diff --git a/packages/inula-novdom/src/core.ts b/packages/inula-novdom/src/core.ts
index b681c09c..9b2a2f60 100644
--- a/packages/inula-novdom/src/core.ts
+++ b/packages/inula-novdom/src/core.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the Mulan PSL v2 for more details.
  */
 
-import {insert} from './dom';
+import { insert } from './dom';
 import { untrack } from 'inula-reactive/dist';
 
 type ComponentConstructor<T> = (props: T) => any;
@@ -23,9 +23,24 @@ export function runComponent<T>(Comp: ComponentConstructor<T>, props: T = {} as
   return untrack(() => Comp(props));
 }
 
+const ELEMENT_NODE = 1;
+const DOCUMENT_NODE = 9;
+const COMMENT_NODE = 8;
+const DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE = 11;
+
+function isValidContainer(container: HTMLElement | null): boolean {
+  return !!(
+    container &&
+    (container.nodeType === ELEMENT_NODE ||
+      container.nodeType === DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE ||
+      container.nodeType === DOCUMENT_NODE ||
+      container.nodeType === COMMENT_NODE)
+  );
+}
+
 export function render(codeFn: CodeFunction, element: HTMLElement): () => void {
-  if (!element) {
-    throw new Error('Render target is not provided');
+  if (!isValidContainer(element)) {
+    throw new Error('Render target is not valid.');
   }
 
   const disposer = (): void => {
diff --git a/packages/inula-novdom/tests/For.bench.ts b/packages/inula-novdom/tests/For.bench.tsx
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/inula-novdom/tests/For.bench.ts
rename to packages/inula-novdom/tests/For.bench.tsx
diff --git a/packages/inula-novdom/tests/dom-manipulation.test.ts b/packages/inula-novdom/tests/dom-manipulation.test.tsx
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/inula-novdom/tests/dom-manipulation.test.ts
rename to packages/inula-novdom/tests/dom-manipulation.test.tsx
diff --git a/packages/inula-novdom/tests/render.test.ts b/packages/inula-novdom/tests/render.test.tsx
similarity index 90%
rename from packages/inula-novdom/tests/render.test.ts
rename to packages/inula-novdom/tests/render.test.tsx
index 5bd3ed6e..b193a66a 100644
--- a/packages/inula-novdom/tests/render.test.ts
+++ b/packages/inula-novdom/tests/render.test.tsx
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import {
   effect as $$effect,
   style as $$style,
   className as $$className,
+  setAttribute as $$setAttribute,
 } from '../src/dom';
 import { runComponent as $$runComponent, render } from '../src/core';
 import { delegateEvents as $$delegateEvents, addEventListener as $$on } from '../src/event';
@@ -262,6 +263,14 @@ describe('render', () => {
     expect(container.querySelector('h1').innerHTML).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"1"');
   });
 
+  it('should throw error when container is not valid', () => {
+    [undefined, null, 0, 1, true, false, 'string', Symbol('symbol'), {}].forEach(container => {
+      expect(() => render(() => $$runComponent(() => null, undefined), container)).toThrowError(
+        'Render target is not valid.'
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
   it('should render string of style', ({ container }) => {
     /**
      * 源码：
@@ -550,4 +559,52 @@ describe('render', () => {
     render(() => $$runComponent(Comp, {}), container);
     expect(container.querySelector('div').className).toEqual('red green');
   });
+
+  it('should render attribute', ({ container }) => {
+    /**
+     * 源码：
+     * function App() {
+     *     return (
+     *         <h1 id="test">parallel</h1>
+     *     );
+     * }
+     */
+    // 编译后：
+    const $tmpl = /*#__PURE__*/ $$template('<div id="test">Count value is 0.');
+    const Comp = () => {
+      return (() => {
+        const _el$ = $tmpl();
+        $$setAttribute(_el$, 'id', 'test');
+        return _el$;
+      })();
+    };
+    render(() => $$runComponent(Comp, {}), container);
+    expect(container.querySelector('div').id).toEqual('test');
+  });
+
+  it('should update attribute', ({ container }) => {
+    /**
+     * 源码：
+     * function App() {
+     *     const id = reactive('el');
+     *     return (
+     *         <h1 id={id.get()}>parallel</h1>
+     *     );
+     * }
+     */
+    // 编译后：
+    const $tmpl = /*#__PURE__*/ $$template('<div id="test">Count value is 0.');
+    const id = reactive('el');
+    const Comp = () => {
+      return (() => {
+        const _el$ = $tmpl();
+        $$effect(() => $$setAttribute(_el$, 'id', id.get()));
+        return _el$;
+      })();
+    };
+    render(() => $$runComponent(Comp, {}), container);
+    expect(container.querySelector('div').id).toEqual('el');
+    id.set('test');
+    expect(container.querySelector('div').id).toEqual('test');
+  });
 });