence and IoU thresholds of 0.25 and 0.45.
This will send the query parameters along with the file in the POST request. See the table below for a full list of available inference arguments.
| Inference Argument | Default | Type | Notes |
|--------------------|---------|---------|------------------------------------------------|
| `size` | `640` | `int` | valid range is `32` - `1280` pixels |
| `confidence` | `0.25` | `float` | valid range is `0.01` - `1.0` |
| `iou` | `0.45` | `float` | valid range is `0.0` - `0.95` |
| `url` | `''` | `str` | optional image URL if not image file is passed |
| `normalize` | `False` | `bool` | |
## Return JSON format
The YOLO Inference API returns a JSON list with the detection results. The format of the JSON list will be the same as the one produced locally by the `results[0].tojson()` command.
The JSON list contains information about the detected objects, their coordinates, classes, and confidence scores.
### Detect Model Format
YOLO detection models, such as `yolov8n.pt`, can return JSON responses from local inference, cURL inference, and Python inference. All of these methods produce the same JSON response format.
!!! Example "Detect Model JSON Response"
=== "`ultralytics`"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load model
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt')
# Run inference
results = model('image.jpg')
# Print image.jpg results in JSON format
print(results[0].tojson())
```
=== "cURL"
```bash
curl -X POST "https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict/MODEL_ID" \
-H "x-api-key: API_KEY" \
-F "image=@/path/to/image.jpg" \
-F "size=640" \
-F "confidence=0.25" \
-F "iou=0.45"
```
=== "Python"
```python
import requests
# API URL, use actual MODEL_ID
url = f"https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict/MODEL_ID"
# Headers, use actual API_KEY
headers = {"x-api-key": "API_KEY"}
# Inference arguments (optional)
data = {"size": 640, "confidence": 0.25, "iou": 0.45}
# Load image and send request
with open("path/to/image.jpg", "rb") as image_file:
files = {"image": image_file}
response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, files=files, data=data)
print(response.json())
```
=== "JSON Response"
```json
{
"success": True,
"message": "Inference complete.",
"data": [
{
"name": "person",
"class": 0,
"confidence": 0.8359682559967041,
"box": {
"x1": 0.08974208831787109,
"y1": 0.27418340047200523,
"x2": 0.8706787109375,
"y2": 0.9887352837456598
}
},
{
"name": "person",
"class": 0,
"confidence": 0.8189555406570435,
"box": {
"x1": 0.5847355842590332,
"y1": 0.05813225640190972,
"x2": 0.8930277824401855,
"y2": 0.9903111775716146
}
},
{
"name": "tie",
"class": 27,
"confidence": 0.2909725308418274,
"box": {
"x1": 0.3433395862579346,
"y1": 0.6070465511745877,
"x2": 0.40964522361755373,
"y2": 0.9849439832899306
}
}
]
}
```
### Segment Model Format
YOLO segmentation models, such as `yolov8n-seg.pt`, can return JSON responses from local inference, cURL inference, and Python inference. All of these methods produce the same JSON response format.
!!! Example "Segment Model JSON Response"
=== "`ultralytics`"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load model
model = YOLO('yolov8n-seg.pt')
# Run inference
results = model('image.jpg')
# Print image.jpg results in JSON format
print(results[0].tojson())
```
=== "cURL"
```bash
curl -X POST "https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict/MODEL_ID" \
-H "x-api-key: API_KEY" \
-F "image=@/path/to/image.jpg" \
-F "size=640" \
-F "confidence=0.25" \
-F "iou=0.45"
```
=== "Python"
```python
import requests
# API URL, use actual MODEL_ID
url = f"https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict/MODEL_ID"
# Headers, use actual API_KEY
headers = {"x-api-key": "API_KEY"}
# Inference arguments (optional)
data = {"size": 640, "confidence": 0.25, "iou": 0.45}
# Load image and send request
with open("path/to/image.jpg", "rb") as image_file:
files = {"image": image_file}
response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, files=files, data=data)
print(response.json())
```
=== "JSON Response"
Note `segments` `x` and `y` lengths may vary from one object to another. Larger or more complex objects may have more segment points.
```json
{
"success": True,
"message": "Inference complete.",
"data": [
{
"name": "person",
"class": 0,
"confidence": 0.856913149356842,
"box": {
"x1": 0.1064866065979004,
"y1": 0.2798851860894097,
"x2": 0.8738358497619629,
"y2": 0.9894873725043403
},
"segments": {
"x": [
0.421875,
0.4203124940395355,
0.41718751192092896
...
],
"y": [
0.2888889014720917,
0.2916666567325592,
0.2916666567325592
...
]
}
},
{
"name": "person",
"class": 0,
"confidence": 0.8512625694274902,
"box": {
"x1": 0.5757311820983887,
"y1": 0.053943040635850696,
"x2": 0.8960096359252929,
"y2": 0.985154045952691
},
"segments": {
"x": [
0.7515624761581421,
0.75,
0.7437499761581421
...
],
"y": [
0.0555555559694767,
0.05833333358168602,
0.05833333358168602
...
]
}
},
{
"name": "tie",
"class": 27,
"confidence": 0.6485961675643921,
"box": {
"x1": 0.33911995887756347,
"y1": 0.6057066175672743,
"x2": 0.4081430912017822,
"y2": 0.9916408962673611
},
"segments": {
"x": [
0.37187498807907104,
0.37031251192092896,
0.3687500059604645
...
],
"y": [
0.6111111044883728,
0.6138888597488403,
0.6138888597488403
...
]
}
}
]
}
```
### Pose Model Format
YOLO pose models, such as `yolov8n-pose.pt`, can return JSON responses from local inference, cURL inference, and Python inference. All of these methods produce the same JSON response format.
!!! Example "Pose Model JSON Response"
=== "`ultralytics`"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load model
model = YOLO('yolov8n-seg.pt')
# Run inference
results = model('image.jpg')
# Print image.jpg results in JSON format
print(results[0].tojson())
```
=== "cURL"
```bash
curl -X POST "https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict/MODEL_ID" \
-H "x-api-key: API_KEY" \
-F "image=@/path/to/image.jpg" \
-F "size=640" \
-F "confidence=0.25" \
-F "iou=0.45"
```
=== "Python"
```python
import requests
# API URL, use actual MODEL_ID
url = f"https://api.ultralytics.com/v1/predict/MODEL_ID"
# Headers, use actual API_KEY
headers = {"x-api-key": "API_KEY"}
# Inference arguments (optional)
data = {"size": 640, "confidence": 0.25, "iou": 0.45}
# Load image and send request
with open("path/to/image.jpg", "rb") as image_file:
files = {"image": image_file}
response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, files=files, data=data)
print(response.json())
```
=== "JSON Response"
Note COCO-keypoints pretrained models will have 17 human keypoints. The `visible` part of the keypoints indicates whether a keypoint is visible or obscured. Obscured keypoints may be outside the image or may not be visible, i.e. a person's eyes facing away from the camera.
```json
{
"success": True,
"message": "Inference complete.",
"data": [
{
"name": "person",
"class": 0,
"confidence": 0.8439509868621826,
"box": {
"x1": 0.1125,
"y1": 0.28194444444444444,
"x2": 0.7953125,
"y2": 0.9902777777777778
},
"keypoints": {
"x": [
0.5058594942092896,
0.5103894472122192,
0.4920862317085266
...
],
"y": [
0.48964157700538635,
0.4643048942089081,
0.4465252459049225
...
],
"visible": [
0.8726999163627625,
0.653947651386261,
0.9130823612213135
...
]
}
},
{
"name": "person",
"class": 0,
"confidence": 0.7474289536476135,
"box": {
"x1": 0.58125,
"y1": 0.0625,
"x2": 0.8859375,
"y2": 0.9888888888888889
},
"keypoints": {
"x": [
0.778544008731842,
0.7976160049438477,
0.7530890107154846
...
],
"y": [
0.27595141530036926,
0.2378823608160019,
0.23644638061523438
...
],
"visible": [
0.8900790810585022,
0.789978563785553,
0.8974530100822449
...
]
}
}
]
}
```

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---
comments: true
description: Explore integration options for Ultralytics HUB. Currently featuring Roboflow for dataset integration and multiple export formats for your trained models.
keywords: Ultralytics HUB, Integrations, Roboflow, Dataset, Export, YOLOv5, YOLOv8, ONNX, CoreML, TensorRT, TensorFlow
---
# HUB Integrations
🚧 **Under Construction** 🚧
Welcome to the Integrations guide for [Ultralytics HUB](https://hub.ultralytics.com/)! We are in the process of expanding this section to provide you with comprehensive guidance on integrating your YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models with various platforms and formats. Currently, Roboflow is our available dataset integration, with a wide range of export integrations for your trained models.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lveF9iCMIzc?si=_Q4WB5kMB5qNe7q6"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Train Your Custom YOLO Models In A Few Clicks with Ultralytics HUB.
</p>
## Available Integrations
### Dataset Integrations
- **Roboflow**: Seamlessly import your datasets for training.
### Export Integrations
| Format | `format` Argument | Model | Metadata | Arguments |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------|----------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| [PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/) | - | `yolov8n.pt` | ✅ | - |
| [TorchScript](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/jit.html) | `torchscript` | `yolov8n.torchscript` | ✅ | `imgsz`, `optimize` |
| [ONNX](https://onnx.ai/) | `onnx` | `yolov8n.onnx` | ✅ | `imgsz`, `half`, `dynamic`, `simplify`, `opset` |
| [OpenVINO](../integrations/openvino.md) | `openvino` | `yolov8n_openvino_model/` | ✅ | `imgsz`, `half`, `int8` |
| [TensorRT](https://developer.nvidia.com/tensorrt) | `engine` | `yolov8n.engine` | ✅ | `imgsz`, `half`, `dynamic`, `simplify`, `workspace` |
| [CoreML](https://github.com/apple/coremltools) | `coreml` | `yolov8n.mlpackage` | ✅ | `imgsz`, `half`, `int8`, `nms` |
| [TF SavedModel](https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/saved_model) | `saved_model` | `yolov8n_saved_model/` | ✅ | `imgsz`, `keras`, `int8` |
| [TF GraphDef](https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/Graph) | `pb` | `yolov8n.pb` | ❌ | `imgsz` |
| [TF Lite](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite) | `tflite` | `yolov8n.tflite` | ✅ | `imgsz`, `half`, `int8` |
| [TF Edge TPU](https://coral.ai/docs/edgetpu/models-intro/) | `edgetpu` | `yolov8n_edgetpu.tflite` | ✅ | `imgsz` |
| [TF.js](https://www.tensorflow.org/js) | `tfjs` | `yolov8n_web_model/` | ✅ | `imgsz`, `half`, `int8` |
| [PaddlePaddle](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle) | `paddle` | `yolov8n_paddle_model/` | ✅ | `imgsz` |
| [NCNN](https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn) | `ncnn` | `yolov8n_ncnn_model/` | ✅ | `imgsz`, `half` |
## Coming Soon
- Additional Dataset Integrations
- Detailed Export Integration Guides
- Step-by-Step Tutorials for Each Integration
## Need Immediate Assistance?
While we're in the process of creating detailed guides:
- Browse through other [HUB Docs](https://docs.ultralytics.com/hub/) for detailed guides and tutorials.
- Raise an issue on our [GitHub](https://github.com/ultralytics/hub/) for technical support.
- Join our [Discord Community](https://ultralytics.com/discord/) for live discussions and community support.
We appreciate your patience as we work to make this section comprehensive and user-friendly. Stay tuned for updates!

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@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
---
comments: true
description: Learn how to efficiently train AI models using Ultralytics HUB, a streamlined solution for model creation, training, evaluation, and deployment.
keywords: Ultralytics, HUB Models, AI model training, model creation, model training, model evaluation, model deployment
---
# Ultralytics HUB Models
[Ultralytics HUB](https://hub.ultralytics.com/) models provide a streamlined solution for training vision AI models on custom datasets.
The process is user-friendly and efficient, involving a simple three-step creation and accelerated training powered by Ultralytics YOLOv8. Real-time updates on model metrics are available during training, allowing users to monitor progress at each step. Once training is completed, models can be previewed and easily deployed to real-world applications. Therefore, Ultralytics HUB offers a comprehensive yet straightforward system for model creation, training, evaluation, and deployment.
The entire process of training a model is detailed on our [Cloud Training Page](cloud-training.md).
![Preview of the Models](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/a02e1441-f5f6-4935-ad75-ec18e425d8bd)
## Train Model
Navigate to the [Models](https://hub.ultralytics.com/models) page by clicking on the **Models** button in the sidebar.
Training a model using HUB is a 4-step process:
- **Execute the pre-requisites script**: Run the provided scripts to prepare the virtual environment.
- **Provide the API and start Training**: Once the model is prepared, provide the API key as instructed and execute the code block.
- **Check the results and Metrics**: Upon successful execution, a link is provided to the Metrics Page. This page offers comprehensive details on the trained model, including specifications, loss metrics, dataset information, and image distributions. Additionally, the 'Deploy' tab provides access to the trained model's documentation and license details.
- **Test your model**: Ultralytics HUB offers testing using custom images, device cameras, or links to test on `iPhone` or `Android` devices.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Home page](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/61428720-aa93-4689-b209-ead7f06fa488)
!!! tip "Tip"
You can also train a model directly from the [Home](https://hub.ultralytics.com/home) page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Home page with an arrow pointing to the Train Model card](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/6f9f06f7-e663-4fa7-800c-98675bf1405b)
Click on the **Train Model** button on the top right of the page to trigger the **Train Model** dialog.
The **Train Model** dialog has three simple steps:
### 1. Dataset
Select the dataset for training and click **Continue**.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Train Model dialog with an arrow pointing to a dataset and one to the Continue button](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/7ff90f2a-c61e-472f-a573-f725a5bddc1c)
### 2. Model
Choose the project, model name, and architecture. Read more about available architectures in our [YOLOv8](https://docs.ultralytics.com/models/yolov8) (and [YOLOv5](https://docs.ultralytics.com/models/yolov5)) documentation.
Click **Continue** when satisfied with the configuration.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Train Model dialog with an arrow pointing to a model architecture and one to the Continue button](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/a7a412b3-3e87-48de-b117-c506338f36fb)
!!! note "Note"
By default, your model will use a pre-trained model (trained on the [COCO](https://docs.ultralytics.com/datasets/detect/coco) dataset) to reduce training time.
Advanced options are available to modify this behavior.
## Preview Model
Ultralytics HUB offers various ways to preview trained models.
You can upload an image in the **Test** card under the **Preview** tab to preview your model.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Preview tab (Test card) inside the Model page](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/a732d13a-8da9-40a8-9f5e-c766bec3fbe9)
Use our Ultralytics Cloud API to effortlessly [run inference](inference-api.md) with your custom model.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Preview tab (Ultralytics Cloud API card) inside the Model page](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/77ae0f6c-d89e-433c-b404-77f71c06def5)
Preview your model in real-time on your [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/xk/app/ultralytics/id1583935240) or [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ultralytics.ultralytics_app) device by [downloading](https://ultralytics.com/app_install) our [Ultralytics HUB Mobile Application](app/index.md).
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Deploy tab inside the Model page with an arrow pointing to the Real-Time Preview card](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/8d711052-5ab1-43bc-bc25-a8802a24b301)
## Train the model
Ultralytics HUB offers three training options:
- **Ultralytics Cloud** - Learn more about training via the Ultralytics [Cloud Training Page](cloud-training.md)
- **Google Colab**
- **Bring your own agent**
## Training the Model on Google Colab
To start training using Google Colab, follow the instructions on the Google Colab notebook.
<a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/ultralytics/hub/blob/master/hub.ipynb" target="_blank">
<img src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open In Colab">
</a>
![Google Colab Screenshot](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/f19d2e04-d33c-446b-91f9-80396e02b68f)
## Bring your own Agent
Create an API endpoint through Ultralytics HUB to train the Model locally. Follow the provided steps, and access training details via the link generated on the Agent terminal.
![Bring your own agent screenshot](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/7d8dcd7a-19ec-4ada-87bf-1a1ba1d01ceb)
## Deploy Model
Export your model to 13 different formats, including ONNX, OpenVINO, CoreML, TensorFlow, Paddle, and more.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Deploy tab inside the Model page with all formats exported](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/083a929d-2bbd-45f8-9dec-2767949caaba)
## Share Model
Ultralytics HUB's sharing functionality provides a convenient way to share models. Control the general access of your models, setting them to "Private" or "Unlisted".
Navigate to the Model page, open the model actions dropdown, and click on the **Share** option.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Model page with an arrow pointing to the Share option](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/ac98724e-9267-4557-a792-33073c47bbff)
Set the general access and click **Save**.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Share Model dialog with an arrow pointing to the dropdown and one to the Save button](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/65afcd99-1f9e-4be8-b287-096a7c74fc0e)
Now, anyone with the direct link can view your model.
!!! tip "Tip"
Easily copy the model's link shown in the **Share Model** dialog by clicking on it.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Share Model dialog with an arrow pointing to the model's link](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/models/hub_share_model_4.jpg)
## Edit and Delete Model
Navigate to the Model page, open the model actions dropdown, and click on the **Edit** option to update the model. To delete the model, select the **Delete** option.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Model page with an arrow pointing to the Edit option](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/5c2db731-45dc-4f04-ac0f-9ad600c140a1)

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---
description: Discover what's next for Ultralytics with our under-construction page, previewing new, groundbreaking AI and ML features coming soon.
keywords: Ultralytics, coming soon, under construction, new features, AI updates, ML advancements, YOLO, technology preview
---
# Under Construction 🏗️🌟
Welcome to the Ultralytics "Under Construction" page! Here, we're hard at work developing the next generation of AI and ML innovations. This page serves as a teaser for the exciting updates and new features we're eager to share with you!
## Exciting New Features on the Way 🎉
- **Innovative Breakthroughs:** Get ready for advanced features and services that will transform your AI and ML experience.
- **New Horizons:** Anticipate novel products that redefine AI and ML capabilities.
- **Enhanced Services:** We're upgrading our services for greater efficiency and user-friendliness.
## Stay Updated 🚧
This placeholder page is your first stop for upcoming developments. Keep an eye out for:
- **Newsletter:** Subscribe [here](https://ultralytics.com/#newsletter) for the latest news.
- **Social Media:** Follow us [here](https://www.linkedin.com/company/ultralytics) for updates and teasers.
- **Blog:** Visit our [blog](https://ultralytics.com/blog) for detailed insights.
## We Value Your Input 🗣️
Your feedback shapes our future releases. Share your thoughts and suggestions [here](https://ultralytics.com/contact).
## Thank You, Community! 🌍
Your [contributions](https://docs.ultralytics.com/help/contributing) inspire our continuous [innovation](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics). Stay tuned for the big reveal of what's next in AI and ML at Ultralytics!
---
Excited for what's coming? Bookmark this page and get ready for a transformative AI and ML journey with Ultralytics! 🛠️🤖

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how to manage Ultralytics HUB projects. Understand effective strategies to create, share, edit, delete, and compare models in an organized workspace.
keywords: Ultralytics, HUB projects, Create project, Edit project, Share project, Delete project, Compare Models, Model Management
---
# Ultralytics HUB Projects
[Ultralytics HUB](https://hub.ultralytics.com/) projects provide an effective solution for consolidating and managing your models. If you are working with several models that perform similar tasks or have related purposes, Ultralytics HUB projects allow you to group these models together.
This creates a unified and organized workspace that facilitates easier model management, comparison and development. Having similar models or various iterations together can facilitate rapid benchmarking, as you can compare their effectiveness. This can lead to faster, more insightful iterative development and refinement of your models.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Gc6K5eKrTNQ"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Train YOLOv8 Pose Model on Tiger-Pose Dataset Using Ultralytics HUB
</p>
## Create Project
Navigate to the [Projects](https://hub.ultralytics.com/projects) page by clicking on the **Projects** button in the sidebar.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Home page with an arrow pointing to the Projects button in the sidebar](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_create_project_1.jpg)
??? tip "Tip"
You can also create a project directly from the [Home](https://hub.ultralytics.com/home) page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Home page with an arrow pointing to the Create Project card](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_create_project_2.jpg)
Click on the **Create Project** button on the top right of the page. This action will trigger the **Create Project** dialog, opening up a suite of options for tailoring your project to your needs.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Projects page with an arrow pointing to the Create Project button](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_create_project_3.jpg)
Type the name of your project in the _Project name_ field or keep the default name and finalize the project creation with a single click.
You have the additional option to enrich your project with a description and a unique image, enhancing its recognizability on the Projects page.
When you're happy with your project configuration, click **Create**.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Create Project dialog with an arrow pointing to the Create button](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_create_project_4.jpg)
After your project is created, you will be able to access it from the Projects page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Projects page with an arrow pointing to one of the projects](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_create_project_5.jpg)
Next, [train a model](https://docs.ultralytics.com/hub/models/#train-model) inside your project.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Project page with an arrow pointing to the Train Model button](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_create_project_6.jpg)
## Share Project
!!! Info "Info"
Ultralytics HUB's sharing functionality provides a convenient way to share projects with others. This feature is designed to accommodate both existing Ultralytics HUB users and those who have yet to create an account.
??? note "Note"
You have control over the general access of your projects.
You can choose to set the general access to "Private", in which case, only you will have access to it. Alternatively, you can set the general access to "Unlisted" which grants viewing access to anyone who has the direct link to the project, regardless of whether they have an Ultralytics HUB account or not.
Navigate to the Project page of the project you want to share, open the project actions dropdown and click on the **Share** option. This action will trigger the **Share Project** dialog.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Project page with an arrow pointing to the Share option](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_share_project_1.jpg)
??? tip "Tip"
You can also share a project directly from the [Projects](https://hub.ultralytics.com/projects) page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Projects page with an arrow pointing to the Share option of one of the projects](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_share_project_2.jpg)
Set the general access to "Unlisted" and click **Save**.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Share Project dialog with an arrow pointing to the dropdown and one to the Save button](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_share_project_3.jpg)
!!! Warning "Warning"
When changing the general access of a project, the general access of the models inside the project will be changed as well.
Now, anyone who has the direct link to your project can view it.
??? tip "Tip"
You can easily click on the project's link shown in the **Share Project** dialog to copy it.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Share Project dialog with an arrow pointing to the project's link](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_share_project_4.jpg)
## Edit Project
Navigate to the Project page of the project you want to edit, open the project actions dropdown and click on the **Edit** option. This action will trigger the **Update Project** dialog.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Project page with an arrow pointing to the Edit option](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_edit_project_1.jpg)
??? tip "Tip"
You can also edit a project directly from the [Projects](https://hub.ultralytics.com/projects) page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Projects page with an arrow pointing to the Edit option of one of the projects](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_edit_project_2.jpg)
Apply the desired modifications to your project and then confirm the changes by clicking **Save**.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Update Project dialog with an arrow pointing to the Save button](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_edit_project_3.jpg)
## Delete Project
Navigate to the Project page of the project you want to delete, open the project actions dropdown and click on the **Delete** option. This action will delete the project.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Project page with an arrow pointing to the Delete option](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_delete_project_1.jpg)
??? tip "Tip"
You can also delete a project directly from the [Projects](https://hub.ultralytics.com/projects) page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Projects page with an arrow pointing to the Delete option of one of the projects](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_delete_project_2.jpg)
!!! Warning "Warning"
When deleting a project, the models inside the project will be deleted as well.
??? note "Note"
If you change your mind, you can restore the project from the [Trash](https://hub.ultralytics.com/trash) page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Trash page with an arrow pointing to the Restore option of one of the projects](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_delete_project_3.jpg)
## Compare Models
Navigate to the Project page of the project where the models you want to compare are located. To use the model comparison feature, click on the **Charts** tab.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Project page with an arrow pointing to the Charts tab](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_compare_models_1.jpg)
This will display all the relevant charts. Each chart corresponds to a different metric and contains the performance of each model for that metric. The models are represented by different colors, and you can hover over each data point to get more information.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Charts tab inside the Project page](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_compare_models_2.jpg)
??? tip "Tip"
Each chart can be enlarged for better visualization.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Charts tab inside the Project page with an arrow pointing to the expand icon](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_compare_models_3.jpg)
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Charts tab inside the Project page with one of the charts expanded](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_compare_models_4.jpg)
??? tip "Tip"
You have the flexibility to customize your view by selectively hiding certain models. This feature allows you to concentrate on the models of interest.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Charts tab inside the Project page with an arrow pointing to the hide/unhide icon of one of the model](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_compare_models_5.jpg)
## Reorder Models
??? note "Note"
Ultralytics HUB's reordering functionality works only inside projects you own.
Navigate to the Project page of the project where the models you want to reorder are located. Click on the designated reorder icon of the model you want to move and drag it to the desired location.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Project page with an arrow pointing to the reorder icon](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_reorder_models_1.jpg)
## Transfer Models
Navigate to the Project page of the project where the model you want to mode is located, open the project actions dropdown and click on the **Transfer** option. This action will trigger the **Transfer Model** dialog.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Project page with an arrow pointing to the Transfer option of one of the models](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_transfer_models_1.jpg)
??? tip "Tip"
You can also transfer a model directly from the [Models](https://hub.ultralytics.com/models) page.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Models page with an arrow pointing to the Transfer option of one of the models](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_transfer_models_2.jpg)
Select the project you want to transfer the model to and click **Save**.
![Ultralytics HUB screenshot of the Transfer Model dialog with an arrow pointing to the dropdown and one to the Save button](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/docs/hub/projects/hub_transfer_models_3.jpg)

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---
comments: true
description: Kickstart your journey with Ultralytics HUB. Learn how to train and deploy YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models in seconds with our Quickstart guide.
keywords: Ultralytics HUB, Quickstart, YOLOv5, YOLOv8, model training, quick deployment, drag-and-drop interface, real-time object detection
---
# Quickstart Guide for Ultralytics HUB
HUB is designed to be user-friendly and intuitive, with a drag-and-drop interface that allows users to easily upload their data and train new models quickly. It offers a range of pre-trained models and templates to choose from, making it easy for users to get started with training their own models. Once a model is trained, it can be easily deployed and used for real-time object detection, instance segmentation and classification tasks.
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lveF9iCMIzc?si=_Q4WB5kMB5qNe7q6"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> Train Your Custom YOLO Models In A Few Clicks with Ultralytics HUB.
</p>
## Creating an Account
[Ultralytics HUB](https://hub.ultralytics.com/) offers multiple easy account creation options. Users can register and sign in using Google, Apple, GitHub accounts, or a work email address.
![Creating an Account](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/1dcf454a-68ab-4821-9779-ee33a6e300cf)
## The Dashboard
Upon logging in, users are directed to the HUB dashboard, providing a comprehensive overview. The left pane conveniently offers links for tasks such as Uploading Datasets, Creating Projects, Training Models, Integrating Third-party Applications, Accessing Support, and Managing Trash.
![HUB Dashboard](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/108de60e-1b21-4f07-8d46-ed51d8439f67)
## Selecting the Model
Choose a Dataset and train the model by selecting the Project name, Model name, and Architecture. Ultralytics offers a range of YOLOv8, YOLOv5, and YOLOv5u6 Architectures, including pre-trained and custom options.
Read more about Models on the [HUB Models page](models.md).
## Training the Model
There are three ways to train your model: using Google Colab, training locally, or through Ultralytics Cloud. Learn more about training options on the [Cloud Training Page](cloud-training.md).
## Integrating the Model
Integrate your trained model with third-party applications or connect HUB from an external agent. Ultralytics HUB currently supports simple one-click API Integration with Roboflow. Read more about integration on the [Integration Page](integrations.md).
## Need Help?
If you encounter any issues or have questions, we're here to assist you. You can report a bug, request a feature, or ask a question.
![Support Page](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/c29bf5c5-72d8-4be4-9f3f-b504968d0bef)
## Data Management
Manage your datasets efficiently with options to restore or permanently delete them from the Trash section in the left column.
![Trash Page](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/19519529/c3d46107-aa58-4b05-a7a8-44db1ad61bb2)

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---
comments: true
description: Explore a complete guide to Ultralytics YOLOv8, a high-speed, high-accuracy object detection & image segmentation model. Installation, prediction, training tutorials and more.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, object detection, image segmentation, machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, YOLOv8 installation, YOLOv8 prediction, YOLOv8 training, YOLO history, YOLO licenses
---
<div align="center">
<p>
<a href="https://www.ultralytics.com/blog/ultralytics-yolov8-turns-one-a-year-of-breakthroughs-and-innovations" target="_blank">
<img width="1024" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ultralytics/assets/main/yolov8/banner-yolov8.png" alt="Ultralytics YOLO banner"></a>
</p>
<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-github.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics GitHub"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-linkedin.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics LinkedIn"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://twitter.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-twitter.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Twitter"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://youtube.com/ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-youtube.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics YouTube"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ultralytics"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-tiktok.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics TikTok"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/ultralytics/"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-instagram.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Instagram"></a>
<img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-transparent.png" width="3%" alt="space">
<a href="https://ultralytics.com/discord"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/raw/main/social/logo-social-discord.png" width="3%" alt="Ultralytics Discord"></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/ci.yaml"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/actions/workflows/ci.yaml/badge.svg" alt="Ultralytics CI"></a>
<a href="https://codecov.io/github/ultralytics/ultralytics"><img src="https://codecov.io/github/ultralytics/ultralytics/branch/main/graph/badge.svg?token=HHW7IIVFVY" alt="Ultralytics Code Coverage"></a>
<a href="https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/264818686"><img src="https://zenodo.org/badge/264818686.svg" alt="YOLOv8 Citation"></a>
<a href="https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/ultralytics"><img src="https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/ultralytics/ultralytics?logo=docker" alt="Docker Pulls"></a>
<a href="https://ultralytics.com/discord"><img alt="Discord" src="https://img.shields.io/discord/1089800235347353640?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=Discord&color=blue"></a>
<br>
<a href="https://console.paperspace.com/github/ultralytics/ultralytics"><img src="https://assets.paperspace.io/img/gradient-badge.svg" alt="Run on Gradient"></a>
<a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/examples/tutorial.ipynb"><img src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open In Colab"></a>
<a href="https://www.kaggle.com/ultralytics/yolov8"><img src="https://kaggle.com/static/images/open-in-kaggle.svg" alt="Open In Kaggle"></a>
</div>
Introducing [Ultralytics](https://ultralytics.com) [YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics), the latest version of the acclaimed real-time object detection and image segmentation model. YOLOv8 is built on cutting-edge advancements in deep learning and computer vision, offering unparalleled performance in terms of speed and accuracy. Its streamlined design makes it suitable for various applications and easily adaptable to different hardware platforms, from edge devices to cloud APIs.
Explore the YOLOv8 Docs, a comprehensive resource designed to help you understand and utilize its features and capabilities. Whether you are a seasoned machine learning practitioner or new to the field, this hub aims to maximize YOLOv8's potential in your projects
## Where to Start
- **Install** `ultralytics` with pip and get up and running in minutes &nbsp; [:material-clock-fast: Get Started](quickstart.md){ .md-button }
- **Predict** new images and videos with YOLOv8 &nbsp; [:octicons-image-16: Predict on Images](modes/predict.md){ .md-button }
- **Train** a new YOLOv8 model on your own custom dataset &nbsp; [:fontawesome-solid-brain: Train a Model](modes/train.md){ .md-button }
- **Tasks** YOLOv8 tasks like segment, classify, pose and track &nbsp; [:material-magnify-expand: Explore Tasks](tasks/index.md){ .md-button }
- **NEW 🚀 Explore** datasets with advanced semantic and SQL search &nbsp; [:material-magnify-expand: Explore a Dataset](datasets/explorer/index.md){ .md-button }
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LNwODJXcvt4?si=7n1UvGRLSd9p5wKs"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> How to Train a YOLOv8 model on Your Custom Dataset in <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/examples/tutorial.ipynb" target="_blank">Google Colab</a>.
</p>
## YOLO: A Brief History
[YOLO](https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02640) (You Only Look Once), a popular object detection and image segmentation model, was developed by Joseph Redmon and Ali Farhadi at the University of Washington. Launched in 2015, YOLO quickly gained popularity for its high speed and accuracy.
- [YOLOv2](https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08242), released in 2016, improved the original model by incorporating batch normalization, anchor boxes, and dimension clusters.
- [YOLOv3](https://pjreddie.com/media/files/papers/YOLOv3.pdf), launched in 2018, further enhanced the model's performance using a more efficient backbone network, multiple anchors and spatial pyramid pooling.
- [YOLOv4](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.10934) was released in 2020, introducing innovations like Mosaic data augmentation, a new anchor-free detection head, and a new loss function.
- [YOLOv5](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5) further improved the model's performance and added new features such as hyperparameter optimization, integrated experiment tracking and automatic export to popular export formats.
- [YOLOv6](https://github.com/meituan/YOLOv6) was open-sourced by [Meituan](https://about.meituan.com/) in 2022 and is in use in many of the company's autonomous delivery robots.
- [YOLOv7](https://github.com/WongKinYiu/yolov7) added additional tasks such as pose estimation on the COCO keypoints dataset.
- [YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics) is the latest version of YOLO by Ultralytics. As a cutting-edge, state-of-the-art (SOTA) model, YOLOv8 builds on the success of previous versions, introducing new features and improvements for enhanced performance, flexibility, and efficiency. YOLOv8 supports a full range of vision AI tasks, including [detection](tasks/detect.md), [segmentation](tasks/segment.md), [pose estimation](tasks/pose.md), [tracking](modes/track.md), and [classification](tasks/classify.md). This versatility allows users to leverage YOLOv8's capabilities across diverse applications and domains.
- [YOLOv9](models/yolov9.md) Introduces innovative methods like Programmable Gradient Information (PGI) and the Generalized Efficient Layer Aggregation Network (GELAN).
## YOLO Licenses: How is Ultralytics YOLO licensed?
Ultralytics offers two licensing options to accommodate diverse use cases:
- **AGPL-3.0 License**: This [OSI-approved](https://opensource.org/licenses/) open-source license is ideal for students and enthusiasts, promoting open collaboration and knowledge sharing. See the [LICENSE](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/blob/main/LICENSE) file for more details.
- **Enterprise License**: Designed for commercial use, this license permits seamless integration of Ultralytics software and AI models into commercial goods and services, bypassing the open-source requirements of AGPL-3.0. If your scenario involves embedding our solutions into a commercial offering, reach out through [Ultralytics Licensing](https://ultralytics.com/license).
Our licensing strategy is designed to ensure that any improvements to our open-source projects are returned to the community. We hold the principles of open source close to our hearts ❤️, and our mission is to guarantee that our contributions can be utilized and expanded upon in ways that are beneficial to all.

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---
comments: true
Description: Learn how to deploy YOLOv8 models on Amazon SageMaker Endpoints. This guide covers the essentials of AWS environment setup, model preparation, and deployment using AWS CloudFormation and the AWS Cloud Development Kit (CDK).
keywords: YOLOv8, Ultralytics, Amazon SageMaker, AWS, CloudFormation, AWS CDK, PyTorch, Model Deployment, Machine Learning, Computer Vision
---
# A Guide to Deploying YOLOv8 on Amazon SageMaker Endpoints
Deploying advanced computer vision models like [Ultralytics’ YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics) on Amazon SageMaker Endpoints opens up a wide range of possibilities for various machine learning applications. The key to effectively using these models lies in understanding their setup, configuration, and deployment processes. YOLOv8 becomes even more powerful when integrated seamlessly with Amazon SageMaker, a robust and scalable machine learning service by AWS.
This guide will take you through the process of deploying YOLOv8 PyTorch models on Amazon SageMaker Endpoints step by step. You'll learn the essentials of preparing your AWS environment, configuring the model appropriately, and using tools like AWS CloudFormation and the AWS Cloud Development Kit (CDK) for deployment.
## Amazon SageMaker
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://d1.awsstatic.com/sagemaker/Amazon-SageMaker-Studio%402x.aa0572ebf4ea9237571644c7f853c914c1d0c985.png" alt="Amazon SageMaker Overview">
</p>
[Amazon SageMaker](https://aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/) is a machine learning service from Amazon Web Services (AWS) that simplifies the process of building, training, and deploying machine learning models. It provides a broad range of tools for handling various aspects of machine learning workflows. This includes automated features for tuning models, options for training models at scale, and straightforward methods for deploying models into production. SageMaker supports popular machine learning frameworks, offering the flexibility needed for diverse projects. Its features also cover data labeling, workflow management, and performance analysis.
## Deploying YOLOv8 on Amazon SageMaker Endpoints
Deploying YOLOv8 on Amazon SageMaker lets you use its managed environment for real-time inference and take advantage of features like autoscaling. Take a look at the AWS architecture below.
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://d2908q01vomqb2.cloudfront.net/f1f836cb4ea6efb2a0b1b99f41ad8b103eff4b59/2023/02/28/ML13353_AWSArchitecture-1024x605.png" alt="AWS Architecture">
</p>
### Step 1: Setup Your AWS Environment
First, ensure you have the following prerequisites in place:
- An AWS Account: If you don't already have one, sign up for an AWS account.
- Configured IAM Roles: You’ll need an IAM role with the necessary permissions for Amazon SageMaker, AWS CloudFormation, and Amazon S3. This role should have policies that allow it to access these services.
- AWS CLI: If not already installed, download and install the AWS Command Line Interface (CLI) and configure it with your account details. Follow [the AWS CLI instructions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/getting-started-install.html) for installation.
- AWS CDK: If not already installed, install the AWS Cloud Development Kit (CDK), which will be used for scripting the deployment. Follow [the AWS CDK instructions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cdk/v2/guide/getting_started.html#getting_started_install) for installation.
- Adequate Service Quota: Confirm that you have sufficient quotas for two separate resources in Amazon SageMaker: one for `ml.m5.4xlarge` for endpoint usage and another for `ml.m5.4xlarge` for notebook instance usage. Each of these requires a minimum of one quota value. If your current quotas are below this requirement, it's important to request an increase for each. You can request a quota increase by following the detailed instructions in the [AWS Service Quotas documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/servicequotas/latest/userguide/request-quota-increase.html#quota-console-increase).
### Step 2: Clone the YOLOv8 SageMaker Repository
The next step is to clone the specific AWS repository that contains the resources for deploying YOLOv8 on SageMaker. This repository, hosted on GitHub, includes the necessary CDK scripts and configuration files.
- Clone the GitHub Repository: Execute the following command in your terminal to clone the host-yolov8-on-sagemaker-endpoint repository:
```bash
git clone https://github.com/aws-samples/host-yolov8-on-sagemaker-endpoint.git
```
- Navigate to the Cloned Directory: Change your directory to the cloned repository:
```bash
cd host-yolov8-on-sagemaker-endpoint/yolov8-pytorch-cdk
```
### Step 3: Set Up the CDK Environment
Now that you have the necessary code, set up your environment for deploying with AWS CDK.
- Create a Python Virtual Environment: This isolates your Python environment and dependencies. Run:
```bash
python3 -m venv .venv
```
- Activate the Virtual Environment:
```bash
source .venv/bin/activate
```
- Install Dependencies: Install the required Python dependencies for the project:
```bash
pip3 install -r requirements.txt
```
- Upgrade AWS CDK Library: Ensure you have the latest version of the AWS CDK library:
```bash
pip install --upgrade aws-cdk-lib
```
### Step 4: Create the AWS CloudFormation Stack
- Synthesize the CDK Application: Generate the AWS CloudFormation template from your CDK code:
```bash
cdk synth
```
- Bootstrap the CDK Application: Prepare your AWS environment for CDK deployment:
```bash
cdk bootstrap
```
- Deploy the Stack: This will create the necessary AWS resources and deploy your model:
```bash
cdk deploy
```
### Step 5: Deploy the YOLOv8 Model
Before diving into the deployment instructions, be sure to check out the range of [YOLOv8 models offered by Ultralytics](../models/index.md). This will help you choose the most appropriate model for your project requirements.
After creating the AWS CloudFormation Stack, the next step is to deploy YOLOv8.
- Open the Notebook Instance: Go to the AWS Console and navigate to the Amazon SageMaker service. Select "Notebook Instances" from the dashboard, then locate the notebook instance that was created by your CDK deployment script. Open the notebook instance to access the Jupyter environment.
- Access and Modify inference.py: After opening the SageMaker notebook instance in Jupyter, locate the inference.py file. Edit the output_fn function in inference.py as shown below and save your changes to the script, ensuring that there are no syntax errors.
```python
import json
def output_fn(prediction_output, content_type):
print("Executing output_fn from inference.py ...")
infer = {}
for result in prediction_output:
if result.boxes is not None:
infer['boxes'] = result.boxes.numpy().data.tolist()
if result.masks is not None:
infer['masks'] = result.masks.numpy().data.tolist()
if result.keypoints is not None:
infer['keypoints'] = result.keypoints.numpy().data.tolist()
if result.obb is not None:
infer['obb'] = result.obb.numpy().data.tolist()
if result.probs is not None:
infer['probs'] = result.probs.numpy().data.tolist()
return json.dumps(infer)
```
- Deploy the Endpoint Using 1_DeployEndpoint.ipynb: In the Jupyter environment, open the 1_DeployEndpoint.ipynb notebook located in the sm-notebook directory. Follow the instructions in the notebook and run the cells to download the YOLOv8 model, package it with the updated inference code, and upload it to an Amazon S3 bucket. The notebook will guide you through creating and deploying a SageMaker endpoint for the YOLOv8 model.
### Step 6: Testing Your Deployment
Now that your YOLOv8 model is deployed, it's important to test its performance and functionality.
- Open the Test Notebook: In the same Jupyter environment, locate and open the 2_TestEndpoint.ipynb notebook, also in the sm-notebook directory.
- Run the Test Notebook: Follow the instructions within the notebook to test the deployed SageMaker endpoint. This includes sending an image to the endpoint and running inferences. Then, you’ll plot the output to visualize the model’s performance and accuracy, as shown below.
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://d2908q01vomqb2.cloudfront.net/f1f836cb4ea6efb2a0b1b99f41ad8b103eff4b59/2023/02/28/ML13353_InferenceOutput.png" alt="Testing Results YOLOv8">
</p>
- Clean-Up Resources: The test notebook will also guide you through the process of cleaning up the endpoint and the hosted model. This is an important step to manage costs and resources effectively, especially if you do not plan to use the deployed model immediately.
### Step 7: Monitoring and Management
After testing, continuous monitoring and management of your deployed model are essential.
- Monitor with Amazon CloudWatch: Regularly check the performance and health of your SageMaker endpoint using [Amazon CloudWatch](https://aws.amazon.com/cloudwatch/).
- Manage the Endpoint: Use the SageMaker console for ongoing management of the endpoint. This includes scaling, updating, or redeploying the model as required.
By completing these steps, you will have successfully deployed and tested a YOLOv8 model on Amazon SageMaker Endpoints. This process not only equips you with practical experience in using AWS services for machine learning deployment but also lays the foundation for deploying other advanced models in the future.
## Summary
This guide took you step by step through deploying YOLOv8 on Amazon SageMaker Endpoints using AWS CloudFormation and the AWS Cloud Development Kit (CDK). The process includes cloning the necessary GitHub repository, setting up the CDK environment, deploying the model using AWS services, and testing its performance on SageMaker.
For more technical details, refer to [this article](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/hosting-yolov8-pytorch-model-on-amazon-sagemaker-endpoints/) on the AWS Machine Learning Blog. You can also check out the official [Amazon SageMaker Documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/latest/dg/realtime-endpoints.html) for more insights into various features and functionalities.
Are you interested in learning more about different YOLOv8 integrations? Visit the [Ultralytics integrations guide page](../integrations/index.md) to discover additional tools and capabilities that can enhance your machine-learning projects.

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---
comments: true
description: Learn how to streamline and optimize your YOLOv8 model training with ClearML. This guide provides insights into integrating ClearML's MLOps tools for efficient model training, from initial setup to advanced experiment tracking and model management.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, ClearML, Model Training, MLOps, Experiment Tracking, Workflow Optimization
---
# Training YOLOv8 with ClearML: Streamlining Your MLOps Workflow
MLOps bridges the gap between creating and deploying machine learning models in real-world settings. It focuses on efficient deployment, scalability, and ongoing management to ensure models perform well in practical applications.
[Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://ultralytics.com) effortlessly integrates with ClearML, streamlining and enhancing your object detection model's training and management. This guide will walk you through the integration process, detailing how to set up ClearML, manage experiments, automate model management, and collaborate effectively.
## ClearML
<p align="center">
<img width="100%" src="https://clear.ml/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/DataOps@2x-1.png" alt="ClearML Overview">
</p>
[ClearML](https://clear.ml/) is an innovative open-source MLOps platform that is skillfully designed to automate, monitor, and orchestrate machine learning workflows. Its key features include automated logging of all training and inference data for full experiment reproducibility, an intuitive web UI for easy data visualization and analysis, advanced hyperparameter optimization algorithms, and robust model management for efficient deployment across various platforms.
## YOLOv8 Training with ClearML
You can bring automation and efficiency to your machine learning workflow by improving your training process by integrating YOLOv8 with ClearML.
## Installation
To install the required packages, run:
!!! Tip "Installation"
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Install the required packages for YOLOv8 and ClearML
pip install ultralytics clearml
```
For detailed instructions and best practices related to the installation process, be sure to check our [YOLOv8 Installation guide](../quickstart.md). While installing the required packages for YOLOv8, if you encounter any difficulties, consult our [Common Issues guide](../guides/yolo-common-issues.md) for solutions and tips.
## Configuring ClearML
Once you have installed the necessary packages, the next step is to initialize and configure your ClearML SDK. This involves setting up your ClearML account and obtaining the necessary credentials for a seamless connection between your development environment and the ClearML server.
Begin by initializing the ClearML SDK in your environment. The ‘clearml-init’ command starts the setup process and prompts you for the necessary credentials.
!!! Tip "Initial SDK Setup"
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Initialize your ClearML SDK setup process
clearml-init
```
After executing this command, visit the [ClearML Settings page](https://app.clear.ml/settings/workspace-configuration). Navigate to the top right corner and select "Settings." Go to the "Workspace" section and click on "Create new credentials." Use the credentials provided in the "Create Credentials" pop-up to complete the setup as instructed, depending on whether you are configuring ClearML in a Jupyter Notebook or a local Python environment.
## Usage
Before diving into the usage instructions, be sure to check out the range of [YOLOv8 models offered by Ultralytics](../models/index.md). This will help you choose the most appropriate model for your project requirements.
!!! Example "Usage"
=== "Python"
```python
from clearml import Task
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Step 1: Creating a ClearML Task
task = Task.init(
project_name="my_project",
task_name="my_yolov8_task"
)
# Step 2: Selecting the YOLOv8 Model
model_variant = "yolov8n"
task.set_parameter("model_variant", model_variant)
# Step 3: Loading the YOLOv8 Model
model = YOLO(f'{model_variant}.pt')
# Step 4: Setting Up Training Arguments
args = dict(data="coco128.yaml", epochs=16)
task.connect(args)
# Step 5: Initiating Model Training
results = model.train(**args)
```
### Understanding the Code
Let’s understand the steps showcased in the usage code snippet above.
**Step 1: Creating a ClearML Task**: A new task is initialized in ClearML, specifying your project and task names. This task will track and manage your model's training.
**Step 2: Selecting the YOLOv8 Model**: The `model_variant` variable is set to 'yolov8n', one of the YOLOv8 models. This variant is then logged in ClearML for tracking.
**Step 3: Loading the YOLOv8 Model**: The selected YOLOv8 model is loaded using Ultralytics' YOLO class, preparing it for training.
**Step 4: Setting Up Training Arguments**: Key training arguments like the dataset (`coco128.yaml`) and the number of epochs (`16`) are organized in a dictionary and connected to the ClearML task. This allows for tracking and potential modification via the ClearML UI. For a detailed understanding of the model training process and best practices, refer to our [YOLOv8 Model Training guide](../modes/train.md).
**Step 5: Initiating Model Training**: The model training is started with the specified arguments. The results of the training process are captured in the `results` variable.
### Understanding the Output
Upon running the usage code snippet above, you can expect the following output:
- A confirmation message indicating the creation of a new ClearML task, along with its unique ID.
- An informational message about the script code being stored, indicating that the code execution is being tracked by ClearML.
- A URL link to the ClearML results page where you can monitor the training progress and view detailed logs.
- Download progress for the YOLOv8 model and the specified dataset, followed by a summary of the model architecture and training configuration.
- Initialization messages for various training components like TensorBoard, Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP), and dataset preparation.
- Finally, the training process starts, with progress updates as the model trains on the specified dataset. For an in-depth understanding of the performance metrics used during training, read [our guide on performance metrics](../guides/yolo-performance-metrics.md).
### Viewing the ClearML Results Page
By clicking on the URL link to the ClearML results page in the output of the usage code snippet, you can access a comprehensive view of your model's training process.
#### Key Features of the ClearML Results Page
- **Real-Time Metrics Tracking**
- Track critical metrics like loss, accuracy, and validation scores as they occur.
- Provides immediate feedback for timely model performance adjustments.
- **Experiment Comparison**
- Compare different training runs side-by-side.
- Essential for hyperparameter tuning and identifying the most effective models.
- **Detailed Logs and Outputs**
- Access comprehensive logs, graphical representations of metrics, and console outputs.
- Gain a deeper understanding of model behavior and issue resolution.
- **Resource Utilization Monitoring**
- Monitor the utilization of computational resources, including CPU, GPU, and memory.
- Key to optimizing training efficiency and costs.
- **Model Artifacts Management**
- View, download, and share model artifacts like trained models and checkpoints.
- Enhances collaboration and streamlines model deployment and sharing.
For a visual walkthrough of what the ClearML Results Page looks like, watch the video below:
<p align="center">
<br>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iLcC7m3bCes?si=oSEAoZbrg8inCg_2"
title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0"
allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share"
allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
<br>
<strong>Watch:</strong> YOLOv8 MLOps Integration using ClearML
</p>
### Advanced Features in ClearML
ClearML offers several advanced features to enhance your MLOps experience.
#### Remote Execution
ClearML's remote execution feature facilitates the reproduction and manipulation of experiments on different machines. It logs essential details like installed packages and uncommitted changes. When a task is enqueued, the ClearML Agent pulls it, recreates the environment, and runs the experiment, reporting back with detailed results.
Deploying a ClearML Agent is straightforward and can be done on various machines using the following command:
```bash
clearml-agent daemon --queue <queues_to_listen_to> [--docker]
```
This setup is applicable to cloud VMs, local GPUs, or laptops. ClearML Autoscalers help manage cloud workloads on platforms like AWS, GCP, and Azure, automating the deployment of agents and adjusting resources based on your resource budget.
### Cloning, Editing, and Enqueuing
ClearML's user-friendly interface allows easy cloning, editing, and enqueuing of tasks. Users can clone an existing experiment, adjust parameters or other details through the UI, and enqueue the task for execution. This streamlined process ensures that the ClearML Agent executing the task uses updated configurations, making it ideal for iterative experimentation and model fine-tuning.
<p align="center"><br>
<img width="100%" src="https://clear.ml/docs/latest/assets/images/integrations_yolov5-2483adea91df4d41bfdf1a37d28864d4.gif" alt="Cloning, Editing, and Enqueuing with ClearML">
</p>
## Summary
This guide has led you through the process of integrating ClearML with Ultralytics' YOLOv8. Covering everything from initial setup to advanced model management, you've discovered how to leverage ClearML for efficient training, experiment tracking, and workflow optimization in your machine learning projects.
For further details on usage, visit [ClearML's official documentation](https://clear.ml/docs/latest/docs/integrations/yolov8/).
Additionally, explore more integrations and capabilities of Ultralytics by visiting the [Ultralytics integration guide page](../integrations/index.md), which is a treasure trove of resources and insights.

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---
comments: true
description: Discover how to track and enhance YOLOv8 model training with Comet ML's logging tools, from setup to monitoring key metrics and managing experiments for in-depth analysis.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Object Detection, Comet ML, Model Training, Model Metrics Logging, Experiment Tracking, Offline Experiment Management
---
# Elevating YOLOv8 Training: Simplify Your Logging Process with Comet ML
Logging key training details such as parameters, metrics, image predictions, and model checkpoints is essential in machine learning—it keeps your project transparent, your progress measurable, and your results repeatable.
[Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://ultralytics.com) seamlessly integrates with Comet ML, efficiently capturing and optimizing every aspect of your YOLOv8 object detection model's training process. In this guide, we'll cover the installation process, Comet ML setup, real-time insights, custom logging, and offline usage, ensuring that your YOLOv8 training is thoroughly documented and fine-tuned for outstanding results.
## Comet ML
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://www.comet.com/docs/v2/img/landing/home-hero.svg" alt="Comet ML Overview">
</p>
[Comet ML](https://www.comet.ml/) is a platform for tracking, comparing, explaining, and optimizing machine learning models and experiments. It allows you to log metrics, parameters, media, and more during your model training and monitor your experiments through an aesthetically pleasing web interface. Comet ML helps data scientists iterate more rapidly, enhances transparency and reproducibility, and aids in the development of production models.
## Harnessing the Power of YOLOv8 and Comet ML
By combining Ultralytics YOLOv8 with Comet ML, you unlock a range of benefits. These include simplified experiment management, real-time insights for quick adjustments, flexible and tailored logging options, and the ability to log experiments offline when internet access is limited. This integration empowers you to make data-driven decisions, analyze performance metrics, and achieve exceptional results.
## Installation
To install the required packages, run:
!!! Tip "Installation"
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Install the required packages for YOLOv8 and Comet ML
pip install ultralytics comet_ml torch torchvision
```
## Configuring Comet ML
After installing the required packages, you’ll need to sign up, get a [Comet API Key](https://www.comet.com/signup), and configure it.
!!! Tip "Configuring Comet ML"
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Set your Comet Api Key
export COMET_API_KEY=<Your API Key>
```
Then, you can initialize your Comet project. Comet will automatically detect the API key and proceed with the setup.
```python
import comet_ml
comet_ml.init(project_name="comet-example-yolov8-coco128")
```
If you are using a Google Colab notebook, the code above will prompt you to enter your API key for initialization.
## Usage
Before diving into the usage instructions, be sure to check out the range of [YOLOv8 models offered by Ultralytics](../models/index.md). This will help you choose the most appropriate model for your project requirements.
!!! Example "Usage"
=== "Python"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load a model
model = YOLO("yolov8n.pt")
# train the model
results = model.train(
data="coco128.yaml",
project="comet-example-yolov8-coco128",
batch=32,
save_period=1,
save_json=True,
epochs=3
)
```
After running the training code, Comet ML will create an experiment in your Comet workspace to track the run automatically. You will then be provided with a link to view the detailed logging of your [YOLOv8 model's training](../modes/train.md) process.
Comet automatically logs the following data with no additional configuration: metrics such as mAP and loss, hyperparameters, model checkpoints, interactive confusion matrix, and image bounding box predictions.
## Understanding Your Model's Performance with Comet ML Visualizations
Let's dive into what you'll see on the Comet ML dashboard once your YOLOv8 model begins training. The dashboard is where all the action happens, presenting a range of automatically logged information through visuals and statistics. Here’s a quick tour:
**Experiment Panels**
The experiment panels section of the Comet ML dashboard organize and present the different runs and their metrics, such as segment mask loss, class loss, precision, and mean average precision.
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://www.comet.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/1_I20ts7j995-D86-BvtWYaw.png" alt="Comet ML Overview">
</p>
**Metrics**
In the metrics section, you have the option to examine the metrics in a tabular format as well, which is displayed in a dedicated pane as illustrated here.
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://www.comet.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/1_FNAkQKq9o02wRRSCJh4gDw.png" alt="Comet ML Overview">
</p>
**Interactive Confusion Matrix**
The confusion matrix, found in the Confusion Matrix tab, provides an interactive way to assess the model's classification accuracy. It details the correct and incorrect predictions, allowing you to understand the model's strengths and weaknesses.
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://www.comet.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/1_h-Nf-tCm8HbsvVK0d6rTng-1500x768.png" alt="Comet ML Overview">
</p>
**System Metrics**
Comet ML logs system metrics to help identify any bottlenecks in the training process. It includes metrics such as GPU utilization, GPU memory usage, CPU utilization, and RAM usage. These are essential for monitoring the efficiency of resource usage during model training.
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://www.comet.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/1_B7dmqqUMyOtyH9XsVMr58Q.png" alt="Comet ML Overview">
</p>
## Customizing Comet ML Logging
Comet ML offers the flexibility to customize its logging behavior by setting environment variables. These configurations allow you to tailor Comet ML to your specific needs and preferences. Here are some helpful customization options:
### Logging Image Predictions
You can control the number of image predictions that Comet ML logs during your experiments. By default, Comet ML logs 100 image predictions from the validation set. However, you can change this number to better suit your requirements. For example, to log 200 image predictions, use the following code:
```python
import os
os.environ["COMET_MAX_IMAGE_PREDICTIONS"] = "200"
```
### Batch Logging Interval
Comet ML allows you to specify how often batches of image predictions are logged. The `COMET_EVAL_BATCH_LOGGING_INTERVAL` environment variable controls this frequency. The default setting is 1, which logs predictions from every validation batch. You can adjust this value to log predictions at a different interval. For instance, setting it to 4 will log predictions from every fourth batch.
```python
import os
os.environ['COMET_EVAL_BATCH_LOGGING_INTERVAL'] = "4"
```
### Disabling Confusion Matrix Logging
In some cases, you may not want to log the confusion matrix from your validation set after every epoch. You can disable this feature by setting the `COMET_EVAL_LOG_CONFUSION_MATRIX` environment variable to "false." The confusion matrix will only be logged once, after the training is completed.
```python
import os
os.environ["COMET_EVAL_LOG_CONFUSION_MATRIX"] = "false"
```
### Offline Logging
If you find yourself in a situation where internet access is limited, Comet ML provides an offline logging option. You can set the `COMET_MODE` environment variable to "offline" to enable this feature. Your experiment data will be saved locally in a directory that you can later upload to Comet ML when internet connectivity is available.
```python
import os
os.environ["COMET_MODE"] = "offline"
```
## Summary
This guide has walked you through integrating Comet ML with Ultralytics' YOLOv8. From installation to customization, you've learned to streamline experiment management, gain real-time insights, and adapt logging to your project's needs.
Explore [Comet ML's official documentation](https://www.comet.com/docs/v2/integrations/third-party-tools/yolov8/) for more insights on integrating with YOLOv8.
Furthermore, if you're looking to dive deeper into the practical applications of YOLOv8, specifically for image segmentation tasks, this detailed guide on [fine-tuning YOLOv8 with Comet ML](https://www.comet.com/site/blog/fine-tuning-yolov8-for-image-segmentation-with-comet/) offers valuable insights and step-by-step instructions to enhance your model's performance.
Additionally, to explore other exciting integrations with Ultralytics, check out the [integration guide page](../integrations/index.md), which offers a wealth of resources and information.

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---
comments: true
description: Explore the process of exporting Ultralytics YOLOv8 models to CoreML format, enabling efficient object detection capabilities for iOS and macOS applications on Apple devices.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, CoreML Export, Model Deployment, Apple Devices, Object Detection, Machine Learning
---
# CoreML Export for YOLOv8 Models
Deploying computer vision models on Apple devices like iPhones and Macs requires a format that ensures seamless performance.
The CoreML export format allows you to optimize your [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics) models for efficient object detection in iOS and macOS applications. In this guide, we'll walk you through the steps for converting your models to the CoreML format, making it easier for your models to perform well on Apple devices.
## CoreML
<p align="center">
<img width="100%" src="https://github.com/RizwanMunawar/ultralytics/assets/62513924/0c757e32-3a9f-422e-9526-efde5f663ccd" alt="CoreML Overview">
</p>
[CoreML](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreml) is Apple's foundational machine learning framework that builds upon Accelerate, BNNS, and Metal Performance Shaders. It provides a machine-learning model format that seamlessly integrates into iOS applications and supports tasks such as image analysis, natural language processing, audio-to-text conversion, and sound analysis.
Applications can take advantage of Core ML without the need to have a network connection or API calls because the Core ML framework works using on-device computing. This means model inference can be performed locally on the user's device.
## Key Features of CoreML Models
Apple's CoreML framework offers robust features for on-device machine learning. Here are the key features that make CoreML a powerful tool for developers:
- **Comprehensive Model Support**: Converts and runs models from popular frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, scikit-learn, XGBoost, and LibSVM.
<p align="center">
<img width="100%" src="https://apple.github.io/coremltools/docs-guides/_images/introduction-coremltools.png" alt="CoreML Supported Models">
</p>
- **On-device Machine Learning**: Ensures data privacy and swift processing by executing models directly on the user's device, eliminating the need for network connectivity.
- **Performance and Optimization**: Uses the device's CPU, GPU, and Neural Engine for optimal performance with minimal power and memory usage. Offers tools for model compression and optimization while maintaining accuracy.
- **Ease of Integration**: Provides a unified format for various model types and a user-friendly API for seamless integration into apps. Supports domain-specific tasks through frameworks like Vision and Natural Language.
- **Advanced Features**: Includes on-device training capabilities for personalized experiences, asynchronous predictions for interactive ML experiences, and model inspection and validation tools.
## CoreML Deployment Options
Before we look at the code for exporting YOLOv8 models to the CoreML format, let’s understand where CoreML models are usually used.
CoreML offers various deployment options for machine learning models, including:
- **On-Device Deployment**: This method directly integrates CoreML models into your iOS app. It's particularly advantageous for ensuring low latency, enhanced privacy (since data remains on the device), and offline functionality. This approach, however, may be limited by the device's hardware capabilities, especially for larger and more complex models. On-device deployment can be executed in the following two ways.
- **Embedded Models**: These models are included in the app bundle and are immediately accessible. They are ideal for small models that do not require frequent updates.
- **Downloaded Models**: These models are fetched from a server as needed. This approach is suitable for larger models or those needing regular updates. It helps keep the app bundle size smaller.
- **Cloud-Based Deployment**: CoreML models are hosted on servers and accessed by the iOS app through API requests. This scalable and flexible option enables easy model updates without app revisions. It’s ideal for complex models or large-scale apps requiring regular updates. However, it does require an internet connection and may pose latency and security issues​.
## Exporting YOLOv8 Models to CoreML
Exporting YOLOv8 to CoreML enables optimized, on-device machine learning performance within Apple's ecosystem, offering benefits in terms of efficiency, security, and seamless integration with iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS platforms.
### Installation
To install the required package, run:
!!! Tip "Installation"
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Install the required package for YOLOv8
pip install ultralytics
```
For detailed instructions and best practices related to the installation process, check our [YOLOv8 Installation guide](../quickstart.md). While installing the required packages for YOLOv8, if you encounter any difficulties, consult our [Common Issues guide](../guides/yolo-common-issues.md) for solutions and tips.
### Usage
Before diving into the usage instructions, be sure to check out the range of [YOLOv8 models offered by Ultralytics](../models/index.md). This will help you choose the most appropriate model for your project requirements.
!!! Example "Usage"
=== "Python"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load the YOLOv8 model
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt')
# Export the model to CoreML format
model.export(format='coreml') # creates 'yolov8n.mlpackage'
# Load the exported CoreML model
coreml_model = YOLO('yolov8n.mlpackage')
# Run inference
results = coreml_model('https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg')
```
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Export a YOLOv8n PyTorch model to CoreML format
yolo export model=yolov8n.pt format=coreml # creates 'yolov8n.mlpackage''
# Run inference with the exported model
yolo predict model=yolov8n.mlpackage source='https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg'
```
For more details about the export process, visit the [Ultralytics documentation page on exporting](../modes/export.md).
## Deploying Exported YOLOv8 CoreML Models
Having successfully exported your Ultralytics YOLOv8 models to CoreML, the next critical phase is deploying these models effectively. For detailed guidance on deploying CoreML models in various environments, check out these resources:
- **[CoreML Tools](https://apple.github.io/coremltools/docs-guides/)**: This guide includes instructions and examples to convert models from TensorFlow, PyTorch, and other libraries to Core ML.
- **[ML and Vision](https://developer.apple.com/videos/ml-vision)**: A collection of comprehensive videos that cover various aspects of using and implementing CoreML models.
- **[Integrating a Core ML Model into Your App](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreml/integrating_a_core_ml_model_into_your_app)**: A comprehensive guide on integrating a CoreML model into an iOS application, detailing steps from preparing the model to implementing it in the app for various functionalities.
## Summary
In this guide, we went over how to export Ultralytics YOLOv8 models to CoreML format. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can ensure maximum compatibility and performance when exporting YOLOv8 models to CoreML.
For further details on usage, visit the [CoreML official documentation](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreml).
Also, if you’d like to know more about other Ultralytics YOLOv8 integrations, visit our [integration guide page](../integrations/index.md). You'll find plenty of valuable resources and insights there.

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---
comments: true
description: This guide provides a step-by-step approach to integrating DVCLive with Ultralytics YOLOv8 for advanced experiment tracking. Learn how to set up your environment, run experiments with varied configurations, and analyze results using DVCLive's powerful tracking and visualization tools.
keywords: DVCLive, Ultralytics, YOLOv8, Machine Learning, Experiment Tracking, Data Version Control, ML Workflows, Model Training, Hyperparameter Tuning
---
# Advanced YOLOv8 Experiment Tracking with DVCLive
Experiment tracking in machine learning is critical to model development and evaluation. It involves recording and analyzing various parameters, metrics, and outcomes from numerous training runs. This process is essential for understanding model performance and making data-driven decisions to refine and optimize models.
Integrating DVCLive with [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://ultralytics.com) transforms the way experiments are tracked and managed. This integration offers a seamless solution for automatically logging key experiment details, comparing results across different runs, and visualizing data for in-depth analysis. In this guide, we'll understand how DVCLive can be used to streamline the process.
## DVCLive
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://dvc.org/static/6daeb07124bab895bea3f4930e3116e9/aa619/dvclive-studio.webp" alt="DVCLive Overview">
</p>
[DVCLive](https://dvc.org/doc/dvclive), developed by DVC, is an innovative open-source tool for experiment tracking in machine learning. Integrating seamlessly with Git and DVC, it automates the logging of crucial experiment data like model parameters and training metrics. Designed for simplicity, DVCLive enables effortless comparison and analysis of multiple runs, enhancing the efficiency of machine learning projects with intuitive data visualization and analysis tools.
## YOLOv8 Training with DVCLive
YOLOv8 training sessions can be effectively monitored with DVCLive. Additionally, DVC provides integral features for visualizing these experiments, including the generation of a report that enables the comparison of metric plots across all tracked experiments, offering a comprehensive view of the training process.
## Installation
To install the required packages, run:
!!! Tip "Installation"
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Install the required packages for YOLOv8 and DVCLive
pip install ultralytics dvclive
```
For detailed instructions and best practices related to the installation process, be sure to check our [YOLOv8 Installation guide](../quickstart.md). While installing the required packages for YOLOv8, if you encounter any difficulties, consult our [Common Issues guide](../guides/yolo-common-issues.md) for solutions and tips.
## Configuring DVCLive
Once you have installed the necessary packages, the next step is to set up and configure your environment with the necessary credentials. This setup ensures a smooth integration of DVCLive into your existing workflow.
Begin by initializing a Git repository, as Git plays a crucial role in version control for both your code and DVCLive configurations.
!!! Tip "Initial Environment Setup"
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Initialize a Git repository
git init -q
# Configure Git with your details
git config --local user.email "you@example.com"
git config --local user.name "Your Name"
# Initialize DVCLive in your project
dvc init -q
# Commit the DVCLive setup to your Git repository
git commit -m "DVC init"
```
In these commands, ensure to replace "you@example.com" with the email address associated with your Git account, and "Your Name" with your Git account username.
## Usage
Before diving into the usage instructions, be sure to check out the range of [YOLOv8 models offered by Ultralytics](../models/index.md). This will help you choose the most appropriate model for your project requirements.
### Training YOLOv8 Models with DVCLive
Start by running your YOLOv8 training sessions. You can use different model configurations and training parameters to suit your project needs. For instance:
```bash
# Example training commands for YOLOv8 with varying configurations
yolo train model=yolov8n.pt data=coco8.yaml epochs=5 imgsz=512
yolo train model=yolov8n.pt data=coco8.yaml epochs=5 imgsz=640
```
Adjust the model, data, epochs, and imgsz parameters according to your specific requirements. For a detailed understanding of the model training process and best practices, refer to our [YOLOv8 Model Training guide](../modes/train.md).
### Monitoring Experiments with DVCLive
DVCLive enhances the training process by enabling the tracking and visualization of key metrics. When installed, Ultralytics YOLOv8 automatically integrates with DVCLive for experiment tracking, which you can later analyze for performance insights. For a comprehensive understanding of the specific performance metrics used during training, be sure to explore [our detailed guide on performance metrics](../guides/yolo-performance-metrics.md).
### Analyzing Results
After your YOLOv8 training sessions are complete, you can leverage DVCLive's powerful visualization tools for in-depth analysis of the results. DVCLive's integration ensures that all training metrics are systematically logged, facilitating a comprehensive evaluation of your model's performance.
To start the analysis, you can extract the experiment data using DVC's API and process it with Pandas for easier handling and visualization:
```python
import dvc.api
import pandas as pd
# Define the columns of interest
columns = ["Experiment", "epochs", "imgsz", "model", "metrics.mAP50-95(B)"]
# Retrieve experiment data
df = pd.DataFrame(dvc.api.exp_show(), columns=columns)
# Clean the data
df.dropna(inplace=True)
df.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True)
# Display the DataFrame
print(df)
```
The output of the code snippet above provides a clear tabular view of the different experiments conducted with YOLOv8 models. Each row represents a different training run, detailing the experiment's name, the number of epochs, image size (imgsz), the specific model used, and the mAP50-95(B) metric. This metric is crucial for evaluating the model's accuracy, with higher values indicating better performance.
#### Visualizing Results with Plotly
For a more interactive and visual analysis of your experiment results, you can use Plotly's parallel coordinates plot. This type of plot is particularly useful for understanding the relationships and trade-offs between different parameters and metrics.
```python
from plotly.express import parallel_coordinates
# Create a parallel coordinates plot
fig = parallel_coordinates(df, columns, color="metrics.mAP50-95(B)")
# Display the plot
fig.show()
```
The output of the code snippet above generates a plot that will visually represent the relationships between epochs, image size, model type, and their corresponding mAP50-95(B) scores, enabling you to spot trends and patterns in your experiment data.
#### Generating Comparative Visualizations with DVC
DVC provides a useful command to generate comparative plots for your experiments. This can be especially helpful to compare the performance of different models over various training runs.
```bash
# Generate DVC comparative plots
dvc plots diff $(dvc exp list --names-only)
```
After executing this command, DVC generates plots comparing the metrics across different experiments, which are saved as HTML files. Below is an example image illustrating typical plots generated by this process. The image showcases various graphs, including those representing mAP, recall, precision, loss values, and more, providing a visual overview of key performance metrics:
<p align="center">
<img width="640" src="https://dvc.org/0f1243f5a0c5ea940a080478de267cba/yolo-studio-plots.gif" alt="DVCLive Plots">
</p>
### Displaying DVC Plots
If you are using a Jupyter Notebook and you want to display the generated DVC plots, you can use the IPython display functionality.
```python
from IPython.display import HTML
# Display the DVC plots as HTML
HTML(filename='./dvc_plots/index.html')
```
This code will render the HTML file containing the DVC plots directly in your Jupyter Notebook, providing an easy and convenient way to analyze the visualized experiment data.
### Making Data-Driven Decisions
Use the insights gained from these visualizations to make informed decisions about model optimizations, hyperparameter tuning, and other modifications to enhance your model's performance.
### Iterating on Experiments
Based on your analysis, iterate on your experiments. Adjust model configurations, training parameters, or even the data inputs, and repeat the training and analysis process. This iterative approach is key to refining your model for the best possible performance.
## Summary
This guide has led you through the process of integrating DVCLive with Ultralytics' YOLOv8. You have learned how to harness the power of DVCLive for detailed experiment monitoring, effective visualization, and insightful analysis in your machine learning endeavors.
For further details on usage, visit [DVCLive’s official documentation](https://dvc.org/doc/dvclive/ml-frameworks/yolo).
Additionally, explore more integrations and capabilities of Ultralytics by visiting the [Ultralytics integration guide page](../integrations/index.md), which is a collection of great resources and insights.

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---
comments: true
description: Discover how to uplift your Ultralytics YOLOv8 model's overall performance with the TFLite Edge TPU export format, which is perfect for mobile and embedded devices.
keywords: Ultralytics, YOLOv8, TFLite edge TPU format, Export YOLOv8, Model Deployment, Flexible Deployment
---
# Learn to Export to TFLite Edge TPU Format From YOLOv8 Model
Deploying computer vision models on devices with limited computational power, such as mobile or embedded systems, can be tricky. Using a model format that is optimized for faster performance simplifies the process. The [TensorFlow Lite](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite) [Edge TPU](https://coral.ai/docs/edgetpu/models-intro/) or TFLite Edge TPU model format is designed to use minimal power while delivering fast performance for neural networks.
The export to TFLite Edge TPU format feature allows you to optimize your [Ultralytics YOLOv8](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics) models for high-speed and low-power inferencing. In this guide, we'll walk you through converting your models to the TFLite Edge TPU format, making it easier for your models to perform well on various mobile and embedded devices.
## Why Should You Export to TFLite Edge TPU?
Exporting models to TensorFlow Edge TPU makes machine learning tasks fast and efficient. This technology suits applications with limited power, computing resources, and connectivity. The Edge TPU is a hardware accelerator by Google. It speeds up TensorFlow Lite models on edge devices. The image below shows an example of the process involved.
<p align="center">
<img width="100%" src="https://coral.ai/static/docs/images/edgetpu/compile-workflow.png" alt="TFLite Edge TPU">
</p>
The Edge TPU works with quantized models. Quantization makes models smaller and faster without losing much accuracy. It is ideal for the limited resources of edge computing, allowing applications to respond quickly by reducing latency and allowing for quick data processing locally, without cloud dependency. Local processing also keeps user data private and secure since it's not sent to a remote server​​​​.
## Key Features of TFLite Edge TPU
Here are the key features that make TFLite Edge TPU a great model format choice for developers:
- **Optimized Performance on Edge Devices**: The TFLite Edge TPU achieves high-speed neural networking performance through quantization, model optimization, hardware acceleration, and compiler optimization. Its minimalistic architecture contributes to its smaller size and cost-efficiency.
- **High Computational Throughput**: TFLite Edge TPU combines specialized hardware acceleration and efficient runtime execution to achieve high computational throughput. It is well-suited for deploying machine learning models with stringent performance requirements on edge devices.
- **Efficient Matrix Computations**: The TensorFlow Edge TPU is optimized for matrix operations, which are crucial for neural network computations. This efficiency is key in machine learning models, particularly those requiring numerous and complex matrix multiplications and transformations.
## Deployment Options with TFLite Edge TPU
Before we jump into how to export YOLOv8 models to the TFLite Edge TPU format, let’s understand where TFLite Edge TPU models are usually used.
TFLite Edge TPU offers various deployment options for machine learning models, including:
- **On-Device Deployment**: TensorFlow Edge TPU models can be directly deployed on mobile and embedded devices. On-device deployment allows the models to execute directly on the hardware, eliminating the need for cloud connectivity.
- **Edge Computing with Cloud TensorFlow TPUs**: In scenarios where edge devices have limited processing capabilities, TensorFlow Edge TPUs can offload inference tasks to cloud servers equipped with TPUs.
- **Hybrid Deployment**: A hybrid approach combines on-device and cloud deployment and offers a versatile and scalable solution for deploying machine learning models. Advantages include on-device processing for quick responses and cloud computing for more complex computations.
## Exporting YOLOv8 Models to TFLite Edge TPU
You can expand model compatibility and deployment flexibility by converting YOLOv8 models to TensorFlow Edge TPU.
### Installation
To install the required package, run:
!!! Tip "Installation"
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Install the required package for YOLOv8
pip install ultralytics
```
For detailed instructions and best practices related to the installation process, check our [Ultralytics Installation guide](../quickstart.md). While installing the required packages for YOLOv8, if you encounter any difficulties, consult our [Common Issues guide](../guides/yolo-common-issues.md) for solutions and tips.
### Usage
Before diving into the usage instructions, it's important to note that while all [Ultralytics YOLOv8 models](../models/index.md) are available for exporting, you can ensure that the model you select supports export functionality [here](../modes/export.md).
!!! Example "Usage"
=== "Python"
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
# Load the YOLOv8 model
model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt')
# Export the model to TFLite Edge TPU format
model.export(format='edgetpu') # creates 'yolov8n_full_integer_quant_edgetpu.tflite’
# Load the exported TFLite Edge TPU model
edgetpu_model = YOLO('yolov8n_full_integer_quant_edgetpu.tflite')
# Run inference
results = edgetpu_model('https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg')
```
=== "CLI"
```bash
# Export a YOLOv8n PyTorch model to TFLite Edge TPU format
yolo export model=yolov8n.pt format=edgetpu # creates 'yolov8n_full_integer_quant_edgetpu.tflite'
# Run inference with the exported model
yolo predict model=yolov8n_full_integer_quant_edgetpu.tflite source='https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg'
```
For more details about supported export options, visit the [Ultralytics documentation page on deployment options](../guides/model-deployment-options.md).
## Deploying Exported YOLOv8 TFLite Edge TPU Models
After successfully exporting your Ultralytics YOLOv8 models to TFLite Edge TPU format, you can now deploy them. The primary and recommended first step for running a TFLite Edge TPU model is to use the YOLO("model_edgetpu.tflite") method, as outlined in the previous usage code snippet.
However, for in-depth instructions on deploying your TFLite Edge TPU models, take a look at the following resources:
- **[Coral Edge TPU on a Raspberry Pi with Ultralytics YOLOv8](../guides/coral-edge-tpu-on-raspberry-pi.md)**: Discover how to integrate Coral Edge TPUs with Raspberry Pi for enhanced machine learning capabilities.
- **[Code Examples](https://coral.ai/docs/edgetpu/compiler/)**: Access practical TensorFlow Edge TPU deployment examples to kickstart your projects.
- **[Run Inference on the Edge TPU with Python](https://coral.ai/docs/edgetpu/tflite-python/#overview)**: Explore how to use the TensorFlow Lite Python API for Edge TPU applications, including setup and usage guidelines.
## Summary
In this guide, we’ve learned how to export Ultralytics YOLOv8 models to TFLite Edge TPU format. By following the steps mentioned above, you can increase the speed and power of your computer vision applications.
For further details on usage, visit the [Edge TPU official website](https://cloud.google.com/edge-tpu).
Also, for more information on other Ultralytics YOLOv8 integrations, please visit our [integration guide page](index.md). There, you'll discover valuable resources and insights.

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