RFC: from __future__ import annotations + pyupgrade

.gitignore

@@ -57,3 +57,4 @@ pip-wheel-metadata/
 
 # pytest debug logs generated via --debug
 pytestdebug.log
+/.dmypy.json

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ repos:
     rev: v3.12.0
     hooks:
     -   id: reorder-python-imports
-        args: ['--application-directories=.:src', --py38-plus]
+        args: ['--application-directories=.:src', --py38-plus, --add-import, 'from __future__ import annotations']
 -   repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
     rev: v3.15.0
     hooks:

bench/bench.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

bench/bench_argcomplete.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 #                      2.7.5     3.3.2
 # FilesCompleter       75.1109   69.2116
 # FastFilesCompleter    0.7383    1.0760
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import timeit
 
 imports = [

bench/empty.py

@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 for i in range(1000):
     exec("def test_func_%d(): pass" % i)

bench/manyparam.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 

bench/skip.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 SKIP = True

bench/unit_test.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from unittest import TestCase  # noqa: F401
 
 for i in range(15000):

bench/xunit.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 for i in range(5000):
     exec(
         f"""

doc/en/conf.py

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 #
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
 # The short X.Y version.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
@@ -438,7 +440,7 @@ intersphinx_mapping = {
 }
 
 
-def configure_logging(app: "sphinx.application.Sphinx") -> None:
+def configure_logging(app: sphinx.application.Sphinx) -> None:
     """Configure Sphinx's WarningHandler to handle (expected) missing include."""
     import sphinx.util.logging
     import logging
@@ -461,7 +463,7 @@ def configure_logging(app: "sphinx.application.Sphinx") -> None:
     warn_handler[0].filters.insert(0, WarnLogFilter())
 
 
-def setup(app: "sphinx.application.Sphinx") -> None:
+def setup(app: sphinx.application.Sphinx) -> None:
     app.add_crossref_type(
         "fixture",
         "fixture",

doc/en/conftest.py

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 collect_ignore = ["conf.py"]

doc/en/example/assertion/failure_demo.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 from pytest import raises
 

doc/en/example/assertion/global_testmodule_config/conftest.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os.path
 
 import pytest

doc/en/example/assertion/global_testmodule_config/test_hello_world.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 hello = "world"
 
 

doc/en/example/assertion/test_failures.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os.path
 import shutil
 

doc/en/example/assertion/test_setup_flow_example.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
 def setup_module(module):
     module.TestStateFullThing.classcount = 0
 

doc/en/example/conftest.py

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 collect_ignore = ["nonpython", "customdirectory"]

doc/en/example/customdirectory/conftest.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 # content of conftest.py
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
 
 import pytest

doc/en/example/customdirectory/tests/test_first.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 # content of test_first.py
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
 def test_1():
     pass

doc/en/example/customdirectory/tests/test_second.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 # content of test_second.py
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
 def test_2():
     pass

doc/en/example/customdirectory/tests/test_third.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 # content of test_third.py
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
 def test_3():
     pass

doc/en/example/fixtures/test_fixtures_order_autouse.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 

doc/en/example/fixtures/test_fixtures_order_autouse_multiple_scopes.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 

doc/en/example/fixtures/test_fixtures_order_autouse_temp_effects.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 

doc/en/example/fixtures/test_fixtures_order_dependencies.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 

doc/en/example/fixtures/test_fixtures_order_scope.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 

doc/en/example/fixtures/test_fixtures_request_different_scope.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 

doc/en/example/multipython.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 """Module containing a parametrized tests testing cross-python serialization
 via the pickle module."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import textwrap

doc/en/example/nonpython/conftest.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 # content of conftest.py
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 

doc/en/example/pythoncollection.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # run this with $ pytest --collect-only test_collectonly.py
 #
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 
 def test_function():

doc/en/example/xfail_demo.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 xfail = pytest.mark.xfail

extra/get_issues.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
 from pathlib import Path
 

scripts/generate-gh-release-notes.py

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ our CHANGELOG) into Markdown (which is required by GitHub Releases).
 
 Requires Python3.6+.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import re
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path

scripts/prepare-release-pr.py

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ After that, it will create a release using the `release` tox environment, and pu
 **Token**: currently the token from the GitHub Actions is used, pushed with
 `pytest bot <pytestbot@gmail.com>` commit author.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import re
 from pathlib import Path

scripts/release.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
 """Invoke development tasks."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os
 from pathlib import Path

scripts/towncrier-draft-to-file.py

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-# mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
 from subprocess import call
 
+# mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
+
 
 def main() -> int:
     """

scripts/update-plugin-list.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 # mypy: disallow-untyped-defs
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import datetime
 import pathlib
 import re

src/_pytest/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 __all__ = ["__version__", "version_tuple"]
 
 try:

src/_pytest/_argcomplete.py

@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ If things do not work right away:
   which should throw a KeyError: 'COMPLINE' (which is properly set by the
   global argcomplete script).
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os
 import sys
 from glob import glob
 from typing import Any
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 
 
 class FastFilesCompleter:
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class FastFilesCompleter:
     def __init__(self, directories: bool = True) -> None:
         self.directories = directories
 
-    def __call__(self, prefix: str, **kwargs: Any) -> List[str]:
+    def __call__(self, prefix: str, **kwargs: Any) -> list[str]:
         # Only called on non option completions.
         if os.sep in prefix[1:]:
             prefix_dir = len(os.path.dirname(prefix) + os.sep)
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ if os.environ.get("_ARGCOMPLETE"):
         import argcomplete.completers
     except ImportError:
         sys.exit(-1)
-    filescompleter: Optional[FastFilesCompleter] = FastFilesCompleter()
+    filescompleter: FastFilesCompleter | None = FastFilesCompleter()
 
     def try_argcomplete(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
         argcomplete.autocomplete(parser, always_complete_options=False)

src/_pytest/_code/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Python inspection/code generation API."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from .code import Code
 from .code import ExceptionInfo
 from .code import filter_traceback

src/_pytest/_code/code.py

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import ast
+import builtins
 import dataclasses
 import inspect
 import os
@@ -16,7 +19,6 @@ from types import TracebackType
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import ClassVar
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import Final
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generic
@@ -24,16 +26,11 @@ from typing import Iterable
 from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
 from typing import Mapping
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
 from typing import Pattern
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 from typing import SupportsIndex
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 import pluggy
 
@@ -65,7 +62,7 @@ class Code:
         self.raw = obj
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_function(cls, obj: object) -> "Code":
+    def from_function(cls, obj: object) -> Code:
         return cls(getrawcode(obj))
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -83,7 +80,7 @@ class Code:
         return self.raw.co_name
 
     @property
-    def path(self) -> Union[Path, str]:
+    def path(self) -> Path | str:
         """Return a path object pointing to source code, or an ``str`` in
         case of ``OSError`` / non-existing file."""
         if not self.raw.co_filename:
@@ -100,17 +97,17 @@ class Code:
             return self.raw.co_filename
 
     @property
-    def fullsource(self) -> Optional["Source"]:
+    def fullsource(self) -> Source | None:
         """Return a _pytest._code.Source object for the full source file of the code."""
         full, _ = findsource(self.raw)
         return full
 
-    def source(self) -> "Source":
+    def source(self) -> Source:
         """Return a _pytest._code.Source object for the code object's source only."""
         # return source only for that part of code
         return Source(self.raw)
 
-    def getargs(self, var: bool = False) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+    def getargs(self, var: bool = False) -> tuple[str, ...]:
         """Return a tuple with the argument names for the code object.
 
         If 'var' is set True also return the names of the variable and
@@ -139,11 +136,11 @@ class Frame:
         return self.raw.f_lineno - 1
 
     @property
-    def f_globals(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def f_globals(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         return self.raw.f_globals
 
     @property
-    def f_locals(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def f_locals(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         return self.raw.f_locals
 
     @property
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ class Frame:
         return Code(self.raw.f_code)
 
     @property
-    def statement(self) -> "Source":
+    def statement(self) -> Source:
         """Statement this frame is at."""
         if self.code.fullsource is None:
             return Source("")
@@ -195,14 +192,14 @@ class TracebackEntry:
     def __init__(
         self,
         rawentry: TracebackType,
-        repr_style: Optional['Literal["short", "long"]'] = None,
+        repr_style: Literal["short", "long"] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
-        self._rawentry: "Final" = rawentry
-        self._repr_style: "Final" = repr_style
+        self._rawentry: Final = rawentry
+        self._repr_style: Final = repr_style
 
     def with_repr_style(
-        self, repr_style: Optional['Literal["short", "long"]']
-    ) -> "TracebackEntry":
+        self, repr_style: Literal["short", "long"] | None
+    ) -> TracebackEntry:
         return TracebackEntry(self._rawentry, repr_style)
 
     @property
@@ -221,19 +218,19 @@ class TracebackEntry:
         return "<TracebackEntry %s:%d>" % (self.frame.code.path, self.lineno + 1)
 
     @property
-    def statement(self) -> "Source":
+    def statement(self) -> Source:
         """_pytest._code.Source object for the current statement."""
         source = self.frame.code.fullsource
         assert source is not None
         return source.getstatement(self.lineno)
 
     @property
-    def path(self) -> Union[Path, str]:
+    def path(self) -> Path | str:
         """Path to the source code."""
         return self.frame.code.path
 
     @property
-    def locals(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def locals(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Locals of underlying frame."""
         return self.frame.f_locals
 
@@ -241,8 +238,8 @@ class TracebackEntry:
         return self.frame.code.firstlineno
 
     def getsource(
-        self, astcache: Optional[Dict[Union[str, Path], ast.AST]] = None
-    ) -> Optional["Source"]:
+        self, astcache: dict[str | Path, ast.AST] | None = None
+    ) -> Source | None:
         """Return failing source code."""
         # we use the passed in astcache to not reparse asttrees
         # within exception info printing
@@ -268,7 +265,7 @@ class TracebackEntry:
 
     source = property(getsource)
 
-    def ishidden(self, excinfo: Optional["ExceptionInfo[BaseException]"]) -> bool:
+    def ishidden(self, excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException] | None) -> bool:
         """Return True if the current frame has a var __tracebackhide__
         resolving to True.
 
@@ -277,9 +274,7 @@ class TracebackEntry:
 
         Mostly for internal use.
         """
-        tbh: Union[
-            bool, Callable[[Optional[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]]], bool]
-        ] = False
+        tbh: (bool | Callable[[ExceptionInfo[BaseException] | None], bool]) = False
         for maybe_ns_dct in (self.frame.f_locals, self.frame.f_globals):
             # in normal cases, f_locals and f_globals are dictionaries
             # however via `exec(...)` / `eval(...)` they can be other types
@@ -324,13 +319,13 @@ class Traceback(List[TracebackEntry]):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        tb: Union[TracebackType, Iterable[TracebackEntry]],
+        tb: TracebackType | Iterable[TracebackEntry],
     ) -> None:
         """Initialize from given python traceback object and ExceptionInfo."""
         if isinstance(tb, TracebackType):
 
             def f(cur: TracebackType) -> Iterable[TracebackEntry]:
-                cur_: Optional[TracebackType] = cur
+                cur_: TracebackType | None = cur
                 while cur_ is not None:
                     yield TracebackEntry(cur_)
                     cur_ = cur_.tb_next
@@ -341,11 +336,11 @@ class Traceback(List[TracebackEntry]):
 
     def cut(
         self,
-        path: Optional[Union["os.PathLike[str]", str]] = None,
-        lineno: Optional[int] = None,
-        firstlineno: Optional[int] = None,
-        excludepath: Optional["os.PathLike[str]"] = None,
-    ) -> "Traceback":
+        path: os.PathLike[str] | str | None = None,
+        lineno: int | None = None,
+        firstlineno: int | None = None,
+        excludepath: os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> Traceback:
         """Return a Traceback instance wrapping part of this Traceback.
 
         By providing any combination of path, lineno and firstlineno, the
@@ -376,16 +371,14 @@ class Traceback(List[TracebackEntry]):
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def __getitem__(self, key: "SupportsIndex") -> TracebackEntry:
+    def __getitem__(self, key: SupportsIndex) -> TracebackEntry:
         ...
 
     @overload
-    def __getitem__(self, key: slice) -> "Traceback":
+    def __getitem__(self, key: slice) -> Traceback:
         ...
 
-    def __getitem__(
-        self, key: Union["SupportsIndex", slice]
-    ) -> Union[TracebackEntry, "Traceback"]:
+    def __getitem__(self, key: SupportsIndex | slice) -> TracebackEntry | Traceback:
         if isinstance(key, slice):
             return self.__class__(super().__getitem__(key))
         else:
@@ -393,12 +386,11 @@ class Traceback(List[TracebackEntry]):
 
     def filter(
         self,
-        excinfo_or_fn: Union[
-            "ExceptionInfo[BaseException]",
-            Callable[[TracebackEntry], bool],
-        ],
+        excinfo_or_fn: (
+            ExceptionInfo[BaseException] | Callable[[TracebackEntry], bool]
+        ),
         /,
-    ) -> "Traceback":
+    ) -> Traceback:
         """Return a Traceback instance with certain items removed.
 
         If the filter is an `ExceptionInfo`, removes all the ``TracebackEntry``s
@@ -414,10 +406,10 @@ class Traceback(List[TracebackEntry]):
             fn = excinfo_or_fn
         return Traceback(filter(fn, self))
 
-    def recursionindex(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def recursionindex(self) -> int | None:
         """Return the index of the frame/TracebackEntry where recursion originates if
         appropriate, None if no recursion occurred."""
-        cache: Dict[Tuple[Any, int, int], List[Dict[str, Any]]] = {}
+        cache: dict[tuple[Any, int, int], list[dict[str, Any]]] = {}
         for i, entry in enumerate(self):
             # id for the code.raw is needed to work around
             # the strange metaprogramming in the decorator lib from pypi
@@ -446,15 +438,15 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
 
     _assert_start_repr: ClassVar = "AssertionError('assert "
 
-    _excinfo: Optional[Tuple[Type["E"], "E", TracebackType]]
+    _excinfo: tuple[builtins.type[E], E, TracebackType] | None
     _striptext: str
-    _traceback: Optional[Traceback]
+    _traceback: Traceback | None
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        excinfo: Optional[Tuple[Type["E"], "E", TracebackType]],
+        excinfo: tuple[builtins.type[E], E, TracebackType] | None,
         striptext: str = "",
-        traceback: Optional[Traceback] = None,
+        traceback: Traceback | None = None,
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -470,8 +462,8 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
         # This is OK to ignore because this class is (conceptually) readonly.
         # See https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/7049.
         exception: E,  # type: ignore[misc]
-        exprinfo: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> "ExceptionInfo[E]":
+        exprinfo: str | None = None,
+    ) -> ExceptionInfo[E]:
         """Return an ExceptionInfo for an existing exception.
 
         The exception must have a non-``None`` ``__traceback__`` attribute,
@@ -495,9 +487,9 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
     @classmethod
     def from_exc_info(
         cls,
-        exc_info: Tuple[Type[E], E, TracebackType],
-        exprinfo: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> "ExceptionInfo[E]":
+        exc_info: tuple[builtins.type[E], E, TracebackType],
+        exprinfo: str | None = None,
+    ) -> ExceptionInfo[E]:
         """Like :func:`from_exception`, but using old-style exc_info tuple."""
         _striptext = ""
         if exprinfo is None and isinstance(exc_info[1], AssertionError):
@@ -510,9 +502,7 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
         return cls(exc_info, _striptext, _ispytest=True)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_current(
-        cls, exprinfo: Optional[str] = None
-    ) -> "ExceptionInfo[BaseException]":
+    def from_current(cls, exprinfo: str | None = None) -> ExceptionInfo[BaseException]:
         """Return an ExceptionInfo matching the current traceback.
 
         .. warning::
@@ -532,17 +522,19 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
         return ExceptionInfo.from_exc_info(exc_info, exprinfo)
 
     @classmethod
-    def for_later(cls) -> "ExceptionInfo[E]":
+    def for_later(cls) -> ExceptionInfo[E]:
         """Return an unfilled ExceptionInfo."""
         return cls(None, _ispytest=True)
 
-    def fill_unfilled(self, exc_info: Tuple[Type[E], E, TracebackType]) -> None:
+    def fill_unfilled(
+        self, exc_info: tuple[builtins.type[E], E, TracebackType]
+    ) -> None:
         """Fill an unfilled ExceptionInfo created with ``for_later()``."""
         assert self._excinfo is None, "ExceptionInfo was already filled"
         self._excinfo = exc_info
 
     @property
-    def type(self) -> Type[E]:
+    def type(self) -> builtins.type[E]:
         """The exception class."""
         assert (
             self._excinfo is not None
@@ -608,7 +600,8 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
         return text
 
     def errisinstance(
-        self, exc: Union[Type[BaseException], Tuple[Type[BaseException], ...]]
+        self,
+        exc: builtins.type[BaseException] | tuple[builtins.type[BaseException], ...],
     ) -> bool:
         """Return True if the exception is an instance of exc.
 
@@ -616,7 +609,7 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
         """
         return isinstance(self.value, exc)
 
-    def _getreprcrash(self) -> Optional["ReprFileLocation"]:
+    def _getreprcrash(self) -> ReprFileLocation | None:
         # Find last non-hidden traceback entry that led to the exception of the
         # traceback, or None if all hidden.
         for i in range(-1, -len(self.traceback) - 1, -1):
@@ -632,13 +625,11 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
         showlocals: bool = False,
         style: _TracebackStyle = "long",
         abspath: bool = False,
-        tbfilter: Union[
-            bool, Callable[["ExceptionInfo[BaseException]"], Traceback]
-        ] = True,
+        tbfilter: (bool | Callable[[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]], Traceback]) = True,
         funcargs: bool = False,
         truncate_locals: bool = True,
         chain: bool = True,
-    ) -> Union["ReprExceptionInfo", "ExceptionChainRepr"]:
+    ) -> ReprExceptionInfo | ExceptionChainRepr:
         """Return str()able representation of this exception info.
 
         :param bool showlocals:
@@ -705,7 +696,7 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
             ]
         )
 
-    def match(self, regexp: Union[str, Pattern[str]]) -> "Literal[True]":
+    def match(self, regexp: str | Pattern[str]) -> Literal[True]:
         """Check whether the regular expression `regexp` matches the string
         representation of the exception using :func:`python:re.search`.
 
@@ -723,9 +714,10 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
     def _group_contains(
         self,
         exc_group: BaseExceptionGroup[BaseException],
-        expected_exception: Union[Type[BaseException], Tuple[Type[BaseException], ...]],
-        match: Union[str, Pattern[str], None],
-        target_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        expected_exception: builtins.type[BaseException]
+        | tuple[builtins.type[BaseException], ...],
+        match: str | Pattern[str] | None,
+        target_depth: int | None = None,
         current_depth: int = 1,
     ) -> bool:
         """Return `True` if a `BaseExceptionGroup` contains a matching exception."""
@@ -752,10 +744,11 @@ class ExceptionInfo(Generic[E]):
 
     def group_contains(
         self,
-        expected_exception: Union[Type[BaseException], Tuple[Type[BaseException], ...]],
+        expected_exception: builtins.type[BaseException]
+        | tuple[builtins.type[BaseException], ...],
         *,
-        match: Union[str, Pattern[str], None] = None,
-        depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        match: str | Pattern[str] | None = None,
+        depth: int | None = None,
     ) -> bool:
         """Check whether a captured exception group contains a matching exception.
 
@@ -795,15 +788,15 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
     showlocals: bool = False
     style: _TracebackStyle = "long"
     abspath: bool = True
-    tbfilter: Union[bool, Callable[[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]], Traceback]] = True
+    tbfilter: bool | Callable[[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]], Traceback] = True
     funcargs: bool = False
     truncate_locals: bool = True
     chain: bool = True
-    astcache: Dict[Union[str, Path], ast.AST] = dataclasses.field(
+    astcache: dict[str | Path, ast.AST] = dataclasses.field(
         default_factory=dict, init=False, repr=False
     )
 
-    def _getindent(self, source: "Source") -> int:
+    def _getindent(self, source: Source) -> int:
         # Figure out indent for the given source.
         try:
             s = str(source.getstatement(len(source) - 1))
@@ -818,13 +811,13 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
                 return 0
         return 4 + (len(s) - len(s.lstrip()))
 
-    def _getentrysource(self, entry: TracebackEntry) -> Optional["Source"]:
+    def _getentrysource(self, entry: TracebackEntry) -> Source | None:
         source = entry.getsource(self.astcache)
         if source is not None:
             source = source.deindent()
         return source
 
-    def repr_args(self, entry: TracebackEntry) -> Optional["ReprFuncArgs"]:
+    def repr_args(self, entry: TracebackEntry) -> ReprFuncArgs | None:
         if self.funcargs:
             args = []
             for argname, argvalue in entry.frame.getargs(var=True):
@@ -834,11 +827,11 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
 
     def get_source(
         self,
-        source: Optional["Source"],
+        source: Source | None,
         line_index: int = -1,
-        excinfo: Optional[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]] = None,
+        excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException] | None = None,
         short: bool = False,
-    ) -> List[str]:
+    ) -> list[str]:
         """Return formatted and marked up source lines."""
         lines = []
         if source is not None and line_index < 0:
@@ -867,7 +860,7 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
         excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
         indent: int = 4,
         markall: bool = False,
-    ) -> List[str]:
+    ) -> list[str]:
         lines = []
         indentstr = " " * indent
         # Get the real exception information out.
@@ -879,7 +872,7 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
                 failindent = indentstr
         return lines
 
-    def repr_locals(self, locals: Mapping[str, object]) -> Optional["ReprLocals"]:
+    def repr_locals(self, locals: Mapping[str, object]) -> ReprLocals | None:
         if self.showlocals:
             lines = []
             keys = [loc for loc in locals if loc[0] != "@"]
@@ -907,10 +900,10 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
 
     def repr_traceback_entry(
         self,
-        entry: Optional[TracebackEntry],
-        excinfo: Optional[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]] = None,
-    ) -> "ReprEntry":
-        lines: List[str] = []
+        entry: TracebackEntry | None,
+        excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException] | None = None,
+    ) -> ReprEntry:
+        lines: list[str] = []
         style = (
             entry._repr_style
             if entry is not None and entry._repr_style is not None
@@ -945,7 +938,7 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
                 lines.extend(self.get_exconly(excinfo, indent=4))
             return ReprEntry(lines, None, None, None, style)
 
-    def _makepath(self, path: Union[Path, str]) -> str:
+    def _makepath(self, path: Path | str) -> str:
         if not self.abspath and isinstance(path, Path):
             try:
                 np = bestrelpath(Path.cwd(), path)
@@ -955,7 +948,7 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
                 return np
         return str(path)
 
-    def repr_traceback(self, excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException]) -> "ReprTraceback":
+    def repr_traceback(self, excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException]) -> ReprTraceback:
         traceback = excinfo.traceback
         if callable(self.tbfilter):
             traceback = self.tbfilter(excinfo)
@@ -986,7 +979,7 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
 
     def _truncate_recursive_traceback(
         self, traceback: Traceback
-    ) -> Tuple[Traceback, Optional[str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[Traceback, str | None]:
         """Truncate the given recursive traceback trying to find the starting
         point of the recursion.
 
@@ -1003,7 +996,7 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
             recursionindex = traceback.recursionindex()
         except Exception as e:
             max_frames = 10
-            extraline: Optional[str] = (
+            extraline: str | None = (
                 "!!! Recursion error detected, but an error occurred locating the origin of recursion.\n"
                 "  The following exception happened when comparing locals in the stack frame:\n"
                 "    {exc_type}: {exc_msg}\n"
@@ -1026,16 +1019,12 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
 
         return traceback, extraline
 
-    def repr_excinfo(
-        self, excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException]
-    ) -> "ExceptionChainRepr":
-        repr_chain: List[
-            Tuple[ReprTraceback, Optional[ReprFileLocation], Optional[str]]
-        ] = []
-        e: Optional[BaseException] = excinfo.value
-        excinfo_: Optional[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]] = excinfo
+    def repr_excinfo(self, excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException]) -> ExceptionChainRepr:
+        repr_chain: list[tuple[ReprTraceback, ReprFileLocation | None, str | None]] = []
+        e: BaseException | None = excinfo.value
+        excinfo_: ExceptionInfo[BaseException] | None = excinfo
         descr = None
-        seen: Set[int] = set()
+        seen: set[int] = set()
         while e is not None and id(e) not in seen:
             seen.add(id(e))
 
@@ -1044,9 +1033,9 @@ class FormattedExcinfo:
                 # full support for exception groups added to ExceptionInfo.
                 # See https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/9159
                 if isinstance(e, BaseExceptionGroup):
-                    reprtraceback: Union[
-                        ReprTracebackNative, ReprTraceback
-                    ] = ReprTracebackNative(
+                    reprtraceback: (
+                        ReprTracebackNative | ReprTraceback
+                    ) = ReprTracebackNative(
                         traceback.format_exception(
                             type(excinfo_.value),
                             excinfo_.value,
@@ -1102,9 +1091,9 @@ class TerminalRepr:
 @dataclasses.dataclass(eq=False)
 class ExceptionRepr(TerminalRepr):
     # Provided by subclasses.
-    reprtraceback: "ReprTraceback"
-    reprcrash: Optional["ReprFileLocation"]
-    sections: List[Tuple[str, str, str]] = dataclasses.field(
+    reprtraceback: ReprTraceback
+    reprcrash: ReprFileLocation | None
+    sections: list[tuple[str, str, str]] = dataclasses.field(
         init=False, default_factory=list
     )
 
@@ -1119,13 +1108,11 @@ class ExceptionRepr(TerminalRepr):
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(eq=False)
 class ExceptionChainRepr(ExceptionRepr):
-    chain: Sequence[Tuple["ReprTraceback", Optional["ReprFileLocation"], Optional[str]]]
+    chain: Sequence[tuple[ReprTraceback, ReprFileLocation | None, str | None]]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        chain: Sequence[
-            Tuple["ReprTraceback", Optional["ReprFileLocation"], Optional[str]]
-        ],
+        chain: Sequence[tuple[ReprTraceback, ReprFileLocation | None, str | None]],
     ) -> None:
         # reprcrash and reprtraceback of the outermost (the newest) exception
         # in the chain.
@@ -1146,8 +1133,8 @@ class ExceptionChainRepr(ExceptionRepr):
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(eq=False)
 class ReprExceptionInfo(ExceptionRepr):
-    reprtraceback: "ReprTraceback"
-    reprcrash: Optional["ReprFileLocation"]
+    reprtraceback: ReprTraceback
+    reprcrash: ReprFileLocation | None
 
     def toterminal(self, tw: TerminalWriter) -> None:
         self.reprtraceback.toterminal(tw)
@@ -1156,8 +1143,8 @@ class ReprExceptionInfo(ExceptionRepr):
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(eq=False)
 class ReprTraceback(TerminalRepr):
-    reprentries: Sequence[Union["ReprEntry", "ReprEntryNative"]]
-    extraline: Optional[str]
+    reprentries: Sequence[ReprEntry | ReprEntryNative]
+    extraline: str | None
     style: _TracebackStyle
 
     entrysep: ClassVar = "_ "
@@ -1201,9 +1188,9 @@ class ReprEntryNative(TerminalRepr):
 @dataclasses.dataclass(eq=False)
 class ReprEntry(TerminalRepr):
     lines: Sequence[str]
-    reprfuncargs: Optional["ReprFuncArgs"]
-    reprlocals: Optional["ReprLocals"]
-    reprfileloc: Optional["ReprFileLocation"]
+    reprfuncargs: ReprFuncArgs | None
+    reprlocals: ReprLocals | None
+    reprfileloc: ReprFileLocation | None
     style: _TracebackStyle
 
     def _write_entry_lines(self, tw: TerminalWriter) -> None:
@@ -1228,9 +1215,9 @@ class ReprEntry(TerminalRepr):
         # such as ">   assert 0"
         fail_marker = f"{FormattedExcinfo.fail_marker}   "
         indent_size = len(fail_marker)
-        indents: List[str] = []
-        source_lines: List[str] = []
-        failure_lines: List[str] = []
+        indents: list[str] = []
+        source_lines: list[str] = []
+        failure_lines: list[str] = []
         for index, line in enumerate(self.lines):
             is_failure_line = line.startswith(fail_marker)
             if is_failure_line:
@@ -1309,7 +1296,7 @@ class ReprLocals(TerminalRepr):
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(eq=False)
 class ReprFuncArgs(TerminalRepr):
-    args: Sequence[Tuple[str, object]]
+    args: Sequence[tuple[str, object]]
 
     def toterminal(self, tw: TerminalWriter) -> None:
         if self.args:
@@ -1330,7 +1317,7 @@ class ReprFuncArgs(TerminalRepr):
             tw.line("")
 
 
-def getfslineno(obj: object) -> Tuple[Union[str, Path], int]:
+def getfslineno(obj: object) -> tuple[str | Path, int]:
     """Return source location (path, lineno) for the given object.
 
     If the source cannot be determined return ("", -1).

src/_pytest/_code/source.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import ast
 import inspect
 import textwrap
@@ -7,11 +9,7 @@ import warnings
 from bisect import bisect_right
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
 
 
 class Source:
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ class Source:
 
     def __init__(self, obj: object = None) -> None:
         if not obj:
-            self.lines: List[str] = []
+            self.lines: list[str] = []
         elif isinstance(obj, Source):
             self.lines = obj.lines
         elif isinstance(obj, (tuple, list)):
@@ -50,10 +48,10 @@ class Source:
         ...
 
     @overload
-    def __getitem__(self, key: slice) -> "Source":
+    def __getitem__(self, key: slice) -> Source:
         ...
 
-    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[int, slice]) -> Union[str, "Source"]:
+    def __getitem__(self, key: int | slice) -> str | Source:
         if isinstance(key, int):
             return self.lines[key]
         else:
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ class Source:
     def __len__(self) -> int:
         return len(self.lines)
 
-    def strip(self) -> "Source":
+    def strip(self) -> Source:
         """Return new Source object with trailing and leading blank lines removed."""
         start, end = 0, len(self)
         while start < end and not self.lines[start].strip():
@@ -80,20 +78,20 @@ class Source:
         source.lines[:] = self.lines[start:end]
         return source
 
-    def indent(self, indent: str = " " * 4) -> "Source":
+    def indent(self, indent: str = " " * 4) -> Source:
         """Return a copy of the source object with all lines indented by the
         given indent-string."""
         newsource = Source()
         newsource.lines = [(indent + line) for line in self.lines]
         return newsource
 
-    def getstatement(self, lineno: int) -> "Source":
+    def getstatement(self, lineno: int) -> Source:
         """Return Source statement which contains the given linenumber
         (counted from 0)."""
         start, end = self.getstatementrange(lineno)
         return self[start:end]
 
-    def getstatementrange(self, lineno: int) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    def getstatementrange(self, lineno: int) -> tuple[int, int]:
         """Return (start, end) tuple which spans the minimal statement region
         which containing the given lineno."""
         if not (0 <= lineno < len(self)):
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ class Source:
         ast, start, end = getstatementrange_ast(lineno, self)
         return start, end
 
-    def deindent(self) -> "Source":
+    def deindent(self) -> Source:
         """Return a new Source object deindented."""
         newsource = Source()
         newsource.lines[:] = deindent(self.lines)
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ class Source:
 #
 
 
-def findsource(obj) -> Tuple[Optional[Source], int]:
+def findsource(obj) -> tuple[Source | None, int]:
     try:
         sourcelines, lineno = inspect.findsource(obj)
     except Exception:
@@ -139,14 +137,14 @@ def getrawcode(obj: object, trycall: bool = True) -> types.CodeType:
     raise TypeError(f"could not get code object for {obj!r}")
 
 
-def deindent(lines: Iterable[str]) -> List[str]:
+def deindent(lines: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
     return textwrap.dedent("\n".join(lines)).splitlines()
 
 
-def get_statement_startend2(lineno: int, node: ast.AST) -> Tuple[int, Optional[int]]:
+def get_statement_startend2(lineno: int, node: ast.AST) -> tuple[int, int | None]:
     # Flatten all statements and except handlers into one lineno-list.
     # AST's line numbers start indexing at 1.
-    values: List[int] = []
+    values: list[int] = []
     for x in ast.walk(node):
         if isinstance(x, (ast.stmt, ast.ExceptHandler)):
             # The lineno points to the class/def, so need to include the decorators.
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ def get_statement_startend2(lineno: int, node: ast.AST) -> Tuple[int, Optional[i
                     values.append(d.lineno - 1)
             values.append(x.lineno - 1)
             for name in ("finalbody", "orelse"):
-                val: Optional[List[ast.stmt]] = getattr(x, name, None)
+                val: list[ast.stmt] | None = getattr(x, name, None)
                 if val:
                     # Treat the finally/orelse part as its own statement.
                     values.append(val[0].lineno - 1 - 1)
@@ -173,8 +171,8 @@ def getstatementrange_ast(
     lineno: int,
     source: Source,
     assertion: bool = False,
-    astnode: Optional[ast.AST] = None,
-) -> Tuple[ast.AST, int, int]:
+    astnode: ast.AST | None = None,
+) -> tuple[ast.AST, int, int]:
     if astnode is None:
         content = str(source)
         # See #4260:

src/_pytest/_io/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from .terminalwriter import get_terminal_width
 from .terminalwriter import TerminalWriter
 

src/_pytest/_io/pprint.py

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 #  tuples with fairly non-descriptive content.  This is modeled very much
 #  after Lisp/Scheme - style pretty-printing of lists.  If you find it
 #  useful, thank small children who sleep at night.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import collections as _collections
 import dataclasses as _dataclasses
 import re
@@ -19,13 +21,8 @@ import types as _types
 from io import StringIO as _StringIO
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import IO
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Set
-from typing import Tuple
 
 
 class _safe_key:
@@ -63,7 +60,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         self,
         indent: int = 4,
         width: int = 80,
-        depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        depth: int | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Handle pretty printing operations onto a stream using a set of
         configured parameters.
@@ -99,7 +96,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         objid = id(object)
@@ -135,7 +132,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         cls_name = object.__class__.__name__
@@ -148,9 +145,9 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         self._format_namespace_items(items, stream, indent, allowance, context, level)
         stream.write(")")
 
-    _dispatch: Dict[
+    _dispatch: dict[
         Callable[..., str],
-        Callable[["PrettyPrinter", Any, IO[str], int, int, Set[int], int], None],
+        Callable[[PrettyPrinter, Any, IO[str], int, int, set[int], int], None],
     ] = {}
 
     def _pprint_dict(
@@ -159,7 +156,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         write = stream.write
@@ -176,7 +173,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         if not len(object):
@@ -195,7 +192,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         stream.write("[")
@@ -210,7 +207,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         stream.write("(")
@@ -225,7 +222,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         if not len(object):
@@ -251,7 +248,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         write = stream.write
@@ -310,7 +307,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         write = stream.write
@@ -339,7 +336,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         write = stream.write
@@ -357,7 +354,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         stream.write("mappingproxy(")
@@ -372,7 +369,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         if type(object) is _types.SimpleNamespace:
@@ -390,11 +387,11 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
 
     def _format_dict_items(
         self,
-        items: List[Tuple[Any, Any]],
+        items: list[tuple[Any, Any]],
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         if not items:
@@ -414,11 +411,11 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
 
     def _format_namespace_items(
         self,
-        items: List[Tuple[Any, Any]],
+        items: list[tuple[Any, Any]],
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         if not items:
@@ -451,11 +448,11 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
 
     def _format_items(
         self,
-        items: List[Any],
+        items: list[Any],
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         if not items:
@@ -472,7 +469,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
 
         write("\n" + " " * indent)
 
-    def _repr(self, object: Any, context: Set[int], level: int) -> str:
+    def _repr(self, object: Any, context: set[int], level: int) -> str:
         return self._safe_repr(object, context.copy(), self._depth, level)
 
     def _pprint_default_dict(
@@ -481,7 +478,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         rdf = self._repr(object.default_factory, context, level)
@@ -497,7 +494,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         stream.write(object.__class__.__name__ + "(")
@@ -518,7 +515,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         if not len(object.maps) or (len(object.maps) == 1 and not len(object.maps[0])):
@@ -537,7 +534,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         stream.write(object.__class__.__name__ + "(")
@@ -556,7 +553,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         self._format(object.data, stream, indent, allowance, context, level - 1)
@@ -569,7 +566,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         self._format(object.data, stream, indent, allowance, context, level - 1)
@@ -582,7 +579,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
         stream: IO[str],
         indent: int,
         allowance: int,
-        context: Set[int],
+        context: set[int],
         level: int,
     ) -> None:
         self._format(object.data, stream, indent, allowance, context, level - 1)
@@ -590,7 +587,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
     _dispatch[_collections.UserString.__repr__] = _pprint_user_string
 
     def _safe_repr(
-        self, object: Any, context: Set[int], maxlevels: Optional[int], level: int
+        self, object: Any, context: set[int], maxlevels: int | None, level: int
     ) -> str:
         typ = type(object)
         if typ in _builtin_scalars:
@@ -607,7 +604,7 @@ class PrettyPrinter:
             if objid in context:
                 return _recursion(object)
             context.add(objid)
-            components: List[str] = []
+            components: list[str] = []
             append = components.append
             level += 1
             for k, v in sorted(object.items(), key=_safe_tuple):

src/_pytest/_io/saferepr.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pprint
 import reprlib
-from typing import Optional
 
 
 def _try_repr_or_str(obj: object) -> str:
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ class SafeRepr(reprlib.Repr):
     information on exceptions raised during the call.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, maxsize: Optional[int], use_ascii: bool = False) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, maxsize: int | None, use_ascii: bool = False) -> None:
         """
         :param maxsize:
             If not None, will truncate the resulting repr to that specific size, using ellipsis
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ DEFAULT_REPR_MAX_SIZE = 240
 
 
 def saferepr(
-    obj: object, maxsize: Optional[int] = DEFAULT_REPR_MAX_SIZE, use_ascii: bool = False
+    obj: object, maxsize: int | None = DEFAULT_REPR_MAX_SIZE, use_ascii: bool = False
 ) -> str:
     """Return a size-limited safe repr-string for the given object.
 

src/_pytest/_io/terminalwriter.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 """Helper functions for writing to terminals and files."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 from typing import final
 from typing import Literal
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 from typing import TextIO
 
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ class TerminalWriter:
         invert=7,
     )
 
-    def __init__(self, file: Optional[TextIO] = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, file: TextIO | None = None) -> None:
         if file is None:
             file = sys.stdout
         if hasattr(file, "isatty") and file.isatty() and sys.platform == "win32":
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ class TerminalWriter:
         self._file = file
         self.hasmarkup = should_do_markup(file)
         self._current_line = ""
-        self._terminal_width: Optional[int] = None
+        self._terminal_width: int | None = None
         self.code_highlight = True
 
     @property
@@ -108,8 +109,8 @@ class TerminalWriter:
     def sep(
         self,
         sepchar: str,
-        title: Optional[str] = None,
-        fullwidth: Optional[int] = None,
+        title: str | None = None,
+        fullwidth: int | None = None,
         **markup: bool,
     ) -> None:
         if fullwidth is None:

src/_pytest/_io/wcwidth.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import unicodedata
 from functools import lru_cache
 

src/_pytest/assertion/__init__.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 """Support for presenting detailed information in failing assertions."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Generator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from _pytest.assertion import rewrite
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class AssertionState:
     def __init__(self, config: Config, mode) -> None:
         self.mode = mode
         self.trace = config.trace.root.get("assertion")
-        self.hook: Optional[rewrite.AssertionRewritingHook] = None
+        self.hook: rewrite.AssertionRewritingHook | None = None
 
 
 def install_importhook(config: Config) -> rewrite.AssertionRewritingHook:
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ def install_importhook(config: Config) -> rewrite.AssertionRewritingHook:
     return hook
 
 
-def pytest_collection(session: "Session") -> None:
+def pytest_collection(session: Session) -> None:
     # This hook is only called when test modules are collected
     # so for example not in the managing process of pytest-xdist
     # (which does not collect test modules).
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_protocol(item: Item) -> Generator[None, object, object]:
 
     ihook = item.ihook
 
-    def callbinrepr(op, left: object, right: object) -> Optional[str]:
+    def callbinrepr(op, left: object, right: object) -> str | None:
         """Call the pytest_assertrepr_compare hook and prepare the result.
 
         This uses the first result from the hook and then ensures the
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_protocol(item: Item) -> Generator[None, object, object]:
         util._config = None
 
 
-def pytest_sessionfinish(session: "Session") -> None:
+def pytest_sessionfinish(session: Session) -> None:
     assertstate = session.config.stash.get(assertstate_key, None)
     if assertstate:
         if assertstate.hook is not None:
@@ -186,5 +186,5 @@ def pytest_sessionfinish(session: "Session") -> None:
 
 def pytest_assertrepr_compare(
     config: Config, op: str, left: Any, right: Any
-) -> Optional[List[str]]:
+) -> list[str] | None:
     return util.assertrepr_compare(config=config, op=op, left=left, right=right)

src/_pytest/assertion/rewrite.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Rewrite assertion AST to produce nice error messages."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import ast
 import errno
 import functools
@@ -17,17 +19,11 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 from pathlib import Path
 from pathlib import PurePath
 from typing import Callable
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import IO
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
-from typing import Tuple
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest._io.saferepr import DEFAULT_REPR_MAX_SIZE
 from _pytest._io.saferepr import saferepr
@@ -70,17 +66,17 @@ class AssertionRewritingHook(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder, importlib.abc.Loader)
             self.fnpats = config.getini("python_files")
         except ValueError:
             self.fnpats = ["test_*.py", "*_test.py"]
-        self.session: Optional[Session] = None
-        self._rewritten_names: Dict[str, Path] = {}
-        self._must_rewrite: Set[str] = set()
+        self.session: Session | None = None
+        self._rewritten_names: dict[str, Path] = {}
+        self._must_rewrite: set[str] = set()
         # flag to guard against trying to rewrite a pyc file while we are already writing another pyc file,
         # which might result in infinite recursion (#3506)
         self._writing_pyc = False
         self._basenames_to_check_rewrite = {"conftest"}
-        self._marked_for_rewrite_cache: Dict[str, bool] = {}
+        self._marked_for_rewrite_cache: dict[str, bool] = {}
         self._session_paths_checked = False
 
-    def set_session(self, session: Optional[Session]) -> None:
+    def set_session(self, session: Session | None) -> None:
         self.session = session
         self._session_paths_checked = False
 
@@ -90,9 +86,9 @@ class AssertionRewritingHook(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder, importlib.abc.Loader)
     def find_spec(
         self,
         name: str,
-        path: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, bytes]]] = None,
-        target: Optional[types.ModuleType] = None,
-    ) -> Optional[importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec]:
+        path: Sequence[str | bytes] | None = None,
+        target: types.ModuleType | None = None,
+    ) -> importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec | None:
         if self._writing_pyc:
             return None
         state = self.config.stash[assertstate_key]
@@ -129,7 +125,7 @@ class AssertionRewritingHook(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder, importlib.abc.Loader)
 
     def create_module(
         self, spec: importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec
-    ) -> Optional[types.ModuleType]:
+    ) -> types.ModuleType | None:
         return None  # default behaviour is fine
 
     def exec_module(self, module: types.ModuleType) -> None:
@@ -174,7 +170,7 @@ class AssertionRewritingHook(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder, importlib.abc.Loader)
             state.trace(f"found cached rewritten pyc for {fn}")
         exec(co, module.__dict__)
 
-    def _early_rewrite_bailout(self, name: str, state: "AssertionState") -> bool:
+    def _early_rewrite_bailout(self, name: str, state: AssertionState) -> bool:
         """A fast way to get out of rewriting modules.
 
         Profiling has shown that the call to PathFinder.find_spec (inside of
@@ -213,7 +209,7 @@ class AssertionRewritingHook(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder, importlib.abc.Loader)
         state.trace(f"early skip of rewriting module: {name}")
         return True
 
-    def _should_rewrite(self, name: str, fn: str, state: "AssertionState") -> bool:
+    def _should_rewrite(self, name: str, fn: str, state: AssertionState) -> bool:
         # always rewrite conftest files
         if os.path.basename(fn) == "conftest.py":
             state.trace(f"rewriting conftest file: {fn!r}")
@@ -234,7 +230,7 @@ class AssertionRewritingHook(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder, importlib.abc.Loader)
 
         return self._is_marked_for_rewrite(name, state)
 
-    def _is_marked_for_rewrite(self, name: str, state: "AssertionState") -> bool:
+    def _is_marked_for_rewrite(self, name: str, state: AssertionState) -> bool:
         try:
             return self._marked_for_rewrite_cache[name]
         except KeyError:
@@ -275,7 +271,7 @@ class AssertionRewritingHook(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder, importlib.abc.Loader)
             stacklevel=5,
         )
 
-    def get_data(self, pathname: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
+    def get_data(self, pathname: str | bytes) -> bytes:
         """Optional PEP302 get_data API."""
         with open(pathname, "rb") as f:
             return f.read()
@@ -316,7 +312,7 @@ def _write_pyc_fp(
 
 
 def _write_pyc(
-    state: "AssertionState",
+    state: AssertionState,
     co: types.CodeType,
     source_stat: os.stat_result,
     pyc: Path,
@@ -340,7 +336,7 @@ def _write_pyc(
     return True
 
 
-def _rewrite_test(fn: Path, config: Config) -> Tuple[os.stat_result, types.CodeType]:
+def _rewrite_test(fn: Path, config: Config) -> tuple[os.stat_result, types.CodeType]:
     """Read and rewrite *fn* and return the code object."""
     stat = os.stat(fn)
     source = fn.read_bytes()
@@ -353,7 +349,7 @@ def _rewrite_test(fn: Path, config: Config) -> Tuple[os.stat_result, types.CodeT
 
 def _read_pyc(
     source: Path, pyc: Path, trace: Callable[[str], None] = lambda x: None
-) -> Optional[types.CodeType]:
+) -> types.CodeType | None:
     """Possibly read a pytest pyc containing rewritten code.
 
     Return rewritten code if successful or None if not.
@@ -403,8 +399,8 @@ def _read_pyc(
 def rewrite_asserts(
     mod: ast.Module,
     source: bytes,
-    module_path: Optional[str] = None,
-    config: Optional[Config] = None,
+    module_path: str | None = None,
+    config: Config | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Rewrite the assert statements in mod."""
     AssertionRewriter(module_path, config, source).run(mod)
@@ -424,7 +420,7 @@ def _saferepr(obj: object) -> str:
     return saferepr(obj, maxsize=maxsize).replace("\n", "\\n")
 
 
-def _get_maxsize_for_saferepr(config: Optional[Config]) -> Optional[int]:
+def _get_maxsize_for_saferepr(config: Config | None) -> int | None:
     """Get `maxsize` configuration for saferepr based on the given config object."""
     if config is None:
         verbosity = 0
@@ -542,14 +538,14 @@ def traverse_node(node: ast.AST) -> Iterator[ast.AST]:
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
-def _get_assertion_exprs(src: bytes) -> Dict[int, str]:
+def _get_assertion_exprs(src: bytes) -> dict[int, str]:
     """Return a mapping from {lineno: "assertion test expression"}."""
-    ret: Dict[int, str] = {}
+    ret: dict[int, str] = {}
 
     depth = 0
-    lines: List[str] = []
-    assert_lineno: Optional[int] = None
-    seen_lines: Set[int] = set()
+    lines: list[str] = []
+    assert_lineno: int | None = None
+    seen_lines: set[int] = set()
 
     def _write_and_reset() -> None:
         nonlocal depth, lines, assert_lineno, seen_lines
@@ -656,7 +652,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, module_path: Optional[str], config: Optional[Config], source: bytes
+        self, module_path: str | None, config: Config | None, source: bytes
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__()
         self.module_path = module_path
@@ -670,7 +666,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         self.source = source
         self.scope: tuple[ast.AST, ...] = ()
         self.variables_overwrite: defaultdict[
-            tuple[ast.AST, ...], Dict[str, str]
+            tuple[ast.AST, ...], dict[str, str]
         ] = defaultdict(dict)
 
     def run(self, mod: ast.Module) -> None:
@@ -736,7 +732,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
 
         # Collect asserts.
         self.scope = (mod,)
-        nodes: List[Union[ast.AST, Sentinel]] = [mod]
+        nodes: list[ast.AST | Sentinel] = [mod]
         while nodes:
             node = nodes.pop()
             if isinstance(node, (ast.FunctionDef, ast.AsyncFunctionDef, ast.ClassDef)):
@@ -748,7 +744,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
             assert isinstance(node, ast.AST)
             for name, field in ast.iter_fields(node):
                 if isinstance(field, list):
-                    new: List[ast.AST] = []
+                    new: list[ast.AST] = []
                     for i, child in enumerate(field):
                         if isinstance(child, ast.Assert):
                             # Transform assert.
@@ -820,7 +816,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         to format a string of %-formatted values as added by
         .explanation_param().
         """
-        self.explanation_specifiers: Dict[str, ast.expr] = {}
+        self.explanation_specifiers: dict[str, ast.expr] = {}
         self.stack.append(self.explanation_specifiers)
 
     def pop_format_context(self, expl_expr: ast.expr) -> ast.Name:
@@ -843,13 +839,13 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         self.expl_stmts.append(ast.Assign([ast.Name(name, ast.Store())], form))
         return ast.Name(name, ast.Load())
 
-    def generic_visit(self, node: ast.AST) -> Tuple[ast.Name, str]:
+    def generic_visit(self, node: ast.AST) -> tuple[ast.Name, str]:
         """Handle expressions we don't have custom code for."""
         assert isinstance(node, ast.expr)
         res = self.assign(node)
         return res, self.explanation_param(self.display(res))
 
-    def visit_Assert(self, assert_: ast.Assert) -> List[ast.stmt]:
+    def visit_Assert(self, assert_: ast.Assert) -> list[ast.stmt]:
         """Return the AST statements to replace the ast.Assert instance.
 
         This rewrites the test of an assertion to provide
@@ -872,15 +868,15 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
                 lineno=assert_.lineno,
             )
 
-        self.statements: List[ast.stmt] = []
-        self.variables: List[str] = []
+        self.statements: list[ast.stmt] = []
+        self.variables: list[str] = []
         self.variable_counter = itertools.count()
 
         if self.enable_assertion_pass_hook:
-            self.format_variables: List[str] = []
+            self.format_variables: list[str] = []
 
-        self.stack: List[Dict[str, ast.expr]] = []
-        self.expl_stmts: List[ast.stmt] = []
+        self.stack: list[dict[str, ast.expr]] = []
+        self.expl_stmts: list[ast.stmt] = []
         self.push_format_context()
         # Rewrite assert into a bunch of statements.
         top_condition, explanation = self.visit(assert_.test)
@@ -966,7 +962,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
                 ast.copy_location(node, assert_)
         return self.statements
 
-    def visit_NamedExpr(self, name: ast.NamedExpr) -> Tuple[ast.NamedExpr, str]:
+    def visit_NamedExpr(self, name: ast.NamedExpr) -> tuple[ast.NamedExpr, str]:
         # This method handles the 'walrus operator' repr of the target
         # name if it's a local variable or _should_repr_global_name()
         # thinks it's acceptable.
@@ -978,7 +974,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         expr = ast.IfExp(test, self.display(name), ast.Constant(target_id))
         return name, self.explanation_param(expr)
 
-    def visit_Name(self, name: ast.Name) -> Tuple[ast.Name, str]:
+    def visit_Name(self, name: ast.Name) -> tuple[ast.Name, str]:
         # Display the repr of the name if it's a local variable or
         # _should_repr_global_name() thinks it's acceptable.
         locs = ast.Call(self.builtin("locals"), [], [])
@@ -988,7 +984,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         expr = ast.IfExp(test, self.display(name), ast.Constant(name.id))
         return name, self.explanation_param(expr)
 
-    def visit_BoolOp(self, boolop: ast.BoolOp) -> Tuple[ast.Name, str]:
+    def visit_BoolOp(self, boolop: ast.BoolOp) -> tuple[ast.Name, str]:
         res_var = self.variable()
         expl_list = self.assign(ast.List([], ast.Load()))
         app = ast.Attribute(expl_list, "append", ast.Load())
@@ -1000,7 +996,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         # Process each operand, short-circuiting if needed.
         for i, v in enumerate(boolop.values):
             if i:
-                fail_inner: List[ast.stmt] = []
+                fail_inner: list[ast.stmt] = []
                 # cond is set in a prior loop iteration below
                 self.expl_stmts.append(ast.If(cond, fail_inner, []))  # noqa
                 self.expl_stmts = fail_inner
@@ -1030,7 +1026,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
                 cond: ast.expr = res
                 if is_or:
                     cond = ast.UnaryOp(ast.Not(), cond)
-                inner: List[ast.stmt] = []
+                inner: list[ast.stmt] = []
                 self.statements.append(ast.If(cond, inner, []))
                 self.statements = body = inner
         self.statements = save
@@ -1039,13 +1035,13 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         expl = self.pop_format_context(expl_template)
         return ast.Name(res_var, ast.Load()), self.explanation_param(expl)
 
-    def visit_UnaryOp(self, unary: ast.UnaryOp) -> Tuple[ast.Name, str]:
+    def visit_UnaryOp(self, unary: ast.UnaryOp) -> tuple[ast.Name, str]:
         pattern = UNARY_MAP[unary.op.__class__]
         operand_res, operand_expl = self.visit(unary.operand)
         res = self.assign(ast.UnaryOp(unary.op, operand_res))
         return res, pattern % (operand_expl,)
 
-    def visit_BinOp(self, binop: ast.BinOp) -> Tuple[ast.Name, str]:
+    def visit_BinOp(self, binop: ast.BinOp) -> tuple[ast.Name, str]:
         symbol = BINOP_MAP[binop.op.__class__]
         left_expr, left_expl = self.visit(binop.left)
         right_expr, right_expl = self.visit(binop.right)
@@ -1053,7 +1049,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         res = self.assign(ast.BinOp(left_expr, binop.op, right_expr))
         return res, explanation
 
-    def visit_Call(self, call: ast.Call) -> Tuple[ast.Name, str]:
+    def visit_Call(self, call: ast.Call) -> tuple[ast.Name, str]:
         new_func, func_expl = self.visit(call.func)
         arg_expls = []
         new_args = []
@@ -1089,13 +1085,13 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         outer_expl = f"{res_expl}\n{{{res_expl} = {expl}\n}}"
         return res, outer_expl
 
-    def visit_Starred(self, starred: ast.Starred) -> Tuple[ast.Starred, str]:
+    def visit_Starred(self, starred: ast.Starred) -> tuple[ast.Starred, str]:
         # A Starred node can appear in a function call.
         res, expl = self.visit(starred.value)
         new_starred = ast.Starred(res, starred.ctx)
         return new_starred, "*" + expl
 
-    def visit_Attribute(self, attr: ast.Attribute) -> Tuple[ast.Name, str]:
+    def visit_Attribute(self, attr: ast.Attribute) -> tuple[ast.Name, str]:
         if not isinstance(attr.ctx, ast.Load):
             return self.generic_visit(attr)
         value, value_expl = self.visit(attr.value)
@@ -1105,7 +1101,7 @@ class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
         expl = pat % (res_expl, res_expl, value_expl, attr.attr)
         return res, expl
 
-    def visit_Compare(self, comp: ast.Compare) -> Tuple[ast.expr, str]:
+    def visit_Compare(self, comp: ast.Compare) -> tuple[ast.expr, str]:
         self.push_format_context()
         # We first check if we have overwritten a variable in the previous assert
         if isinstance(

src/_pytest/assertion/truncate.py

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 Current default behaviour is to truncate assertion explanations at
 terminal lines, unless running with an assertions verbosity level of at least 2 or running on CI.
 """
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 from _pytest.assertion import util
 from _pytest.config import Config
@@ -17,8 +16,8 @@ USAGE_MSG = "use '-vv' to show"
 
 
 def truncate_if_required(
-    explanation: List[str], item: Item, max_length: Optional[int] = None
-) -> List[str]:
+    explanation: list[str], item: Item, max_length: int | None = None
+) -> list[str]:
     """Truncate this assertion explanation if the given test item is eligible."""
     if _should_truncate_item(item):
         return _truncate_explanation(explanation)
@@ -32,10 +31,10 @@ def _should_truncate_item(item: Item) -> bool:
 
 
 def _truncate_explanation(
-    input_lines: List[str],
-    max_lines: Optional[int] = None,
-    max_chars: Optional[int] = None,
-) -> List[str]:
+    input_lines: list[str],
+    max_lines: int | None = None,
+    max_chars: int | None = None,
+) -> list[str]:
     """Truncate given list of strings that makes up the assertion explanation.
 
     Truncates to either 8 lines, or 640 characters - whichever the input reaches
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ def _truncate_explanation(
     ]
 
 
-def _truncate_by_char_count(input_lines: List[str], max_chars: int) -> List[str]:
+def _truncate_by_char_count(input_lines: list[str], max_chars: int) -> list[str]:
     # Find point at which input length exceeds total allowed length
     iterated_char_count = 0
     for iterated_index, input_line in enumerate(input_lines):

src/_pytest/assertion/util.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Utilities for assertion debugging."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import collections.abc
 import os
 import pprint
@@ -6,10 +8,8 @@ from typing import AbstractSet
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import Iterable
-from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
 from typing import Mapping
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Protocol
 from typing import Sequence
 from unicodedata import normalize
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ from _pytest.config import Config
 # interpretation code and assertion rewriter to detect this plugin was
 # loaded and in turn call the hooks defined here as part of the
 # DebugInterpreter.
-_reprcompare: Optional[Callable[[str, object, object], Optional[str]]] = None
+_reprcompare: Callable[[str, object, object], str | None] | None = None
 
 # Works similarly as _reprcompare attribute. Is populated with the hook call
 # when pytest_runtest_setup is called.
-_assertion_pass: Optional[Callable[[int, str, str], None]] = None
+_assertion_pass: Callable[[int, str, str], None] | None = None
 
 # Config object which is assigned during pytest_runtest_protocol.
-_config: Optional[Config] = None
+_config: Config | None = None
 
 
 class _HighlightFunc(Protocol):
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def format_explanation(explanation: str) -> str:
     return "\n".join(result)
 
 
-def _split_explanation(explanation: str) -> List[str]:
+def _split_explanation(explanation: str) -> list[str]:
     r"""Return a list of individual lines in the explanation.
 
     This will return a list of lines split on '\n{', '\n}' and '\n~'.
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def _split_explanation(explanation: str) -> List[str]:
     return lines
 
 
-def _format_lines(lines: Sequence[str]) -> List[str]:
+def _format_lines(lines: Sequence[str]) -> list[str]:
     """Format the individual lines.
 
     This will replace the '{', '}' and '~' characters of our mini formatting
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ def has_default_eq(
 
 def assertrepr_compare(
     config, op: str, left: Any, right: Any, use_ascii: bool = False
-) -> Optional[List[str]]:
+) -> list[str] | None:
     """Return specialised explanations for some operators/operands."""
     verbose = config.get_verbosity(Config.VERBOSITY_ASSERTIONS)
 
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ def assertrepr_compare(
 
 def _compare_eq_any(
     left: Any, right: Any, highlighter: _HighlightFunc, verbose: int = 0
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     explanation = []
     if istext(left) and istext(right):
         explanation = _diff_text(left, right, verbose)
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ def _compare_eq_any(
     return explanation
 
 
-def _diff_text(left: str, right: str, verbose: int = 0) -> List[str]:
+def _diff_text(left: str, right: str, verbose: int = 0) -> list[str]:
     """Return the explanation for the diff between text.
 
     Unless --verbose is used this will skip leading and trailing
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ def _diff_text(left: str, right: str, verbose: int = 0) -> List[str]:
     """
     from difflib import ndiff
 
-    explanation: List[str] = []
+    explanation: list[str] = []
 
     if verbose < 1:
         i = 0  # just in case left or right has zero length
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ def _compare_eq_iterable(
     right: Iterable[Any],
     highligher: _HighlightFunc,
     verbose: int = 0,
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     if verbose <= 0 and not running_on_ci():
         return ["Use -v to get more diff"]
     # dynamic import to speedup pytest
@@ -354,9 +354,9 @@ def _compare_eq_sequence(
     right: Sequence[Any],
     highlighter: _HighlightFunc,
     verbose: int = 0,
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     comparing_bytes = isinstance(left, bytes) and isinstance(right, bytes)
-    explanation: List[str] = []
+    explanation: list[str] = []
     len_left = len(left)
     len_right = len(right)
     for i in range(min(len_left, len_right)):
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ def _compare_eq_set(
     right: AbstractSet[Any],
     highlighter: _HighlightFunc,
     verbose: int = 0,
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     explanation = []
     explanation.extend(_set_one_sided_diff("left", left, right, highlighter))
     explanation.extend(_set_one_sided_diff("right", right, left, highlighter))
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ def _compare_gt_set(
     right: AbstractSet[Any],
     highlighter: _HighlightFunc,
     verbose: int = 0,
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     explanation = _compare_gte_set(left, right, highlighter)
     if not explanation:
         return ["Both sets are equal"]
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ def _compare_lt_set(
     right: AbstractSet[Any],
     highlighter: _HighlightFunc,
     verbose: int = 0,
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     explanation = _compare_lte_set(left, right, highlighter)
     if not explanation:
         return ["Both sets are equal"]
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ def _compare_gte_set(
     right: AbstractSet[Any],
     highlighter: _HighlightFunc,
     verbose: int = 0,
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     return _set_one_sided_diff("right", right, left, highlighter)
 
 
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ def _compare_lte_set(
     right: AbstractSet[Any],
     highlighter: _HighlightFunc,
     verbose: int = 0,
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     return _set_one_sided_diff("left", left, right, highlighter)
 
 
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ def _set_one_sided_diff(
     set1: AbstractSet[Any],
     set2: AbstractSet[Any],
     highlighter: _HighlightFunc,
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     explanation = []
     diff = set1 - set2
     if diff:
@@ -484,8 +484,8 @@ def _compare_eq_dict(
     right: Mapping[Any, Any],
     highlighter: _HighlightFunc,
     verbose: int = 0,
-) -> List[str]:
-    explanation: List[str] = []
+) -> list[str]:
+    explanation: list[str] = []
     set_left = set(left)
     set_right = set(right)
     common = set_left.intersection(set_right)
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ def _compare_eq_dict(
 
 def _compare_eq_cls(
     left: Any, right: Any, highlighter: _HighlightFunc, verbose: int
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     if not has_default_eq(left):
         return []
     if isdatacls(left):
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ def _compare_eq_cls(
     return explanation
 
 
-def _notin_text(term: str, text: str, verbose: int = 0) -> List[str]:
+def _notin_text(term: str, text: str, verbose: int = 0) -> list[str]:
     index = text.find(term)
     head = text[:index]
     tail = text[index + len(term) :]

src/_pytest/cacheprovider.py

@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 """Implementation of the cache provider."""
 # This plugin was not named "cache" to avoid conflicts with the external
 # pytest-cache version.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import dataclasses
 import json
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Iterable
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Set
-from typing import Union
 
 from .pathlib import resolve_from_str
 from .pathlib import rm_rf
@@ -72,7 +69,7 @@ class Cache:
         self._config = config
 
     @classmethod
-    def for_config(cls, config: Config, *, _ispytest: bool = False) -> "Cache":
+    def for_config(cls, config: Config, *, _ispytest: bool = False) -> Cache:
         """Create the Cache instance for a Config.
 
         :meta private:
@@ -213,7 +210,7 @@ class Cache:
 
 
 class LFPluginCollWrapper:
-    def __init__(self, lfplugin: "LFPlugin") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, lfplugin: LFPlugin) -> None:
         self.lfplugin = lfplugin
         self._collected_at_least_one_failure = False
 
@@ -227,7 +224,7 @@ class LFPluginCollWrapper:
             lf_paths = self.lfplugin._last_failed_paths
 
             # Use stable sort to priorize last failed.
-            def sort_key(node: Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]) -> bool:
+            def sort_key(node: nodes.Item | nodes.Collector) -> bool:
                 return node.path in lf_paths
 
             res.result = sorted(
@@ -265,13 +262,13 @@ class LFPluginCollWrapper:
 
 
 class LFPluginCollSkipfiles:
-    def __init__(self, lfplugin: "LFPlugin") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, lfplugin: LFPlugin) -> None:
         self.lfplugin = lfplugin
 
     @hookimpl
     def pytest_make_collect_report(
         self, collector: nodes.Collector
-    ) -> Optional[CollectReport]:
+    ) -> CollectReport | None:
         if isinstance(collector, File):
             if collector.path not in self.lfplugin._last_failed_paths:
                 self.lfplugin._skipped_files += 1
@@ -290,9 +287,9 @@ class LFPlugin:
         active_keys = "lf", "failedfirst"
         self.active = any(config.getoption(key) for key in active_keys)
         assert config.cache
-        self.lastfailed: Dict[str, bool] = config.cache.get("cache/lastfailed", {})
-        self._previously_failed_count: Optional[int] = None
-        self._report_status: Optional[str] = None
+        self.lastfailed: dict[str, bool] = config.cache.get("cache/lastfailed", {})
+        self._previously_failed_count: int | None = None
+        self._report_status: str | None = None
         self._skipped_files = 0  # count skipped files during collection due to --lf
 
         if config.getoption("lf"):
@@ -301,7 +298,7 @@ class LFPlugin:
                 LFPluginCollWrapper(self), "lfplugin-collwrapper"
             )
 
-    def get_last_failed_paths(self) -> Set[Path]:
+    def get_last_failed_paths(self) -> set[Path]:
         """Return a set with all Paths of the previously failed nodeids and
         their parents."""
         rootpath = self.config.rootpath
@@ -312,7 +309,7 @@ class LFPlugin:
             result.update(path.parents)
         return {x for x in result if x.exists()}
 
-    def pytest_report_collectionfinish(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def pytest_report_collectionfinish(self) -> str | None:
         if self.active and self.config.getoption("verbose") >= 0:
             return "run-last-failure: %s" % self._report_status
         return None
@@ -334,7 +331,7 @@ class LFPlugin:
 
     @hookimpl(wrapper=True, tryfirst=True)
     def pytest_collection_modifyitems(
-        self, config: Config, items: List[nodes.Item]
+        self, config: Config, items: list[nodes.Item]
     ) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
         res = yield
 
@@ -408,13 +405,13 @@ class NFPlugin:
 
     @hookimpl(wrapper=True, tryfirst=True)
     def pytest_collection_modifyitems(
-        self, items: List[nodes.Item]
+        self, items: list[nodes.Item]
     ) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
         res = yield
 
         if self.active:
-            new_items: Dict[str, nodes.Item] = {}
-            other_items: Dict[str, nodes.Item] = {}
+            new_items: dict[str, nodes.Item] = {}
+            other_items: dict[str, nodes.Item] = {}
             for item in items:
                 if item.nodeid not in self.cached_nodeids:
                     new_items[item.nodeid] = item
@@ -430,7 +427,7 @@ class NFPlugin:
 
         return res
 
-    def _get_increasing_order(self, items: Iterable[nodes.Item]) -> List[nodes.Item]:
+    def _get_increasing_order(self, items: Iterable[nodes.Item]) -> list[nodes.Item]:
         return sorted(items, key=lambda item: item.path.stat().st_mtime, reverse=True)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
     def pytest_sessionfinish(self) -> None:
@@ -507,7 +504,7 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
     )
 
 
-def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> int | ExitCode | None:
     if config.option.cacheshow and not config.option.help:
         from _pytest.main import wrap_session
 
@@ -538,7 +535,7 @@ def cache(request: FixtureRequest) -> Cache:
     return request.config.cache
 
 
-def pytest_report_header(config: Config) -> Optional[str]:
+def pytest_report_header(config: Config) -> str | None:
     """Display cachedir with --cache-show and if non-default."""
     if config.option.verbose > 0 or config.getini("cache_dir") != ".pytest_cache":
         assert config.cache is not None

src/_pytest/capture.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Per-test stdout/stderr capturing mechanism."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import abc
 import collections
 import contextlib
@@ -17,15 +19,10 @@ from typing import Generator
 from typing import Generic
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
 from typing import NamedTuple
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import TextIO
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest.config import Config
 from _pytest.config import hookimpl
@@ -211,7 +208,7 @@ class DontReadFromInput(TextIO):
     def __next__(self) -> str:
         return self.readline()
 
-    def readlines(self, hint: Optional[int] = -1) -> List[str]:
+    def readlines(self, hint: int | None = -1) -> list[str]:
         raise OSError(
             "pytest: reading from stdin while output is captured!  Consider using `-s`."
         )
@@ -243,7 +240,7 @@ class DontReadFromInput(TextIO):
     def tell(self) -> int:
         raise UnsupportedOperation("redirected stdin is pseudofile, has no tell()")
 
-    def truncate(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> int:
+    def truncate(self, size: int | None = None) -> int:
         raise UnsupportedOperation("cannot truncate stdin")
 
     def write(self, data: str) -> int:
@@ -255,14 +252,14 @@ class DontReadFromInput(TextIO):
     def writable(self) -> bool:
         return False
 
-    def __enter__(self) -> "DontReadFromInput":
+    def __enter__(self) -> DontReadFromInput:
         return self
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-        value: Optional[BaseException],
-        traceback: Optional[TracebackType],
+        type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        value: BaseException | None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> None:
         pass
 
@@ -337,7 +334,7 @@ class NoCapture(CaptureBase[str]):
 
 class SysCaptureBase(CaptureBase[AnyStr]):
     def __init__(
-        self, fd: int, tmpfile: Optional[TextIO] = None, *, tee: bool = False
+        self, fd: int, tmpfile: TextIO | None = None, *, tee: bool = False
     ) -> None:
         name = patchsysdict[fd]
         self._old: TextIO = getattr(sys, name)
@@ -368,7 +365,7 @@ class SysCaptureBase(CaptureBase[AnyStr]):
             self.tmpfile,
         )
 
-    def _assert_state(self, op: str, states: Tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
+    def _assert_state(self, op: str, states: tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
         assert (
             self._state in states
         ), "cannot {} in state {!r}: expected one of {}".format(
@@ -455,7 +452,7 @@ class FDCaptureBase(CaptureBase[AnyStr]):
             # Further complications are the need to support suspend() and the
             # possibility of FD reuse (e.g. the tmpfile getting the very same
             # target FD). The following approach is robust, I believe.
-            self.targetfd_invalid: Optional[int] = os.open(os.devnull, os.O_RDWR)
+            self.targetfd_invalid: int | None = os.open(os.devnull, os.O_RDWR)
             os.dup2(self.targetfd_invalid, targetfd)
         else:
             self.targetfd_invalid = None
@@ -488,7 +485,7 @@ class FDCaptureBase(CaptureBase[AnyStr]):
             self.tmpfile,
         )
 
-    def _assert_state(self, op: str, states: Tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
+    def _assert_state(self, op: str, states: tuple[str, ...]) -> None:
         assert (
             self._state in states
         ), "cannot {} in state {!r}: expected one of {}".format(
@@ -609,13 +606,13 @@ class MultiCapture(Generic[AnyStr]):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        in_: Optional[CaptureBase[AnyStr]],
-        out: Optional[CaptureBase[AnyStr]],
-        err: Optional[CaptureBase[AnyStr]],
+        in_: CaptureBase[AnyStr] | None,
+        out: CaptureBase[AnyStr] | None,
+        err: CaptureBase[AnyStr] | None,
     ) -> None:
-        self.in_: Optional[CaptureBase[AnyStr]] = in_
-        self.out: Optional[CaptureBase[AnyStr]] = out
-        self.err: Optional[CaptureBase[AnyStr]] = err
+        self.in_: CaptureBase[AnyStr] | None = in_
+        self.out: CaptureBase[AnyStr] | None = out
+        self.err: CaptureBase[AnyStr] | None = err
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return "<MultiCapture out={!r} err={!r} in_={!r} _state={!r} _in_suspended={!r}>".format(
@@ -635,7 +632,7 @@ class MultiCapture(Generic[AnyStr]):
         if self.err:
             self.err.start()
 
-    def pop_outerr_to_orig(self) -> Tuple[AnyStr, AnyStr]:
+    def pop_outerr_to_orig(self) -> tuple[AnyStr, AnyStr]:
         """Pop current snapshot out/err capture and flush to orig streams."""
         out, err = self.readouterr()
         if out:
@@ -728,15 +725,15 @@ class CaptureManager:
 
     def __init__(self, method: _CaptureMethod) -> None:
         self._method: Final = method
-        self._global_capturing: Optional[MultiCapture[str]] = None
-        self._capture_fixture: Optional[CaptureFixture[Any]] = None
+        self._global_capturing: MultiCapture[str] | None = None
+        self._capture_fixture: CaptureFixture[Any] | None = None
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return "<CaptureManager _method={!r} _global_capturing={!r} _capture_fixture={!r}>".format(
             self._method, self._global_capturing, self._capture_fixture
         )
 
-    def is_capturing(self) -> Union[str, bool]:
+    def is_capturing(self) -> str | bool:
         if self.is_globally_capturing():
             return "global"
         if self._capture_fixture:
@@ -784,7 +781,7 @@ class CaptureManager:
 
     # Fixture Control
 
-    def set_fixture(self, capture_fixture: "CaptureFixture[Any]") -> None:
+    def set_fixture(self, capture_fixture: CaptureFixture[Any]) -> None:
         if self._capture_fixture:
             current_fixture = self._capture_fixture.request.fixturename
             requested_fixture = capture_fixture.request.fixturename
@@ -901,15 +898,15 @@ class CaptureFixture(Generic[AnyStr]):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        captureclass: Type[CaptureBase[AnyStr]],
+        captureclass: type[CaptureBase[AnyStr]],
         request: SubRequest,
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         check_ispytest(_ispytest)
-        self.captureclass: Type[CaptureBase[AnyStr]] = captureclass
+        self.captureclass: type[CaptureBase[AnyStr]] = captureclass
         self.request = request
-        self._capture: Optional[MultiCapture[AnyStr]] = None
+        self._capture: MultiCapture[AnyStr] | None = None
         self._captured_out: AnyStr = self.captureclass.EMPTY_BUFFER
         self._captured_err: AnyStr = self.captureclass.EMPTY_BUFFER
 

src/_pytest/config/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Command line options, ini-file and conftest.py processing."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import collections.abc
 import copy
@@ -21,22 +23,16 @@ from types import TracebackType
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import cast
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import Final
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import IO
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 from typing import TextIO
-from typing import Tuple
 from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 
 from pluggy import HookimplMarker
 from pluggy import HookimplOpts
@@ -112,7 +108,7 @@ class ConftestImportFailure(Exception):
     def __init__(
         self,
         path: Path,
-        excinfo: Tuple[Type[Exception], Exception, TracebackType],
+        excinfo: tuple[type[Exception], Exception, TracebackType],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(path, excinfo)
         self.path = path
@@ -136,9 +132,9 @@ def filter_traceback_for_conftest_import_failure(
 
 
 def main(
-    args: Optional[Union[List[str], "os.PathLike[str]"]] = None,
-    plugins: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, _PluggyPlugin]]] = None,
-) -> Union[int, ExitCode]:
+    args: list[str] | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+    plugins: Sequence[str | _PluggyPlugin] | None = None,
+) -> int | ExitCode:
     """Perform an in-process test run.
 
     :param args:
@@ -169,9 +165,7 @@ def main(
             return ExitCode.USAGE_ERROR
         else:
             try:
-                ret: Union[ExitCode, int] = config.hook.pytest_cmdline_main(
-                    config=config
-                )
+                ret: ExitCode | int = config.hook.pytest_cmdline_main(config=config)
                 try:
                     return ExitCode(ret)
                 except ValueError:
@@ -273,9 +267,9 @@ builtin_plugins.add("pytester_assertions")
 
 
 def get_config(
-    args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
-    plugins: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, _PluggyPlugin]]] = None,
-) -> "Config":
+    args: list[str] | None = None,
+    plugins: Sequence[str | _PluggyPlugin] | None = None,
+) -> Config:
     # subsequent calls to main will create a fresh instance
     pluginmanager = PytestPluginManager()
     config = Config(
@@ -297,7 +291,7 @@ def get_config(
     return config
 
 
-def get_plugin_manager() -> "PytestPluginManager":
+def get_plugin_manager() -> PytestPluginManager:
     """Obtain a new instance of the
     :py:class:`pytest.PytestPluginManager`, with default plugins
     already loaded.
@@ -309,9 +303,9 @@ def get_plugin_manager() -> "PytestPluginManager":
 
 
 def _prepareconfig(
-    args: Optional[Union[List[str], "os.PathLike[str]"]] = None,
-    plugins: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, _PluggyPlugin]]] = None,
-) -> "Config":
+    args: list[str] | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+    plugins: Sequence[str | _PluggyPlugin] | None = None,
+) -> Config:
     if args is None:
         args = sys.argv[1:]
     elif isinstance(args, os.PathLike):
@@ -351,14 +345,14 @@ def _get_directory(path: Path) -> Path:
 def _get_legacy_hook_marks(
     method: Any,
     hook_type: str,
-    opt_names: Tuple[str, ...],
-) -> Dict[str, bool]:
+    opt_names: tuple[str, ...],
+) -> dict[str, bool]:
     if TYPE_CHECKING:
         # abuse typeguard from importlib to avoid massive method type union thats lacking a alias
         assert inspect.isroutine(method)
-    known_marks: Set[str] = {m.name for m in getattr(method, "pytestmark", [])}
-    must_warn: List[str] = []
-    opts: Dict[str, bool] = {}
+    known_marks: set[str] = {m.name for m in getattr(method, "pytestmark", [])}
+    must_warn: list[str] = []
+    opts: dict[str, bool] = {}
     for opt_name in opt_names:
         opt_attr = getattr(method, opt_name, AttributeError)
         if opt_attr is not AttributeError:
@@ -397,13 +391,13 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
 
         # -- State related to local conftest plugins.
         # All loaded conftest modules.
-        self._conftest_plugins: Set[types.ModuleType] = set()
+        self._conftest_plugins: set[types.ModuleType] = set()
         # All conftest modules applicable for a directory.
         # This includes the directory's own conftest modules as well
         # as those of its parent directories.
-        self._dirpath2confmods: Dict[Path, List[types.ModuleType]] = {}
+        self._dirpath2confmods: dict[Path, list[types.ModuleType]] = {}
         # Cutoff directory above which conftests are no longer discovered.
-        self._confcutdir: Optional[Path] = None
+        self._confcutdir: Path | None = None
         # If set, conftest loading is skipped.
         self._noconftest = False
 
@@ -412,12 +406,14 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
         # session (#9478), often with the same path, so cache it.
         self._get_directory = lru_cache(256)(_get_directory)
 
+        self._duplicatepaths: set[Path] = set()
+
         # plugins that were explicitly skipped with pytest.skip
         # list of (module name, skip reason)
         # previously we would issue a warning when a plugin was skipped, but
         # since we refactored warnings as first citizens of Config, they are
         # just stored here to be used later.
-        self.skipped_plugins: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
+        self.skipped_plugins: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
 
         self.add_hookspecs(_pytest.hookspec)
         self.register(self)
@@ -443,7 +439,7 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
 
     def parse_hookimpl_opts(
         self, plugin: _PluggyPlugin, name: str
-    ) -> Optional[HookimplOpts]:
+    ) -> HookimplOpts | None:
         """:meta private:"""
         # pytest hooks are always prefixed with "pytest_",
         # so we avoid accessing possibly non-readable attributes
@@ -467,7 +463,7 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
             method, "impl", ("tryfirst", "trylast", "optionalhook", "hookwrapper")
         )
 
-    def parse_hookspec_opts(self, module_or_class, name: str) -> Optional[HookspecOpts]:
+    def parse_hookspec_opts(self, module_or_class, name: str) -> HookspecOpts | None:
         """:meta private:"""
         opts = super().parse_hookspec_opts(module_or_class, name)
         if opts is None:
@@ -480,9 +476,7 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
                 )
         return opts
 
-    def register(
-        self, plugin: _PluggyPlugin, name: Optional[str] = None
-    ) -> Optional[str]:
+    def register(self, plugin: _PluggyPlugin, name: str | None = None) -> str | None:
         if name in _pytest.deprecated.DEPRECATED_EXTERNAL_PLUGINS:
             warnings.warn(
                 PytestConfigWarning(
@@ -493,7 +487,7 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
                 )
             )
             return None
-        ret: Optional[str] = super().register(plugin, name)
+        ret: str | None = super().register(plugin, name)
         if ret:
             self.hook.pytest_plugin_registered.call_historic(
                 kwargs=dict(plugin=plugin, manager=self)
@@ -505,14 +499,14 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
 
     def getplugin(self, name: str):
         # Support deprecated naming because plugins (xdist e.g.) use it.
-        plugin: Optional[_PluggyPlugin] = self.get_plugin(name)
+        plugin: _PluggyPlugin | None = self.get_plugin(name)
         return plugin
 
     def hasplugin(self, name: str) -> bool:
         """Return whether a plugin with the given name is registered."""
         return bool(self.get_plugin(name))
 
-    def pytest_configure(self, config: "Config") -> None:
+    def pytest_configure(self, config: Config) -> None:
         """:meta private:"""
         # XXX now that the pluginmanager exposes hookimpl(tryfirst...)
         # we should remove tryfirst/trylast as markers.
@@ -535,12 +529,12 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
     #
     def _set_initial_conftests(
         self,
-        args: Sequence[Union[str, Path]],
+        args: Sequence[str | Path],
         pyargs: bool,
         noconftest: bool,
         rootpath: Path,
-        confcutdir: Optional[Path],
-        importmode: Union[ImportMode, str],
+        confcutdir: Path | None,
+        importmode: ImportMode | str,
     ) -> None:
         """Load initial conftest files given a preparsed "namespace".
 
@@ -580,7 +574,7 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
         return path not in self._confcutdir.parents
 
     def _try_load_conftest(
-        self, anchor: Path, importmode: Union[str, ImportMode], rootpath: Path
+        self, anchor: Path, importmode: str | ImportMode, rootpath: Path
     ) -> None:
         self._loadconftestmodules(anchor, importmode, rootpath)
         # let's also consider test* subdirs
@@ -590,7 +584,7 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
                     self._loadconftestmodules(x, importmode, rootpath)
 
     def _loadconftestmodules(
-        self, path: Path, importmode: Union[str, ImportMode], rootpath: Path
+        self, path: Path, importmode: str | ImportMode, rootpath: Path
     ) -> None:
         if self._noconftest:
             return
@@ -622,7 +616,7 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
         self,
         name: str,
         path: Path,
-    ) -> Tuple[types.ModuleType, Any]:
+    ) -> tuple[types.ModuleType, Any]:
         modules = self._getconftestmodules(path)
         for mod in reversed(modules):
             try:
@@ -632,7 +626,7 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
         raise KeyError(name)
 
     def _importconftest(
-        self, conftestpath: Path, importmode: Union[str, ImportMode], rootpath: Path
+        self, conftestpath: Path, importmode: str | ImportMode, rootpath: Path
     ) -> types.ModuleType:
         existing = self.get_plugin(str(conftestpath))
         if existing is not None:
@@ -752,7 +746,7 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
         self._import_plugin_specs(getattr(mod, "pytest_plugins", []))
 
     def _import_plugin_specs(
-        self, spec: Union[None, types.ModuleType, str, Sequence[str]]
+        self, spec: None | types.ModuleType | str | Sequence[str]
     ) -> None:
         plugins = _get_plugin_specs_as_list(spec)
         for import_spec in plugins:
@@ -797,8 +791,8 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
 
 
 def _get_plugin_specs_as_list(
-    specs: Union[None, types.ModuleType, str, Sequence[str]]
-) -> List[str]:
+    specs: None | types.ModuleType | str | Sequence[str],
+) -> list[str]:
     """Parse a plugins specification into a list of plugin names."""
     # None means empty.
     if specs is None:
@@ -927,9 +921,9 @@ class Config:
             Plugins accessing ``InvocationParams`` must be aware of that.
         """
 
-        args: Tuple[str, ...]
+        args: tuple[str, ...]
         """The command-line arguments as passed to :func:`pytest.main`."""
-        plugins: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, _PluggyPlugin]]]
+        plugins: Sequence[str | _PluggyPlugin] | None
         """Extra plugins, might be `None`."""
         dir: Path
         """The directory from which :func:`pytest.main` was invoked."""
@@ -938,7 +932,7 @@ class Config:
             self,
             *,
             args: Iterable[str],
-            plugins: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, _PluggyPlugin]]],
+            plugins: Sequence[str | _PluggyPlugin] | None,
             dir: Path,
         ) -> None:
             object.__setattr__(self, "args", tuple(args))
@@ -963,7 +957,7 @@ class Config:
         self,
         pluginmanager: PytestPluginManager,
         *,
-        invocation_params: Optional[InvocationParams] = None,
+        invocation_params: InvocationParams | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         from .argparsing import Parser, FILE_OR_DIR
 
@@ -1007,22 +1001,22 @@ class Config:
 
         self.trace = self.pluginmanager.trace.root.get("config")
         self.hook = self.pluginmanager.hook  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        self._inicache: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        self._inicache: dict[str, Any] = {}
         self._override_ini: Sequence[str] = ()
-        self._opt2dest: Dict[str, str] = {}
-        self._cleanup: List[Callable[[], None]] = []
+        self._opt2dest: dict[str, str] = {}
+        self._cleanup: list[Callable[[], None]] = []
         self.pluginmanager.register(self, "pytestconfig")
         self._configured = False
         self.hook.pytest_addoption.call_historic(
             kwargs=dict(parser=self._parser, pluginmanager=self.pluginmanager)
         )
         self.args_source = Config.ArgsSource.ARGS
-        self.args: List[str] = []
+        self.args: list[str] = []
 
         if TYPE_CHECKING:
             from _pytest.cacheprovider import Cache
 
-            self.cache: Optional[Cache] = None
+            self.cache: Cache | None = None
 
     @property
     def rootpath(self) -> Path:
@@ -1035,7 +1029,7 @@ class Config:
         return self._rootpath
 
     @property
-    def inipath(self) -> Optional[Path]:
+    def inipath(self) -> Path | None:
         """The path to the :ref:`configfile <configfiles>`.
 
         :type: Optional[pathlib.Path]
@@ -1066,15 +1060,15 @@ class Config:
             fin()
 
     def get_terminal_writer(self) -> TerminalWriter:
-        terminalreporter: Optional[TerminalReporter] = self.pluginmanager.get_plugin(
+        terminalreporter: TerminalReporter | None = self.pluginmanager.get_plugin(
             "terminalreporter"
         )
         assert terminalreporter is not None
         return terminalreporter._tw
 
     def pytest_cmdline_parse(
-        self, pluginmanager: PytestPluginManager, args: List[str]
-    ) -> "Config":
+        self, pluginmanager: PytestPluginManager, args: list[str]
+    ) -> Config:
         try:
             self.parse(args)
         except UsageError:
@@ -1100,7 +1094,7 @@ class Config:
     def notify_exception(
         self,
         excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
-        option: Optional[argparse.Namespace] = None,
+        option: argparse.Namespace | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if option and getattr(option, "fulltrace", False):
             style: _TracebackStyle = "long"
@@ -1123,7 +1117,7 @@ class Config:
         return nodeid
 
     @classmethod
-    def fromdictargs(cls, option_dict, args) -> "Config":
+    def fromdictargs(cls, option_dict, args) -> Config:
         """Constructor usable for subprocesses."""
         config = get_config(args)
         config.option.__dict__.update(option_dict)
@@ -1132,7 +1126,7 @@ class Config:
             config.pluginmanager.consider_pluginarg(x)
         return config
 
-    def _processopt(self, opt: "Argument") -> None:
+    def _processopt(self, opt: Argument) -> None:
         for name in opt._short_opts + opt._long_opts:
             self._opt2dest[name] = opt.dest
 
@@ -1141,7 +1135,7 @@ class Config:
                 setattr(self.option, opt.dest, opt.default)
 
     @hookimpl(trylast=True)
-    def pytest_load_initial_conftests(self, early_config: "Config") -> None:
+    def pytest_load_initial_conftests(self, early_config: Config) -> None:
         # We haven't fully parsed the command line arguments yet, so
         # early_config.args it not set yet. But we need it for
         # discovering the initial conftests. So "pre-run" the logic here.
@@ -1228,7 +1222,7 @@ class Config:
         for name in _iter_rewritable_modules(package_files):
             hook.mark_rewrite(name)
 
-    def _validate_args(self, args: List[str], via: str) -> List[str]:
+    def _validate_args(self, args: list[str], via: str) -> list[str]:
         """Validate known args."""
         self._parser._config_source_hint = via  # type: ignore
         try:
@@ -1243,13 +1237,13 @@ class Config:
     def _decide_args(
         self,
         *,
-        args: List[str],
+        args: list[str],
         pyargs: bool,
-        testpaths: List[str],
+        testpaths: list[str],
         invocation_dir: Path,
         rootpath: Path,
         warn: bool,
-    ) -> Tuple[List[str], ArgsSource]:
+    ) -> tuple[list[str], ArgsSource]:
         """Decide the args (initial paths/nodeids) to use given the relevant inputs.
 
         :param warn: Whether can issue warnings.
@@ -1283,7 +1277,7 @@ class Config:
                 result = [str(invocation_dir)]
         return result, source
 
-    def _preparse(self, args: List[str], addopts: bool = True) -> None:
+    def _preparse(self, args: list[str], addopts: bool = True) -> None:
         if addopts:
             env_addopts = os.environ.get("PYTEST_ADDOPTS", "")
             if len(env_addopts):
@@ -1411,11 +1405,11 @@ class Config:
 
         self.issue_config_time_warning(PytestConfigWarning(message), stacklevel=3)
 
-    def _get_unknown_ini_keys(self) -> List[str]:
+    def _get_unknown_ini_keys(self) -> list[str]:
         parser_inicfg = self._parser._inidict
         return [name for name in self.inicfg if name not in parser_inicfg]
 
-    def parse(self, args: List[str], addopts: bool = True) -> None:
+    def parse(self, args: list[str], addopts: bool = True) -> None:
         # Parse given cmdline arguments into this config object.
         assert (
             self.args == []
@@ -1519,7 +1513,7 @@ class Config:
 
     # Meant for easy monkeypatching by legacypath plugin.
     # Can be inlined back (with no cover removed) once legacypath is gone.
-    def _getini_unknown_type(self, name: str, type: str, value: Union[str, List[str]]):
+    def _getini_unknown_type(self, name: str, type: str, value: str | list[str]):
         msg = f"unknown configuration type: {type}"
         raise ValueError(msg, value)  # pragma: no cover
 
@@ -1573,14 +1567,14 @@ class Config:
         else:
             return self._getini_unknown_type(name, type, value)
 
-    def _getconftest_pathlist(self, name: str, path: Path) -> Optional[List[Path]]:
+    def _getconftest_pathlist(self, name: str, path: Path) -> list[Path] | None:
         try:
             mod, relroots = self.pluginmanager._rget_with_confmod(name, path)
         except KeyError:
             return None
         assert mod.__file__ is not None
         modpath = Path(mod.__file__).parent
-        values: List[Path] = []
+        values: list[Path] = []
         for relroot in relroots:
             if isinstance(relroot, os.PathLike):
                 relroot = Path(relroot)
@@ -1590,7 +1584,7 @@ class Config:
             values.append(relroot)
         return values
 
-    def _get_override_ini_value(self, name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    def _get_override_ini_value(self, name: str) -> str | None:
         value = None
         # override_ini is a list of "ini=value" options.
         # Always use the last item if multiple values are set for same ini-name,
@@ -1645,7 +1639,7 @@ class Config:
     VERBOSITY_ASSERTIONS: Final = "assertions"
     _VERBOSITY_INI_DEFAULT: Final = "auto"
 
-    def get_verbosity(self, verbosity_type: Optional[str] = None) -> int:
+    def get_verbosity(self, verbosity_type: str | None = None) -> int:
         r"""Retrieve the verbosity level for a fine-grained verbosity type.
 
         :param verbosity_type: Verbosity type to get level for. If a level is
@@ -1696,7 +1690,7 @@ class Config:
         return f"verbosity_{verbosity_type}"
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _add_verbosity_ini(parser: "Parser", verbosity_type: str, help: str) -> None:
+    def _add_verbosity_ini(parser: Parser, verbosity_type: str, help: str) -> None:
         """Add a output verbosity configuration option for the given output type.
 
         :param parser: Parser for command line arguments and ini-file values.
@@ -1752,7 +1746,7 @@ def _assertion_supported() -> bool:
 
 
 def create_terminal_writer(
-    config: Config, file: Optional[TextIO] = None
+    config: Config, file: TextIO | None = None
 ) -> TerminalWriter:
     """Create a TerminalWriter instance configured according to the options
     in the config object.
@@ -1796,7 +1790,7 @@ def _strtobool(val: str) -> bool:
 @lru_cache(maxsize=50)
 def parse_warning_filter(
     arg: str, *, escape: bool
-) -> Tuple["warnings._ActionKind", str, Type[Warning], str, int]:
+) -> tuple[warnings._ActionKind, str, type[Warning], str, int]:
     """Parse a warnings filter string.
 
     This is copied from warnings._setoption with the following changes:
@@ -1838,11 +1832,11 @@ def parse_warning_filter(
         parts.append("")
     action_, message, category_, module, lineno_ = (s.strip() for s in parts)
     try:
-        action: "warnings._ActionKind" = warnings._getaction(action_)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        action: warnings._ActionKind = warnings._getaction(action_)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
     except warnings._OptionError as e:
         raise UsageError(error_template.format(error=str(e)))
     try:
-        category: Type[Warning] = _resolve_warning_category(category_)
+        category: type[Warning] = _resolve_warning_category(category_)
     except Exception:
         exc_info = ExceptionInfo.from_current()
         exception_text = exc_info.getrepr(style="native")
@@ -1865,7 +1859,7 @@ def parse_warning_filter(
     return action, message, category, module, lineno
 
 
-def _resolve_warning_category(category: str) -> Type[Warning]:
+def _resolve_warning_category(category: str) -> type[Warning]:
     """
     Copied from warnings._getcategory, but changed so it lets exceptions (specially ImportErrors)
     propagate so we can get access to their tracebacks (#9218).

src/_pytest/config/argparsing.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os
 import sys
@@ -5,16 +7,12 @@ from gettext import gettext
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import cast
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import final
 from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
 from typing import Mapping
 from typing import NoReturn
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
 
 import _pytest._io
 from _pytest.config.exceptions import UsageError
@@ -39,32 +37,32 @@ class Parser:
         there's an error processing the command line arguments.
     """
 
-    prog: Optional[str] = None
+    prog: str | None = None
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        usage: Optional[str] = None,
-        processopt: Optional[Callable[["Argument"], None]] = None,
+        usage: str | None = None,
+        processopt: Callable[[Argument], None] | None = None,
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         check_ispytest(_ispytest)
         self._anonymous = OptionGroup("Custom options", parser=self, _ispytest=True)
-        self._groups: List[OptionGroup] = []
+        self._groups: list[OptionGroup] = []
         self._processopt = processopt
         self._usage = usage
-        self._inidict: Dict[str, Tuple[str, Optional[str], Any]] = {}
-        self._ininames: List[str] = []
-        self.extra_info: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        self._inidict: dict[str, tuple[str, str | None, Any]] = {}
+        self._ininames: list[str] = []
+        self.extra_info: dict[str, Any] = {}
 
-    def processoption(self, option: "Argument") -> None:
+    def processoption(self, option: Argument) -> None:
         if self._processopt:
             if option.dest:
                 self._processopt(option)
 
     def getgroup(
-        self, name: str, description: str = "", after: Optional[str] = None
-    ) -> "OptionGroup":
+        self, name: str, description: str = "", after: str | None = None
+    ) -> OptionGroup:
         """Get (or create) a named option Group.
 
         :param name: Name of the option group.
@@ -106,8 +104,8 @@ class Parser:
 
     def parse(
         self,
-        args: Sequence[Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]],
-        namespace: Optional[argparse.Namespace] = None,
+        args: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]],
+        namespace: argparse.Namespace | None = None,
     ) -> argparse.Namespace:
         from _pytest._argcomplete import try_argcomplete
 
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ class Parser:
         strargs = [os.fspath(x) for x in args]
         return self.optparser.parse_args(strargs, namespace=namespace)
 
-    def _getparser(self) -> "MyOptionParser":
+    def _getparser(self) -> MyOptionParser:
         from _pytest._argcomplete import filescompleter
 
         optparser = MyOptionParser(self, self.extra_info, prog=self.prog)
@@ -137,10 +135,10 @@ class Parser:
 
     def parse_setoption(
         self,
-        args: Sequence[Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]],
+        args: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]],
         option: argparse.Namespace,
-        namespace: Optional[argparse.Namespace] = None,
-    ) -> List[str]:
+        namespace: argparse.Namespace | None = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
         parsedoption = self.parse(args, namespace=namespace)
         for name, value in parsedoption.__dict__.items():
             setattr(option, name, value)
@@ -148,8 +146,8 @@ class Parser:
 
     def parse_known_args(
         self,
-        args: Sequence[Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]],
-        namespace: Optional[argparse.Namespace] = None,
+        args: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]],
+        namespace: argparse.Namespace | None = None,
     ) -> argparse.Namespace:
         """Parse the known arguments at this point.
 
@@ -159,9 +157,9 @@ class Parser:
 
     def parse_known_and_unknown_args(
         self,
-        args: Sequence[Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]],
-        namespace: Optional[argparse.Namespace] = None,
-    ) -> Tuple[argparse.Namespace, List[str]]:
+        args: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]],
+        namespace: argparse.Namespace | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[argparse.Namespace, list[str]]:
         """Parse the known arguments at this point, and also return the
         remaining unknown arguments.
 
@@ -177,9 +175,8 @@ class Parser:
         self,
         name: str,
         help: str,
-        type: Optional[
-            Literal["string", "paths", "pathlist", "args", "linelist", "bool"]
-        ] = None,
+        type: Literal["string", "paths", "pathlist", "args", "linelist", "bool"]
+        | None = None,
         default: Any = NOT_SET,
     ) -> None:
         """Register an ini-file option.
@@ -215,7 +212,7 @@ class Parser:
 
 
 def get_ini_default_for_type(
-    type: Optional[Literal["string", "paths", "pathlist", "args", "linelist", "bool"]]
+    type: Literal["string", "paths", "pathlist", "args", "linelist", "bool"] | None
 ) -> Any:
     """
     Used by addini to get the default value for a given ini-option type, when
@@ -235,7 +232,7 @@ class ArgumentError(Exception):
     """Raised if an Argument instance is created with invalid or
     inconsistent arguments."""
 
-    def __init__(self, msg: str, option: Union["Argument", str]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, msg: str, option: Argument | str) -> None:
         self.msg = msg
         self.option_id = str(option)
 
@@ -258,8 +255,8 @@ class Argument:
     def __init__(self, *names: str, **attrs: Any) -> None:
         """Store params in private vars for use in add_argument."""
         self._attrs = attrs
-        self._short_opts: List[str] = []
-        self._long_opts: List[str] = []
+        self._short_opts: list[str] = []
+        self._long_opts: list[str] = []
         try:
             self.type = attrs["type"]
         except KeyError:
@@ -270,7 +267,7 @@ class Argument:
         except KeyError:
             pass
         self._set_opt_strings(names)
-        dest: Optional[str] = attrs.get("dest")
+        dest: str | None = attrs.get("dest")
         if dest:
             self.dest = dest
         elif self._long_opts:
@@ -282,7 +279,7 @@ class Argument:
                 self.dest = "???"  # Needed for the error repr.
                 raise ArgumentError("need a long or short option", self) from e
 
-    def names(self) -> List[str]:
+    def names(self) -> list[str]:
         return self._short_opts + self._long_opts
 
     def attrs(self) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
@@ -326,7 +323,7 @@ class Argument:
                 self._long_opts.append(opt)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        args: List[str] = []
+        args: list[str] = []
         if self._short_opts:
             args += ["_short_opts: " + repr(self._short_opts)]
         if self._long_opts:
@@ -346,14 +343,14 @@ class OptionGroup:
         self,
         name: str,
         description: str = "",
-        parser: Optional[Parser] = None,
+        parser: Parser | None = None,
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         check_ispytest(_ispytest)
         self.name = name
         self.description = description
-        self.options: List[Argument] = []
+        self.options: list[Argument] = []
         self.parser = parser
 
     def addoption(self, *opts: str, **attrs: Any) -> None:
@@ -382,7 +379,7 @@ class OptionGroup:
         option = Argument(*opts, **attrs)
         self._addoption_instance(option, shortupper=True)
 
-    def _addoption_instance(self, option: "Argument", shortupper: bool = False) -> None:
+    def _addoption_instance(self, option: Argument, shortupper: bool = False) -> None:
         if not shortupper:
             for opt in option._short_opts:
                 if opt[0] == "-" and opt[1].islower():
@@ -396,8 +393,8 @@ class MyOptionParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
     def __init__(
         self,
         parser: Parser,
-        extra_info: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        prog: Optional[str] = None,
+        extra_info: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        prog: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self._parser = parser
         super().__init__(
@@ -424,8 +421,8 @@ class MyOptionParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
     # Type ignored because typeshed has a very complex type in the superclass.
     def parse_args(  # type: ignore
         self,
-        args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
-        namespace: Optional[argparse.Namespace] = None,
+        args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        namespace: argparse.Namespace | None = None,
     ) -> argparse.Namespace:
         """Allow splitting of positional arguments."""
         parsed, unrecognized = self.parse_known_args(args, namespace)
@@ -444,7 +441,7 @@ class MyOptionParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
         # disable long --argument abbreviations without breaking short flags.
         def _parse_optional(
             self, arg_string: str
-        ) -> Optional[Tuple[Optional[argparse.Action], str, Optional[str]]]:
+        ) -> tuple[argparse.Action | None, str, str | None] | None:
             if not arg_string:
                 return None
             if not arg_string[0] in self.prefix_chars:
@@ -496,7 +493,7 @@ class DropShorterLongHelpFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
         orgstr = super()._format_action_invocation(action)
         if orgstr and orgstr[0] != "-":  # only optional arguments
             return orgstr
-        res: Optional[str] = getattr(action, "_formatted_action_invocation", None)
+        res: str | None = getattr(action, "_formatted_action_invocation", None)
         if res:
             return res
         options = orgstr.split(", ")
@@ -505,7 +502,7 @@ class DropShorterLongHelpFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
             action._formatted_action_invocation = orgstr  # type: ignore
             return orgstr
         return_list = []
-        short_long: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        short_long: dict[str, str] = {}
         for option in options:
             if len(option) == 2 or option[2] == " ":
                 continue

src/_pytest/config/exceptions.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from typing import final
 
 

src/_pytest/config/findpaths.py

@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import Iterable
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
 
 import iniconfig
 
@@ -32,7 +29,7 @@ def _parse_ini_config(path: Path) -> iniconfig.IniConfig:
 
 def load_config_dict_from_file(
     filepath: Path,
-) -> Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]]:
+) -> dict[str, str | list[str]] | None:
     """Load pytest configuration from the given file path, if supported.
 
     Return None if the file does not contain valid pytest configuration.
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ def load_config_dict_from_file(
             # TOML supports richer data types than ini files (strings, arrays, floats, ints, etc),
             # however we need to convert all scalar values to str for compatibility with the rest
             # of the configuration system, which expects strings only.
-            def make_scalar(v: object) -> Union[str, List[str]]:
+            def make_scalar(v: object) -> str | list[str]:
                 return v if isinstance(v, list) else str(v)
 
             return {k: make_scalar(v) for k, v in result.items()}
@@ -88,7 +85,7 @@ def load_config_dict_from_file(
 
 def locate_config(
     args: Iterable[Path],
-) -> Tuple[Optional[Path], Optional[Path], Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]]:
+) -> tuple[Path | None, Path | None, dict[str, str | list[str]]]:
     """Search in the list of arguments for a valid ini-file for pytest,
     and return a tuple of (rootdir, inifile, cfg-dict)."""
     config_names = [
@@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ def locate_config(
 
 
 def get_common_ancestor(paths: Iterable[Path]) -> Path:
-    common_ancestor: Optional[Path] = None
+    common_ancestor: Path | None = None
     for path in paths:
         if not path.exists():
             continue
@@ -136,7 +133,7 @@ def get_common_ancestor(paths: Iterable[Path]) -> Path:
     return common_ancestor
 
 
-def get_dirs_from_args(args: Iterable[str]) -> List[Path]:
+def get_dirs_from_args(args: Iterable[str]) -> list[Path]:
     def is_option(x: str) -> bool:
         return x.startswith("-")
 
@@ -162,11 +159,11 @@ CFG_PYTEST_SECTION = "[pytest] section in {filename} files is no longer supporte
 
 
 def determine_setup(
-    inifile: Optional[str],
+    inifile: str | None,
     args: Sequence[str],
-    rootdir_cmd_arg: Optional[str] = None,
-    invocation_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
-) -> Tuple[Path, Optional[Path], Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]]:
+    rootdir_cmd_arg: str | None = None,
+    invocation_dir: Path | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Path, Path | None, dict[str, str | list[str]]]:
     """Determine the rootdir, inifile and ini configuration values from the
     command line arguments.
 
@@ -184,7 +181,7 @@ def determine_setup(
     dirs = get_dirs_from_args(args)
     if inifile:
         inipath_ = absolutepath(inifile)
-        inipath: Optional[Path] = inipath_
+        inipath: Path | None = inipath_
         inicfg = load_config_dict_from_file(inipath_) or {}
         if rootdir_cmd_arg is None:
             rootdir = inipath_.parent

src/_pytest/debugging.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Interactive debugging with PDB, the Python Debugger."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import functools
 import sys
@@ -7,12 +9,7 @@ import unittest
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import Generator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest import outcomes
 from _pytest._code import ExceptionInfo
@@ -30,7 +27,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from _pytest.runner import CallInfo
 
 
-def _validate_usepdb_cls(value: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+def _validate_usepdb_cls(value: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
     """Validate syntax of --pdbcls option."""
     try:
         modname, classname = value.split(":")
@@ -95,22 +92,22 @@ def pytest_configure(config: Config) -> None:
 class pytestPDB:
     """Pseudo PDB that defers to the real pdb."""
 
-    _pluginmanager: Optional[PytestPluginManager] = None
-    _config: Optional[Config] = None
-    _saved: List[
-        Tuple[Callable[..., None], Optional[PytestPluginManager], Optional[Config]]
+    _pluginmanager: PytestPluginManager | None = None
+    _config: Config | None = None
+    _saved: list[
+        tuple[Callable[..., None], PytestPluginManager | None, Config | None]
     ] = []
     _recursive_debug = 0
-    _wrapped_pdb_cls: Optional[Tuple[Type[Any], Type[Any]]] = None
+    _wrapped_pdb_cls: tuple[type[Any], type[Any]] | None = None
 
     @classmethod
-    def _is_capturing(cls, capman: Optional["CaptureManager"]) -> Union[str, bool]:
+    def _is_capturing(cls, capman: CaptureManager | None) -> str | bool:
         if capman:
             return capman.is_capturing()
         return False
 
     @classmethod
-    def _import_pdb_cls(cls, capman: Optional["CaptureManager"]):
+    def _import_pdb_cls(cls, capman: CaptureManager | None):
         if not cls._config:
             import pdb
 
@@ -149,7 +146,7 @@ class pytestPDB:
         return wrapped_cls
 
     @classmethod
-    def _get_pdb_wrapper_class(cls, pdb_cls, capman: Optional["CaptureManager"]):
+    def _get_pdb_wrapper_class(cls, pdb_cls, capman: CaptureManager | None):
         import _pytest.config
 
         # Type ignored because mypy doesn't support "dynamic"
@@ -241,7 +238,7 @@ class pytestPDB:
         import _pytest.config
 
         if cls._pluginmanager is None:
-            capman: Optional[CaptureManager] = None
+            capman: CaptureManager | None = None
         else:
             capman = cls._pluginmanager.getplugin("capturemanager")
         if capman:
@@ -285,7 +282,7 @@ class pytestPDB:
 
 class PdbInvoke:
     def pytest_exception_interact(
-        self, node: Node, call: "CallInfo[Any]", report: BaseReport
+        self, node: Node, call: CallInfo[Any], report: BaseReport
     ) -> None:
         capman = node.config.pluginmanager.getplugin("capturemanager")
         if capman:

src/_pytest/deprecated.py

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ All constants defined in this module should be either instances of
 :class:`PytestWarning`, or :class:`UnformattedWarning`
 in case of warnings which need to format their messages.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from warnings import warn
 
 from _pytest.warning_types import PytestDeprecationWarning

src/_pytest/doctest.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Discover and run doctests in modules and test files."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import bdb
 import functools
 import inspect
@@ -12,17 +14,11 @@ from contextlib import contextmanager
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Iterable
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Pattern
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest import outcomes
 from _pytest._code.code import ExceptionInfo
@@ -64,7 +60,7 @@ DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICES = (
 # Lazy definition of runner class
 RUNNER_CLASS = None
 # Lazy definition of output checker class
-CHECKER_CLASS: Optional[Type["doctest.OutputChecker"]] = None
+CHECKER_CLASS: type[doctest.OutputChecker] | None = None
 
 
 def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ def pytest_unconfigure() -> None:
 def pytest_collect_file(
     file_path: Path,
     parent: Collector,
-) -> Optional[Union["DoctestModule", "DoctestTextfile"]]:
+) -> DoctestModule | DoctestTextfile | None:
     config = parent.config
     if file_path.suffix == ".py":
         if config.option.doctestmodules and not any(
@@ -160,7 +156,7 @@ def _is_main_py(path: Path) -> bool:
 
 class ReprFailDoctest(TerminalRepr):
     def __init__(
-        self, reprlocation_lines: Sequence[Tuple[ReprFileLocation, Sequence[str]]]
+        self, reprlocation_lines: Sequence[tuple[ReprFileLocation, Sequence[str]]]
     ) -> None:
         self.reprlocation_lines = reprlocation_lines
 
@@ -172,12 +168,12 @@ class ReprFailDoctest(TerminalRepr):
 
 
 class MultipleDoctestFailures(Exception):
-    def __init__(self, failures: Sequence["doctest.DocTestFailure"]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, failures: Sequence[doctest.DocTestFailure]) -> None:
         super().__init__()
         self.failures = failures
 
 
-def _init_runner_class() -> Type["doctest.DocTestRunner"]:
+def _init_runner_class() -> type[doctest.DocTestRunner]:
     import doctest
 
     class PytestDoctestRunner(doctest.DebugRunner):
@@ -189,8 +185,8 @@ def _init_runner_class() -> Type["doctest.DocTestRunner"]:
 
         def __init__(
             self,
-            checker: Optional["doctest.OutputChecker"] = None,
-            verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+            checker: doctest.OutputChecker | None = None,
+            verbose: bool | None = None,
             optionflags: int = 0,
             continue_on_failure: bool = True,
         ) -> None:
@@ -200,8 +196,8 @@ def _init_runner_class() -> Type["doctest.DocTestRunner"]:
         def report_failure(
             self,
             out,
-            test: "doctest.DocTest",
-            example: "doctest.Example",
+            test: doctest.DocTest,
+            example: doctest.Example,
             got: str,
         ) -> None:
             failure = doctest.DocTestFailure(test, example, got)
@@ -213,9 +209,9 @@ def _init_runner_class() -> Type["doctest.DocTestRunner"]:
         def report_unexpected_exception(
             self,
             out,
-            test: "doctest.DocTest",
-            example: "doctest.Example",
-            exc_info: Tuple[Type[BaseException], BaseException, types.TracebackType],
+            test: doctest.DocTest,
+            example: doctest.Example,
+            exc_info: tuple[type[BaseException], BaseException, types.TracebackType],
         ) -> None:
             if isinstance(exc_info[1], OutcomeException):
                 raise exc_info[1]
@@ -231,11 +227,11 @@ def _init_runner_class() -> Type["doctest.DocTestRunner"]:
 
 
 def _get_runner(
-    checker: Optional["doctest.OutputChecker"] = None,
-    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    checker: doctest.OutputChecker | None = None,
+    verbose: bool | None = None,
     optionflags: int = 0,
     continue_on_failure: bool = True,
-) -> "doctest.DocTestRunner":
+) -> doctest.DocTestRunner:
     # We need this in order to do a lazy import on doctest
     global RUNNER_CLASS
     if RUNNER_CLASS is None:
@@ -254,9 +250,9 @@ class DoctestItem(Item):
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
-        parent: "Union[DoctestTextfile, DoctestModule]",
-        runner: "doctest.DocTestRunner",
-        dtest: "doctest.DocTest",
+        parent: DoctestTextfile | DoctestModule,
+        runner: doctest.DocTestRunner,
+        dtest: doctest.DocTest,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(name, parent)
         self.runner = runner
@@ -273,18 +269,18 @@ class DoctestItem(Item):
     @classmethod
     def from_parent(  # type: ignore
         cls,
-        parent: "Union[DoctestTextfile, DoctestModule]",
+        parent: DoctestTextfile | DoctestModule,
         *,
         name: str,
-        runner: "doctest.DocTestRunner",
-        dtest: "doctest.DocTest",
+        runner: doctest.DocTestRunner,
+        dtest: doctest.DocTest,
     ):
         # incompatible signature due to imposed limits on subclass
         """The public named constructor."""
         return super().from_parent(name=name, parent=parent, runner=runner, dtest=dtest)
 
     def _initrequest(self) -> None:
-        self.funcargs: Dict[str, object] = {}
+        self.funcargs: dict[str, object] = {}
         self._request = TopRequest(self, _ispytest=True)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     def setup(self) -> None:
@@ -297,7 +293,7 @@ class DoctestItem(Item):
     def runtest(self) -> None:
         _check_all_skipped(self.dtest)
         self._disable_output_capturing_for_darwin()
-        failures: List["doctest.DocTestFailure"] = []
+        failures: list[doctest.DocTestFailure] = []
         # Type ignored because we change the type of `out` from what
         # doctest expects.
         self.runner.run(self.dtest, out=failures)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -319,12 +315,12 @@ class DoctestItem(Item):
     def repr_failure(  # type: ignore[override]
         self,
         excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
-    ) -> Union[str, TerminalRepr]:
+    ) -> str | TerminalRepr:
         import doctest
 
-        failures: Optional[
-            Sequence[Union[doctest.DocTestFailure, doctest.UnexpectedException]]
-        ] = None
+        failures: None | (
+            Sequence[doctest.DocTestFailure | doctest.UnexpectedException]
+        ) = None
         if isinstance(
             excinfo.value, (doctest.DocTestFailure, doctest.UnexpectedException)
         ):
@@ -380,11 +376,11 @@ class DoctestItem(Item):
             reprlocation_lines.append((reprlocation, lines))
         return ReprFailDoctest(reprlocation_lines)
 
-    def reportinfo(self) -> Tuple[Union["os.PathLike[str]", str], Optional[int], str]:
+    def reportinfo(self) -> tuple[os.PathLike[str] | str, int | None, str]:
         return self.path, self.dtest.lineno, "[doctest] %s" % self.name
 
 
-def _get_flag_lookup() -> Dict[str, int]:
+def _get_flag_lookup() -> dict[str, int]:
     import doctest
 
     return dict(
@@ -450,7 +446,7 @@ class DoctestTextfile(Module):
             )
 
 
-def _check_all_skipped(test: "doctest.DocTest") -> None:
+def _check_all_skipped(test: doctest.DocTest) -> None:
     """Raise pytest.skip() if all examples in the given DocTest have the SKIP
     option set."""
     import doctest
@@ -476,7 +472,7 @@ def _patch_unwrap_mock_aware() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
     real_unwrap = inspect.unwrap
 
     def _mock_aware_unwrap(
-        func: Callable[..., Any], *, stop: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None
+        func: Callable[..., Any], *, stop: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None
     ) -> Any:
         try:
             if stop is None or stop is _is_mocked:
@@ -593,7 +589,7 @@ class DoctestModule(Module):
                 )
 
 
-def _init_checker_class() -> Type["doctest.OutputChecker"]:
+def _init_checker_class() -> type[doctest.OutputChecker]:
     import doctest
     import re
 
@@ -661,8 +657,8 @@ def _init_checker_class() -> Type["doctest.OutputChecker"]:
                 return got
             offset = 0
             for w, g in zip(wants, gots):
-                fraction: Optional[str] = w.group("fraction")
-                exponent: Optional[str] = w.group("exponent1")
+                fraction: str | None = w.group("fraction")
+                exponent: str | None = w.group("exponent1")
                 if exponent is None:
                     exponent = w.group("exponent2")
                 precision = 0 if fraction is None else len(fraction)
@@ -681,7 +677,7 @@ def _init_checker_class() -> Type["doctest.OutputChecker"]:
     return LiteralsOutputChecker
 
 
-def _get_checker() -> "doctest.OutputChecker":
+def _get_checker() -> doctest.OutputChecker:
     """Return a doctest.OutputChecker subclass that supports some
     additional options:
 
@@ -740,7 +736,7 @@ def _get_report_choice(key: str) -> int:
 
 
 @fixture(scope="session")
-def doctest_namespace() -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def doctest_namespace() -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Fixture that returns a :py:class:`dict` that will be injected into the
     namespace of doctests.
 

src/_pytest/faulthandler.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import sys
 from typing import Generator

src/_pytest/fixtures.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import abc
 import dataclasses
 import functools
@@ -12,20 +14,17 @@ from typing import AbstractSet
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import cast
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import Final
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Generic
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
 from typing import MutableMapping
 from typing import NoReturn
 from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 from typing import Tuple
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from typing import TypeVar
@@ -105,21 +104,21 @@ _FixtureCachedResult = Union[
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class PseudoFixtureDef(Generic[FixtureValue]):
-    cached_result: "_FixtureCachedResult[FixtureValue]"
+    cached_result: _FixtureCachedResult[FixtureValue]
     _scope: Scope
 
 
-def pytest_sessionstart(session: "Session") -> None:
+def pytest_sessionstart(session: Session) -> None:
     session._fixturemanager = FixtureManager(session)
 
 
 def get_scope_package(
     node: nodes.Item,
-    fixturedef: "FixtureDef[object]",
-) -> Optional[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+    fixturedef: FixtureDef[object],
+) -> nodes.Item | nodes.Collector | None:
     from _pytest.python import Package
 
-    current: Optional[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]] = node
+    current: nodes.Item | nodes.Collector | None = node
     while current and (
         not isinstance(current, Package) or current.nodeid != fixturedef.baseid
     ):
@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ def get_scope_package(
 
 def get_scope_node(
     node: nodes.Node, scope: Scope
-) -> Optional[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+) -> nodes.Item | nodes.Collector | None:
     import _pytest.python
 
     if scope is Scope.Function:
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ def get_scope_node(
         assert_never(scope)
 
 
-def getfixturemarker(obj: object) -> Optional["FixtureFunctionMarker"]:
+def getfixturemarker(obj: object) -> FixtureFunctionMarker | None:
     """Return fixturemarker or None if it doesn't exist or raised
     exceptions."""
     return cast(
@@ -163,8 +162,8 @@ def getfixturemarker(obj: object) -> Optional["FixtureFunctionMarker"]:
 class FixtureArgKey:
     argname: str
     param_index: int
-    scoped_item_path: Optional[Path]
-    item_cls: Optional[type]
+    scoped_item_path: Path | None
+    item_cls: type | None
 
 
 def get_parametrized_fixture_keys(
@@ -209,9 +208,9 @@ def get_parametrized_fixture_keys(
 # setups and teardowns.
 
 
-def reorder_items(items: Sequence[nodes.Item]) -> List[nodes.Item]:
-    argkeys_cache: Dict[Scope, Dict[nodes.Item, Dict[FixtureArgKey, None]]] = {}
-    items_by_argkey: Dict[Scope, Dict[FixtureArgKey, Deque[nodes.Item]]] = {}
+def reorder_items(items: Sequence[nodes.Item]) -> list[nodes.Item]:
+    argkeys_cache: dict[Scope, dict[nodes.Item, dict[FixtureArgKey, None]]] = {}
+    items_by_argkey: dict[Scope, dict[FixtureArgKey, Deque[nodes.Item]]] = {}
     for scope in HIGH_SCOPES:
         scoped_argkeys_cache = argkeys_cache[scope] = {}
         scoped_items_by_argkey = items_by_argkey[scope] = defaultdict(deque)
@@ -229,8 +228,8 @@ def reorder_items(items: Sequence[nodes.Item]) -> List[nodes.Item]:
 
 def fix_cache_order(
     item: nodes.Item,
-    argkeys_cache: Dict[Scope, Dict[nodes.Item, Dict[FixtureArgKey, None]]],
-    items_by_argkey: Dict[Scope, Dict[FixtureArgKey, "Deque[nodes.Item]"]],
+    argkeys_cache: dict[Scope, dict[nodes.Item, dict[FixtureArgKey, None]]],
+    items_by_argkey: dict[Scope, dict[FixtureArgKey, Deque[nodes.Item]]],
 ) -> None:
     for scope in HIGH_SCOPES:
         for key in argkeys_cache[scope].get(item, []):
@@ -238,20 +237,20 @@ def fix_cache_order(
 
 
 def reorder_items_atscope(
-    items: Dict[nodes.Item, None],
-    argkeys_cache: Dict[Scope, Dict[nodes.Item, Dict[FixtureArgKey, None]]],
-    items_by_argkey: Dict[Scope, Dict[FixtureArgKey, "Deque[nodes.Item]"]],
+    items: dict[nodes.Item, None],
+    argkeys_cache: dict[Scope, dict[nodes.Item, dict[FixtureArgKey, None]]],
+    items_by_argkey: dict[Scope, dict[FixtureArgKey, Deque[nodes.Item]]],
     scope: Scope,
-) -> Dict[nodes.Item, None]:
+) -> dict[nodes.Item, None]:
     if scope is Scope.Function or len(items) < 3:
         return items
-    ignore: Set[Optional[FixtureArgKey]] = set()
+    ignore: set[FixtureArgKey | None] = set()
     items_deque = deque(items)
-    items_done: Dict[nodes.Item, None] = {}
+    items_done: dict[nodes.Item, None] = {}
     scoped_items_by_argkey = items_by_argkey[scope]
     scoped_argkeys_cache = argkeys_cache[scope]
     while items_deque:
-        no_argkey_group: Dict[nodes.Item, None] = {}
+        no_argkey_group: dict[nodes.Item, None] = {}
         slicing_argkey = None
         while items_deque:
             item = items_deque.popleft()
@@ -300,19 +299,19 @@ class FuncFixtureInfo:
     __slots__ = ("argnames", "initialnames", "names_closure", "name2fixturedefs")
 
     # Fixture names that the item requests directly by function parameters.
-    argnames: Tuple[str, ...]
+    argnames: tuple[str, ...]
     # Fixture names that the item immediately requires. These include
     # argnames + fixture names specified via usefixtures and via autouse=True in
     # fixture definitions.
-    initialnames: Tuple[str, ...]
+    initialnames: tuple[str, ...]
     # The transitive closure of the fixture names that the item requires.
     # Note: can't include dynamic dependencies (`request.getfixturevalue` calls).
-    names_closure: List[str]
+    names_closure: list[str]
     # A map from a fixture name in the transitive closure to the FixtureDefs
     # matching the name which are applicable to this function.
     # There may be multiple overriding fixtures with the same name. The
     # sequence is ordered from furthest to closes to the function.
-    name2fixturedefs: Dict[str, Sequence["FixtureDef[Any]"]]
+    name2fixturedefs: dict[str, Sequence[FixtureDef[Any]]]
 
     def prune_dependency_tree(self) -> None:
         """Recompute names_closure from initialnames and name2fixturedefs.
@@ -325,7 +324,7 @@ class FuncFixtureInfo:
         tree. In this way the dependency tree can get pruned, and the closure
         of argnames may get reduced.
         """
-        closure: Set[str] = set()
+        closure: set[str] = set()
         working_set = set(self.initialnames)
         while working_set:
             argname = working_set.pop()
@@ -351,11 +350,11 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        pyfuncitem: "Function",
-        fixturename: Optional[str],
-        arg2fixturedefs: Dict[str, Sequence["FixtureDef[Any]"]],
-        arg2index: Dict[str, int],
-        fixture_defs: Dict[str, "FixtureDef[Any]"],
+        pyfuncitem: Function,
+        fixturename: str | None,
+        arg2fixturedefs: dict[str, Sequence[FixtureDef[Any]]],
+        arg2index: dict[str, int],
+        fixture_defs: dict[str, FixtureDef[Any]],
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -392,7 +391,7 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
         self.param: Any
 
     @property
-    def _fixturemanager(self) -> "FixtureManager":
+    def _fixturemanager(self) -> FixtureManager:
         return self._pyfuncitem.session._fixturemanager
 
     @property
@@ -406,7 +405,7 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
         return self._scope.value
 
     @property
-    def fixturenames(self) -> List[str]:
+    def fixturenames(self) -> list[str]:
         """Names of all active fixtures in this request."""
         result = list(self._pyfuncitem.fixturenames)
         result.extend(set(self._fixture_defs).difference(result))
@@ -418,7 +417,7 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
         """Underlying collection node (depends on current request scope)."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def _getnextfixturedef(self, argname: str) -> "FixtureDef[Any]":
+    def _getnextfixturedef(self, argname: str) -> FixtureDef[Any]:
         fixturedefs = self._arg2fixturedefs.get(argname, None)
         if fixturedefs is None:
             # We arrive here because of a dynamic call to
@@ -498,7 +497,7 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
         return node.keywords
 
     @property
-    def session(self) -> "Session":
+    def session(self) -> Session:
         """Pytest session object."""
         return self._pyfuncitem.session  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
@@ -508,7 +507,7 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
         the last test within the requesting test context finished execution."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def applymarker(self, marker: Union[str, MarkDecorator]) -> None:
+    def applymarker(self, marker: str | MarkDecorator) -> None:
         """Apply a marker to a single test function invocation.
 
         This method is useful if you don't want to have a keyword/marker
@@ -519,7 +518,7 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
         """
         self.node.add_marker(marker)
 
-    def raiseerror(self, msg: Optional[str]) -> NoReturn:
+    def raiseerror(self, msg: str | None) -> NoReturn:
         """Raise a FixtureLookupError exception.
 
         :param msg:
@@ -553,7 +552,7 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
 
     def _get_active_fixturedef(
         self, argname: str
-    ) -> Union["FixtureDef[object]", PseudoFixtureDef[object]]:
+    ) -> FixtureDef[object] | PseudoFixtureDef[object]:
         fixturedef = self._fixture_defs.get(argname)
         if fixturedef is None:
             try:
@@ -567,16 +566,16 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
             self._fixture_defs[argname] = fixturedef
         return fixturedef
 
-    def _get_fixturestack(self) -> List["FixtureDef[Any]"]:
+    def _get_fixturestack(self) -> list[FixtureDef[Any]]:
         current = self
-        values: List[FixtureDef[Any]] = []
+        values: list[FixtureDef[Any]] = []
         while isinstance(current, SubRequest):
             values.append(current._fixturedef)  # type: ignore[has-type]
             current = current._parent_request
         values.reverse()
         return values
 
-    def _compute_fixture_value(self, fixturedef: "FixtureDef[object]") -> None:
+    def _compute_fixture_value(self, fixturedef: FixtureDef[object]) -> None:
         """Create a SubRequest based on "self" and call the execute method
         of the given FixtureDef object.
 
@@ -654,7 +653,7 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
             self._schedule_finalizers(fixturedef, subrequest)
 
     def _schedule_finalizers(
-        self, fixturedef: "FixtureDef[object]", subrequest: "SubRequest"
+        self, fixturedef: FixtureDef[object], subrequest: SubRequest
     ) -> None:
         # If fixture function failed it might have registered finalizers.
         finalizer = functools.partial(fixturedef.finish, request=subrequest)
@@ -665,7 +664,7 @@ class FixtureRequest(abc.ABC):
 class TopRequest(FixtureRequest):
     """The type of the ``request`` fixture in a test function."""
 
-    def __init__(self, pyfuncitem: "Function", *, _ispytest: bool = False) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, pyfuncitem: Function, *, _ispytest: bool = False) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             fixturename=None,
             pyfuncitem=pyfuncitem,
@@ -707,7 +706,7 @@ class SubRequest(FixtureRequest):
         scope: Scope,
         param: Any,
         param_index: int,
-        fixturedef: "FixtureDef[object]",
+        fixturedef: FixtureDef[object],
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -738,7 +737,7 @@ class SubRequest(FixtureRequest):
         scope = self._scope
         if scope is Scope.Function:
             # This might also be a non-function Item despite its attribute name.
-            node: Optional[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]] = self._pyfuncitem
+            node: nodes.Item | nodes.Collector | None = self._pyfuncitem
         elif scope is Scope.Package:
             node = get_scope_package(self._pyfuncitem, self._fixturedef)
         else:
@@ -769,7 +768,7 @@ class SubRequest(FixtureRequest):
                 pytrace=False,
             )
 
-    def _factorytraceback(self) -> List[str]:
+    def _factorytraceback(self) -> list[str]:
         lines = []
         for fixturedef in self._get_fixturestack():
             factory = fixturedef.func
@@ -789,7 +788,7 @@ class SubRequest(FixtureRequest):
         self._fixturedef.addfinalizer(finalizer)
 
     def _schedule_finalizers(
-        self, fixturedef: "FixtureDef[object]", subrequest: "SubRequest"
+        self, fixturedef: FixtureDef[object], subrequest: SubRequest
     ) -> None:
         # If the executing fixturedef was not explicitly requested in the argument list (via
         # getfixturevalue inside the fixture call) then ensure this fixture def will be finished
@@ -809,15 +808,15 @@ class FixtureLookupError(LookupError):
     """Could not return a requested fixture (missing or invalid)."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, argname: Optional[str], request: FixtureRequest, msg: Optional[str] = None
+        self, argname: str | None, request: FixtureRequest, msg: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
         self.argname = argname
         self.request = request
         self.fixturestack = request._get_fixturestack()
         self.msg = msg
 
-    def formatrepr(self) -> "FixtureLookupErrorRepr":
-        tblines: List[str] = []
+    def formatrepr(self) -> FixtureLookupErrorRepr:
+        tblines: list[str] = []
         addline = tblines.append
         stack = [self.request._pyfuncitem.obj]
         stack.extend(map(lambda x: x.func, self.fixturestack))
@@ -866,11 +865,11 @@ class FixtureLookupError(LookupError):
 class FixtureLookupErrorRepr(TerminalRepr):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        filename: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"],
+        filename: str | os.PathLike[str],
         firstlineno: int,
         tblines: Sequence[str],
         errorstring: str,
-        argname: Optional[str],
+        argname: str | None,
     ) -> None:
         self.tblines = tblines
         self.errorstring = errorstring
@@ -905,7 +904,7 @@ def fail_fixturefunc(fixturefunc, msg: str) -> NoReturn:
 
 
 def call_fixture_func(
-    fixturefunc: "_FixtureFunc[FixtureValue]", request: FixtureRequest, kwargs
+    fixturefunc: _FixtureFunc[FixtureValue], request: FixtureRequest, kwargs
 ) -> FixtureValue:
     if is_generator(fixturefunc):
         fixturefunc = cast(
@@ -971,16 +970,14 @@ class FixtureDef(Generic[FixtureValue]):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        fixturemanager: "FixtureManager",
-        baseid: Optional[str],
+        fixturemanager: FixtureManager,
+        baseid: str | None,
         argname: str,
-        func: "_FixtureFunc[FixtureValue]",
-        scope: Union[Scope, _ScopeName, Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName], None],
-        params: Optional[Sequence[object]],
+        func: _FixtureFunc[FixtureValue],
+        scope: Scope | _ScopeName | Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName] | None,
+        params: Sequence[object] | None,
         unittest: bool = False,
-        ids: Optional[
-            Union[Tuple[Optional[object], ...], Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
-        ] = None,
+        ids: None | (tuple[object | None, ...] | Callable[[Any], object | None]) = None,
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -1030,8 +1027,8 @@ class FixtureDef(Generic[FixtureValue]):
         self.unittest: Final = unittest
         # If the fixture was executed, the current value of the fixture.
         # Can change if the fixture is executed with different parameters.
-        self.cached_result: Optional[_FixtureCachedResult[FixtureValue]] = None
-        self._finalizers: Final[List[Callable[[], object]]] = []
+        self.cached_result: _FixtureCachedResult[FixtureValue] | None = None
+        self._finalizers: Final[list[Callable[[], object]]] = []
 
     @property
     def scope(self) -> _ScopeName:
@@ -1106,7 +1103,7 @@ class FixtureDef(Generic[FixtureValue]):
 
 def resolve_fixture_function(
     fixturedef: FixtureDef[FixtureValue], request: FixtureRequest
-) -> "_FixtureFunc[FixtureValue]":
+) -> _FixtureFunc[FixtureValue]:
     """Get the actual callable that can be called to obtain the fixture
     value, dealing with unittest-specific instances and bound methods."""
     fixturefunc = fixturedef.func
@@ -1161,7 +1158,7 @@ def pytest_fixture_setup(
 
 def wrap_function_to_error_out_if_called_directly(
     function: FixtureFunction,
-    fixture_marker: "FixtureFunctionMarker",
+    fixture_marker: FixtureFunctionMarker,
 ) -> FixtureFunction:
     """Wrap the given fixture function so we can raise an error about it being called directly,
     instead of used as an argument in a test function."""
@@ -1186,13 +1183,11 @@ def wrap_function_to_error_out_if_called_directly(
 @final
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class FixtureFunctionMarker:
-    scope: "Union[_ScopeName, Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName]]"
-    params: Optional[Tuple[object, ...]]
+    scope: _ScopeName | Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName]
+    params: tuple[object, ...] | None
     autouse: bool = False
-    ids: Optional[
-        Union[Tuple[Optional[object], ...], Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
-    ] = None
-    name: Optional[str] = None
+    ids: None | (tuple[object | None, ...] | Callable[[Any], object | None]) = None
+    name: str | None = None
 
     _ispytest: dataclasses.InitVar[bool] = False
 
@@ -1232,13 +1227,11 @@ class FixtureFunctionMarker:
 def fixture(
     fixture_function: FixtureFunction,
     *,
-    scope: "Union[_ScopeName, Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName]]" = ...,
-    params: Optional[Iterable[object]] = ...,
+    scope: _ScopeName | Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName] = ...,
+    params: Iterable[object] | None = ...,
     autouse: bool = ...,
-    ids: Optional[
-        Union[Sequence[Optional[object]], Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
-    ] = ...,
-    name: Optional[str] = ...,
+    ids: None | (Sequence[object | None] | Callable[[Any], object | None]) = ...,
+    name: str | None = ...,
 ) -> FixtureFunction:
     ...
 
@@ -1247,28 +1240,24 @@ def fixture(
 def fixture(  # noqa: F811
     fixture_function: None = ...,
     *,
-    scope: "Union[_ScopeName, Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName]]" = ...,
-    params: Optional[Iterable[object]] = ...,
+    scope: _ScopeName | Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName] = ...,
+    params: Iterable[object] | None = ...,
     autouse: bool = ...,
-    ids: Optional[
-        Union[Sequence[Optional[object]], Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
-    ] = ...,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ids: None | (Sequence[object | None] | Callable[[Any], object | None]) = ...,
+    name: str | None = None,
 ) -> FixtureFunctionMarker:
     ...
 
 
 def fixture(  # noqa: F811
-    fixture_function: Optional[FixtureFunction] = None,
+    fixture_function: FixtureFunction | None = None,
     *,
-    scope: "Union[_ScopeName, Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName]]" = "function",
-    params: Optional[Iterable[object]] = None,
+    scope: _ScopeName | Callable[[str, Config], _ScopeName] = "function",
+    params: Iterable[object] | None = None,
     autouse: bool = False,
-    ids: Optional[
-        Union[Sequence[Optional[object]], Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
-    ] = None,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
-) -> Union[FixtureFunctionMarker, FixtureFunction]:
+    ids: None | (Sequence[object | None] | Callable[[Any], object | None]) = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
+) -> FixtureFunctionMarker | FixtureFunction:
     """Decorator to mark a fixture factory function.
 
     This decorator can be used, with or without parameters, to define a
@@ -1385,7 +1374,7 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
     )
 
 
-def _get_direct_parametrize_args(node: nodes.Node) -> Set[str]:
+def _get_direct_parametrize_args(node: nodes.Node) -> set[str]:
     """Return all direct parametrization arguments of a node, so we don't
     mistake them for fixtures.
 
@@ -1394,7 +1383,7 @@ def _get_direct_parametrize_args(node: nodes.Node) -> Set[str]:
     These things are done later as well when dealing with parametrization
     so this could be improved.
     """
-    parametrize_argnames: Set[str] = set()
+    parametrize_argnames: set[str] = set()
     for marker in node.iter_markers(name="parametrize"):
         if not marker.kwargs.get("indirect", False):
             p_argnames, _ = ParameterSet._parse_parametrize_args(
@@ -1404,7 +1393,7 @@ def _get_direct_parametrize_args(node: nodes.Node) -> Set[str]:
     return parametrize_argnames
 
 
-def deduplicate_names(*seqs: Iterable[str]) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+def deduplicate_names(*seqs: Iterable[str]) -> tuple[str, ...]:
     """De-duplicate the sequence of names while keeping the original order."""
     # Ideally we would use a set, but it does not preserve insertion order.
     return tuple(dict.fromkeys(name for seq in seqs for name in seq))
@@ -1444,17 +1433,17 @@ class FixtureManager:
     FixtureLookupError = FixtureLookupError
     FixtureLookupErrorRepr = FixtureLookupErrorRepr
 
-    def __init__(self, session: "Session") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, session: Session) -> None:
         self.session = session
         self.config: Config = session.config
         # Maps a fixture name (argname) to all of the FixtureDefs in the test
         # suite/plugins defined with this name. Populated by parsefactories().
         # TODO: The order of the FixtureDefs list of each arg is significant,
         #       explain.
-        self._arg2fixturedefs: Final[Dict[str, List[FixtureDef[Any]]]] = {}
-        self._holderobjseen: Final[Set[object]] = set()
+        self._arg2fixturedefs: Final[dict[str, list[FixtureDef[Any]]]] = {}
+        self._holderobjseen: Final[set[object]] = set()
         # A mapping from a nodeid to a list of autouse fixtures it defines.
-        self._nodeid_autousenames: Final[Dict[str, List[str]]] = {
+        self._nodeid_autousenames: Final[dict[str, list[str]]] = {
             "": self.config.getini("usefixtures"),
         }
         session.config.pluginmanager.register(self, "funcmanage")
@@ -1462,8 +1451,8 @@ class FixtureManager:
     def getfixtureinfo(
         self,
         node: nodes.Item,
-        func: Optional[Callable[..., object]],
-        cls: Optional[type],
+        func: Callable[..., object] | None,
+        cls: type | None,
     ) -> FuncFixtureInfo:
         """Calculate the :class:`FuncFixtureInfo` for an item.
 
@@ -1532,9 +1521,9 @@ class FixtureManager:
     def getfixtureclosure(
         self,
         parentnode: nodes.Node,
-        initialnames: Tuple[str, ...],
+        initialnames: tuple[str, ...],
         ignore_args: AbstractSet[str],
-    ) -> Tuple[List[str], Dict[str, Sequence[FixtureDef[Any]]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[list[str], dict[str, Sequence[FixtureDef[Any]]]]:
         # Collect the closure of all fixtures, starting with the given
         # fixturenames as the initial set.  As we have to visit all
         # factory definitions anyway, we also return an arg2fixturedefs
@@ -1545,7 +1534,7 @@ class FixtureManager:
         parentid = parentnode.nodeid
         fixturenames_closure = list(initialnames)
 
-        arg2fixturedefs: Dict[str, Sequence[FixtureDef[Any]]] = {}
+        arg2fixturedefs: dict[str, Sequence[FixtureDef[Any]]] = {}
         lastlen = -1
         while lastlen != len(fixturenames_closure):
             lastlen = len(fixturenames_closure)
@@ -1572,7 +1561,7 @@ class FixtureManager:
         fixturenames_closure.sort(key=sort_by_scope, reverse=True)
         return fixturenames_closure, arg2fixturedefs
 
-    def pytest_generate_tests(self, metafunc: "Metafunc") -> None:
+    def pytest_generate_tests(self, metafunc: Metafunc) -> None:
         """Generate new tests based on parametrized fixtures used by the given metafunc"""
 
         def get_parametrize_mark_argnames(mark: Mark) -> Sequence[str]:
@@ -1617,7 +1606,7 @@ class FixtureManager:
 
                 # Try next super fixture, if any.
 
-    def pytest_collection_modifyitems(self, items: List[nodes.Item]) -> None:
+    def pytest_collection_modifyitems(self, items: list[nodes.Item]) -> None:
         # Separate parametrized setups.
         items[:] = reorder_items(items)
 
@@ -1634,7 +1623,7 @@ class FixtureManager:
     def parsefactories(  # noqa: F811
         self,
         node_or_obj: object,
-        nodeid: Optional[str],
+        nodeid: str | None,
         *,
         unittest: bool = ...,
     ) -> None:
@@ -1642,8 +1631,8 @@ class FixtureManager:
 
     def parsefactories(  # noqa: F811
         self,
-        node_or_obj: Union[nodes.Node, object],
-        nodeid: Union[str, NotSetType, None] = NOTSET,
+        node_or_obj: nodes.Node | object,
+        nodeid: str | NotSetType | None = NOTSET,
         *,
         unittest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -1727,7 +1716,7 @@ class FixtureManager:
 
     def getfixturedefs(
         self, argname: str, nodeid: str
-    ) -> Optional[Sequence[FixtureDef[Any]]]:
+    ) -> Sequence[FixtureDef[Any]] | None:
         """Get FixtureDefs for a fixture name which are applicable
         to a given node.
 

src/_pytest/freeze_support.py

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 """Provides a function to report all internal modules for using freezing
 tools."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import types
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Union
 
 
-def freeze_includes() -> List[str]:
+def freeze_includes() -> list[str]:
     """Return a list of module names used by pytest that should be
     included by cx_freeze."""
     import _pytest
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def freeze_includes() -> List[str]:
 
 
 def _iter_all_modules(
-    package: Union[str, types.ModuleType],
+    package: str | types.ModuleType,
     prefix: str = "",
 ) -> Iterator[str]:
     """Iterate over the names of all modules that can be found in the given

src/_pytest/helpconfig.py

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 """Version info, help messages, tracing configuration."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import sys
 from argparse import Action
 from typing import Generator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Union
 
 import pytest
 from _pytest.config import Config
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ def showversion(config: Config) -> None:
         sys.stdout.write(f"pytest {pytest.__version__}\n")
 
 
-def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> int | ExitCode | None:
     if config.option.version > 0:
         showversion(config)
         return 0
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
 def showhelp(config: Config) -> None:
     import textwrap
 
-    reporter: Optional[TerminalReporter] = config.pluginmanager.get_plugin(
+    reporter: TerminalReporter | None = config.pluginmanager.get_plugin(
         "terminalreporter"
     )
     assert reporter is not None
@@ -239,7 +238,7 @@ def showhelp(config: Config) -> None:
 conftest_options = [("pytest_plugins", "list of plugin names to load")]
 
 
-def getpluginversioninfo(config: Config) -> List[str]:
+def getpluginversioninfo(config: Config) -> list[str]:
     lines = []
     plugininfo = config.pluginmanager.list_plugin_distinfo()
     if plugininfo:
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ def getpluginversioninfo(config: Config) -> List[str]:
     return lines
 
 
-def pytest_report_header(config: Config) -> List[str]:
+def pytest_report_header(config: Config) -> list[str]:
     lines = []
     if config.option.debug or config.option.traceconfig:
         lines.append(f"using: pytest-{pytest.__version__}")

src/_pytest/hookspec.py

@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 """Hook specifications for pytest plugins which are invoked by pytest itself
 and by builtin plugins."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
 from typing import Mapping
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Tuple
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 
 from pluggy import HookspecMarker
 
@@ -50,7 +47,7 @@ hookspec = HookspecMarker("pytest")
 
 
 @hookspec(historic=True)
-def pytest_addhooks(pluginmanager: "PytestPluginManager") -> None:
+def pytest_addhooks(pluginmanager: PytestPluginManager) -> None:
     """Called at plugin registration time to allow adding new hooks via a call to
     :func:`pluginmanager.add_hookspecs(module_or_class, prefix) <pytest.PytestPluginManager.add_hookspecs>`.
 
@@ -63,7 +60,7 @@ def pytest_addhooks(pluginmanager: "PytestPluginManager") -> None:
 
 @hookspec(historic=True)
 def pytest_plugin_registered(
-    plugin: "_PluggyPlugin", manager: "PytestPluginManager"
+    plugin: _PluggyPlugin, manager: PytestPluginManager
 ) -> None:
     """A new pytest plugin got registered.
 
@@ -76,7 +73,7 @@ def pytest_plugin_registered(
 
 
 @hookspec(historic=True)
-def pytest_addoption(parser: "Parser", pluginmanager: "PytestPluginManager") -> None:
+def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser, pluginmanager: PytestPluginManager) -> None:
     """Register argparse-style options and ini-style config values,
     called once at the beginning of a test run.
 
@@ -115,7 +112,7 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser: "Parser", pluginmanager: "PytestPluginManager") ->
 
 
 @hookspec(historic=True)
-def pytest_configure(config: "Config") -> None:
+def pytest_configure(config: Config) -> None:
     """Allow plugins and conftest files to perform initial configuration.
 
     This hook is called for every plugin and initial conftest file
@@ -139,8 +136,8 @@ def pytest_configure(config: "Config") -> None:
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
 def pytest_cmdline_parse(
-    pluginmanager: "PytestPluginManager", args: List[str]
-) -> Optional["Config"]:
+    pluginmanager: PytestPluginManager, args: list[str]
+) -> Config | None:
     """Return an initialized :class:`~pytest.Config`, parsing the specified args.
 
     Stops at first non-None result, see :ref:`firstresult`.
@@ -157,7 +154,7 @@ def pytest_cmdline_parse(
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_cmdline_main(config: "Config") -> Optional[Union["ExitCode", int]]:
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> ExitCode | int | None:
     """Called for performing the main command line action. The default
     implementation will invoke the configure hooks and runtest_mainloop.
 
@@ -169,7 +166,7 @@ def pytest_cmdline_main(config: "Config") -> Optional[Union["ExitCode", int]]:
 
 
 def pytest_load_initial_conftests(
-    early_config: "Config", parser: "Parser", args: List[str]
+    early_config: Config, parser: Parser, args: list[str]
 ) -> None:
     """Called to implement the loading of initial conftest files ahead
     of command line option parsing.
@@ -189,7 +186,7 @@ def pytest_load_initial_conftests(
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_collection(session: "Session") -> Optional[object]:
+def pytest_collection(session: Session) -> object | None:
     """Perform the collection phase for the given session.
 
     Stops at first non-None result, see :ref:`firstresult`.
@@ -226,7 +223,7 @@ def pytest_collection(session: "Session") -> Optional[object]:
 
 
 def pytest_collection_modifyitems(
-    session: "Session", config: "Config", items: List["Item"]
+    session: Session, config: Config, items: list[Item]
 ) -> None:
     """Called after collection has been performed. May filter or re-order
     the items in-place.
@@ -237,7 +234,7 @@ def pytest_collection_modifyitems(
     """
 
 
-def pytest_collection_finish(session: "Session") -> None:
+def pytest_collection_finish(session: Session) -> None:
     """Called after collection has been performed and modified.
 
     :param session: The pytest session object.
@@ -245,7 +242,7 @@ def pytest_collection_finish(session: "Session") -> None:
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path: Path, config: "Config") -> Optional[bool]:
+def pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path: Path, config: Config) -> bool | None:
     """Return True to prevent considering this path for collection.
 
     This hook is consulted for all files and directories prior to calling
@@ -267,7 +264,7 @@ def pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path: Path, config: "Config") -> Optional[b
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_collect_directory(path: Path, parent: "Collector") -> "Optional[Collector]":
+def pytest_collect_directory(path: Path, parent: Collector) -> Collector | None:
     """Create a :class:`~pytest.Collector` for the given directory, or None if
     not relevant.
 
@@ -287,7 +284,7 @@ def pytest_collect_directory(path: Path, parent: "Collector") -> "Optional[Colle
     """
 
 
-def pytest_collect_file(file_path: Path, parent: "Collector") -> "Optional[Collector]":
+def pytest_collect_file(file_path: Path, parent: Collector) -> Collector | None:
     """Create a :class:`~pytest.Collector` for the given path, or None if not relevant.
 
     For best results, the returned collector should be a subclass of
@@ -310,7 +307,7 @@ def pytest_collect_file(file_path: Path, parent: "Collector") -> "Optional[Colle
 # logging hooks for collection
 
 
-def pytest_collectstart(collector: "Collector") -> None:
+def pytest_collectstart(collector: Collector) -> None:
     """Collector starts collecting.
 
     :param collector:
@@ -318,7 +315,7 @@ def pytest_collectstart(collector: "Collector") -> None:
     """
 
 
-def pytest_itemcollected(item: "Item") -> None:
+def pytest_itemcollected(item: Item) -> None:
     """We just collected a test item.
 
     :param item:
@@ -326,7 +323,7 @@ def pytest_itemcollected(item: "Item") -> None:
     """
 
 
-def pytest_collectreport(report: "CollectReport") -> None:
+def pytest_collectreport(report: CollectReport) -> None:
     """Collector finished collecting.
 
     :param report:
@@ -334,7 +331,7 @@ def pytest_collectreport(report: "CollectReport") -> None:
     """
 
 
-def pytest_deselected(items: Sequence["Item"]) -> None:
+def pytest_deselected(items: Sequence[Item]) -> None:
     """Called for deselected test items, e.g. by keyword.
 
     May be called multiple times.
@@ -345,7 +342,7 @@ def pytest_deselected(items: Sequence["Item"]) -> None:
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_make_collect_report(collector: "Collector") -> "Optional[CollectReport]":
+def pytest_make_collect_report(collector: Collector) -> CollectReport | None:
     """Perform :func:`collector.collect() <pytest.Collector.collect>` and return
     a :class:`~pytest.CollectReport`.
 
@@ -362,7 +359,7 @@ def pytest_make_collect_report(collector: "Collector") -> "Optional[CollectRepor
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_pycollect_makemodule(module_path: Path, parent) -> Optional["Module"]:
+def pytest_pycollect_makemodule(module_path: Path, parent) -> Module | None:
     """Return a :class:`pytest.Module` collector or None for the given path.
 
     This hook will be called for each matching test module path.
@@ -385,8 +382,8 @@ def pytest_pycollect_makemodule(module_path: Path, parent) -> Optional["Module"]
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
 def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(
-    collector: Union["Module", "Class"], name: str, obj: object
-) -> Union[None, "Item", "Collector", List[Union["Item", "Collector"]]]:
+    collector: Module | Class, name: str, obj: object
+) -> None | Item | Collector | list[Item | Collector]:
     """Return a custom item/collector for a Python object in a module, or None.
 
     Stops at first non-None result, see :ref:`firstresult`.
@@ -403,7 +400,7 @@ def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem: "Function") -> Optional[object]:
+def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem: Function) -> object | None:
     """Call underlying test function.
 
     Stops at first non-None result, see :ref:`firstresult`.
@@ -413,7 +410,7 @@ def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem: "Function") -> Optional[object]:
     """
 
 
-def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc: "Metafunc") -> None:
+def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc: Metafunc) -> None:
     """Generate (multiple) parametrized calls to a test function.
 
     :param metafunc:
@@ -422,9 +419,7 @@ def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc: "Metafunc") -> None:
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_make_parametrize_id(
-    config: "Config", val: object, argname: str
-) -> Optional[str]:
+def pytest_make_parametrize_id(config: Config, val: object, argname: str) -> str | None:
     """Return a user-friendly string representation of the given ``val``
     that will be used by @pytest.mark.parametrize calls, or None if the hook
     doesn't know about ``val``.
@@ -445,7 +440,7 @@ def pytest_make_parametrize_id(
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_runtestloop(session: "Session") -> Optional[object]:
+def pytest_runtestloop(session: Session) -> object | None:
     """Perform the main runtest loop (after collection finished).
 
     The default hook implementation performs the runtest protocol for all items
@@ -466,9 +461,7 @@ def pytest_runtestloop(session: "Session") -> Optional[object]:
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_runtest_protocol(
-    item: "Item", nextitem: "Optional[Item]"
-) -> Optional[object]:
+def pytest_runtest_protocol(item: Item, nextitem: Item | None) -> object | None:
     """Perform the runtest protocol for a single test item.
 
     The default runtest protocol is this (see individual hooks for full details):
@@ -503,9 +496,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_protocol(
     """
 
 
-def pytest_runtest_logstart(
-    nodeid: str, location: Tuple[str, Optional[int], str]
-) -> None:
+def pytest_runtest_logstart(nodeid: str, location: tuple[str, int | None, str]) -> None:
     """Called at the start of running the runtest protocol for a single item.
 
     See :hook:`pytest_runtest_protocol` for a description of the runtest protocol.
@@ -518,7 +509,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_logstart(
 
 
 def pytest_runtest_logfinish(
-    nodeid: str, location: Tuple[str, Optional[int], str]
+    nodeid: str, location: tuple[str, int | None, str]
 ) -> None:
     """Called at the end of running the runtest protocol for a single item.
 
@@ -531,7 +522,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_logfinish(
     """
 
 
-def pytest_runtest_setup(item: "Item") -> None:
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item: Item) -> None:
     """Called to perform the setup phase for a test item.
 
     The default implementation runs ``setup()`` on ``item`` and all of its
@@ -544,7 +535,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_setup(item: "Item") -> None:
     """
 
 
-def pytest_runtest_call(item: "Item") -> None:
+def pytest_runtest_call(item: Item) -> None:
     """Called to run the test for test item (the call phase).
 
     The default implementation calls ``item.runtest()``.
@@ -554,7 +545,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_call(item: "Item") -> None:
     """
 
 
-def pytest_runtest_teardown(item: "Item", nextitem: Optional["Item"]) -> None:
+def pytest_runtest_teardown(item: Item, nextitem: Item | None) -> None:
     """Called to perform the teardown phase for a test item.
 
     The default implementation runs the finalizers and calls ``teardown()``
@@ -573,9 +564,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_teardown(item: "Item", nextitem: Optional["Item"]) -> None:
 
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
-def pytest_runtest_makereport(
-    item: "Item", call: "CallInfo[None]"
-) -> Optional["TestReport"]:
+def pytest_runtest_makereport(item: Item, call: CallInfo[None]) -> TestReport | None:
     """Called to create a :class:`~pytest.TestReport` for each of
     the setup, call and teardown runtest phases of a test item.
 
@@ -588,7 +577,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_makereport(
     """
 
 
-def pytest_runtest_logreport(report: "TestReport") -> None:
+def pytest_runtest_logreport(report: TestReport) -> None:
     """Process the :class:`~pytest.TestReport` produced for each
     of the setup, call and teardown runtest phases of an item.
 
@@ -598,9 +587,9 @@ def pytest_runtest_logreport(report: "TestReport") -> None:
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
 def pytest_report_to_serializable(
-    config: "Config",
-    report: Union["CollectReport", "TestReport"],
-) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    config: Config,
+    report: CollectReport | TestReport,
+) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
     """Serialize the given report object into a data structure suitable for
     sending over the wire, e.g. converted to JSON.
 
@@ -611,9 +600,9 @@ def pytest_report_to_serializable(
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
 def pytest_report_from_serializable(
-    config: "Config",
-    data: Dict[str, Any],
-) -> Optional[Union["CollectReport", "TestReport"]]:
+    config: Config,
+    data: dict[str, Any],
+) -> CollectReport | TestReport | None:
     """Restore a report object previously serialized with
     :hook:`pytest_report_to_serializable`.
 
@@ -628,8 +617,8 @@ def pytest_report_from_serializable(
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
 def pytest_fixture_setup(
-    fixturedef: "FixtureDef[Any]", request: "SubRequest"
-) -> Optional[object]:
+    fixturedef: FixtureDef[Any], request: SubRequest
+) -> object | None:
     """Perform fixture setup execution.
 
     :param fixturdef:
@@ -649,7 +638,7 @@ def pytest_fixture_setup(
 
 
 def pytest_fixture_post_finalizer(
-    fixturedef: "FixtureDef[Any]", request: "SubRequest"
+    fixturedef: FixtureDef[Any], request: SubRequest
 ) -> None:
     """Called after fixture teardown, but before the cache is cleared, so
     the fixture result ``fixturedef.cached_result`` is still available (not
@@ -667,7 +656,7 @@ def pytest_fixture_post_finalizer(
 # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def pytest_sessionstart(session: "Session") -> None:
+def pytest_sessionstart(session: Session) -> None:
     """Called after the ``Session`` object has been created and before performing collection
     and entering the run test loop.
 
@@ -676,8 +665,8 @@ def pytest_sessionstart(session: "Session") -> None:
 
 
 def pytest_sessionfinish(
-    session: "Session",
-    exitstatus: Union[int, "ExitCode"],
+    session: Session,
+    exitstatus: int | ExitCode,
 ) -> None:
     """Called after whole test run finished, right before returning the exit status to the system.
 
@@ -686,7 +675,7 @@ def pytest_sessionfinish(
     """
 
 
-def pytest_unconfigure(config: "Config") -> None:
+def pytest_unconfigure(config: Config) -> None:
     """Called before test process is exited.
 
     :param config: The pytest config object.
@@ -699,8 +688,8 @@ def pytest_unconfigure(config: "Config") -> None:
 
 
 def pytest_assertrepr_compare(
-    config: "Config", op: str, left: object, right: object
-) -> Optional[List[str]]:
+    config: Config, op: str, left: object, right: object
+) -> list[str] | None:
     """Return explanation for comparisons in failing assert expressions.
 
     Return None for no custom explanation, otherwise return a list
@@ -715,7 +704,7 @@ def pytest_assertrepr_compare(
     """
 
 
-def pytest_assertion_pass(item: "Item", lineno: int, orig: str, expl: str) -> None:
+def pytest_assertion_pass(item: Item, lineno: int, orig: str, expl: str) -> None:
     """Called whenever an assertion passes.
 
     .. versionadded:: 5.0
@@ -749,8 +738,8 @@ def pytest_assertion_pass(item: "Item", lineno: int, orig: str, expl: str) -> No
 
 
 def pytest_report_header(  # type:ignore[empty-body]
-    config: "Config", start_path: Path
-) -> Union[str, List[str]]:
+    config: Config, start_path: Path
+) -> str | list[str]:
     """Return a string or list of strings to be displayed as header info for terminal reporting.
 
     :param config: The pytest config object.
@@ -780,10 +769,10 @@ def pytest_report_header(  # type:ignore[empty-body]
 
 
 def pytest_report_collectionfinish(  # type:ignore[empty-body]
-    config: "Config",
+    config: Config,
     start_path: Path,
-    items: Sequence["Item"],
-) -> Union[str, List[str]]:
+    items: Sequence[Item],
+) -> str | list[str]:
     """Return a string or list of strings to be displayed after collection
     has finished successfully.
 
@@ -814,8 +803,8 @@ def pytest_report_collectionfinish(  # type:ignore[empty-body]
 
 @hookspec(firstresult=True)
 def pytest_report_teststatus(  # type:ignore[empty-body]
-    report: Union["CollectReport", "TestReport"], config: "Config"
-) -> "TestShortLogReport | Tuple[str, str, Union[str, Tuple[str, Mapping[str, bool]]]]":
+    report: CollectReport | TestReport, config: Config
+) -> TestShortLogReport | tuple[str, str, str | tuple[str, Mapping[str, bool]]]:
     """Return result-category, shortletter and verbose word for status
     reporting.
 
@@ -841,9 +830,9 @@ def pytest_report_teststatus(  # type:ignore[empty-body]
 
 
 def pytest_terminal_summary(
-    terminalreporter: "TerminalReporter",
-    exitstatus: "ExitCode",
-    config: "Config",
+    terminalreporter: TerminalReporter,
+    exitstatus: ExitCode,
+    config: Config,
 ) -> None:
     """Add a section to terminal summary reporting.
 
@@ -858,10 +847,10 @@ def pytest_terminal_summary(
 
 @hookspec(historic=True)
 def pytest_warning_recorded(
-    warning_message: "warnings.WarningMessage",
-    when: "Literal['config', 'collect', 'runtest']",
+    warning_message: warnings.WarningMessage,
+    when: Literal["config", "collect", "runtest"],
     nodeid: str,
-    location: Optional[Tuple[str, int, str]],
+    location: tuple[str, int, str] | None,
 ) -> None:
     """Process a warning captured by the internal pytest warnings plugin.
 
@@ -894,8 +883,8 @@ def pytest_warning_recorded(
 
 
 def pytest_markeval_namespace(  # type:ignore[empty-body]
-    config: "Config",
-) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    config: Config,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Called when constructing the globals dictionary used for
     evaluating string conditions in xfail/skipif markers.
 
@@ -917,9 +906,9 @@ def pytest_markeval_namespace(  # type:ignore[empty-body]
 
 
 def pytest_internalerror(
-    excrepr: "ExceptionRepr",
-    excinfo: "ExceptionInfo[BaseException]",
-) -> Optional[bool]:
+    excrepr: ExceptionRepr,
+    excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
+) -> bool | None:
     """Called for internal errors.
 
     Return True to suppress the fallback handling of printing an
@@ -931,7 +920,7 @@ def pytest_internalerror(
 
 
 def pytest_keyboard_interrupt(
-    excinfo: "ExceptionInfo[Union[KeyboardInterrupt, Exit]]",
+    excinfo: ExceptionInfo[KeyboardInterrupt | Exit],
 ) -> None:
     """Called for keyboard interrupt.
 
@@ -940,9 +929,9 @@ def pytest_keyboard_interrupt(
 
 
 def pytest_exception_interact(
-    node: Union["Item", "Collector"],
-    call: "CallInfo[Any]",
-    report: Union["CollectReport", "TestReport"],
+    node: Item | Collector,
+    call: CallInfo[Any],
+    report: CollectReport | TestReport,
 ) -> None:
     """Called when an exception was raised which can potentially be
     interactively handled.
@@ -965,7 +954,7 @@ def pytest_exception_interact(
     """
 
 
-def pytest_enter_pdb(config: "Config", pdb: "pdb.Pdb") -> None:
+def pytest_enter_pdb(config: Config, pdb: pdb.Pdb) -> None:
     """Called upon pdb.set_trace().
 
     Can be used by plugins to take special action just before the python
@@ -976,7 +965,7 @@ def pytest_enter_pdb(config: "Config", pdb: "pdb.Pdb") -> None:
     """
 
 
-def pytest_leave_pdb(config: "Config", pdb: "pdb.Pdb") -> None:
+def pytest_leave_pdb(config: Config, pdb: pdb.Pdb) -> None:
     """Called when leaving pdb (e.g. with continue after pdb.set_trace()).
 
     Can be used by plugins to take special action just after the python

src/_pytest/junitxml.py

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ Based on initial code from Ross Lawley.
 Output conforms to
 https://github.com/jenkinsci/xunit-plugin/blob/master/src/main/resources/org/jenkinsci/plugins/xunit/types/model/xsd/junit-10.xsd
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import functools
 import os
 import platform
@@ -13,12 +15,7 @@ import re
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Callable
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
 from typing import Match
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
 
 import pytest
 from _pytest import nodes
@@ -87,15 +84,15 @@ families["xunit2"] = families["_base"]
 
 
 class _NodeReporter:
-    def __init__(self, nodeid: Union[str, TestReport], xml: "LogXML") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, nodeid: str | TestReport, xml: LogXML) -> None:
         self.id = nodeid
         self.xml = xml
         self.add_stats = self.xml.add_stats
         self.family = self.xml.family
         self.duration = 0.0
-        self.properties: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
-        self.nodes: List[ET.Element] = []
-        self.attrs: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.properties: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+        self.nodes: list[ET.Element] = []
+        self.attrs: dict[str, str] = {}
 
     def append(self, node: ET.Element) -> None:
         self.xml.add_stats(node.tag)
@@ -107,7 +104,7 @@ class _NodeReporter:
     def add_attribute(self, name: str, value: object) -> None:
         self.attrs[str(name)] = bin_xml_escape(value)
 
-    def make_properties_node(self) -> Optional[ET.Element]:
+    def make_properties_node(self) -> ET.Element | None:
         """Return a Junit node containing custom properties, if any."""
         if self.properties:
             properties = ET.Element("properties")
@@ -122,7 +119,7 @@ class _NodeReporter:
         classnames = names[:-1]
         if self.xml.prefix:
             classnames.insert(0, self.xml.prefix)
-        attrs: Dict[str, str] = {
+        attrs: dict[str, str] = {
             "classname": ".".join(classnames),
             "name": bin_xml_escape(names[-1]),
             "file": testreport.location[0],
@@ -154,7 +151,7 @@ class _NodeReporter:
         testcase.extend(self.nodes)
         return testcase
 
-    def _add_simple(self, tag: str, message: str, data: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def _add_simple(self, tag: str, message: str, data: str | None = None) -> None:
         node = ET.Element(tag, message=message)
         node.text = bin_xml_escape(data)
         self.append(node)
@@ -199,7 +196,7 @@ class _NodeReporter:
             self._add_simple("skipped", "xfail-marked test passes unexpectedly")
         else:
             assert report.longrepr is not None
-            reprcrash: Optional[ReprFileLocation] = getattr(
+            reprcrash: ReprFileLocation | None = getattr(
                 report.longrepr, "reprcrash", None
             )
             if reprcrash is not None:
@@ -219,9 +216,7 @@ class _NodeReporter:
 
     def append_error(self, report: TestReport) -> None:
         assert report.longrepr is not None
-        reprcrash: Optional[ReprFileLocation] = getattr(
-            report.longrepr, "reprcrash", None
-        )
+        reprcrash: ReprFileLocation | None = getattr(report.longrepr, "reprcrash", None)
         if reprcrash is not None:
             reason = reprcrash.message
         else:
@@ -450,7 +445,7 @@ def pytest_unconfigure(config: Config) -> None:
         config.pluginmanager.unregister(xml)
 
 
-def mangle_test_address(address: str) -> List[str]:
+def mangle_test_address(address: str) -> list[str]:
     path, possible_open_bracket, params = address.partition("[")
     names = path.split("::")
     # Convert file path to dotted path.
@@ -465,7 +460,7 @@ class LogXML:
     def __init__(
         self,
         logfile,
-        prefix: Optional[str],
+        prefix: str | None,
         suite_name: str = "pytest",
         logging: str = "no",
         report_duration: str = "total",
@@ -480,17 +475,15 @@ class LogXML:
         self.log_passing_tests = log_passing_tests
         self.report_duration = report_duration
         self.family = family
-        self.stats: Dict[str, int] = dict.fromkeys(
+        self.stats: dict[str, int] = dict.fromkeys(
             ["error", "passed", "failure", "skipped"], 0
         )
-        self.node_reporters: Dict[
-            Tuple[Union[str, TestReport], object], _NodeReporter
-        ] = {}
-        self.node_reporters_ordered: List[_NodeReporter] = []
-        self.global_properties: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
+        self.node_reporters: dict[tuple[str | TestReport, object], _NodeReporter] = {}
+        self.node_reporters_ordered: list[_NodeReporter] = []
+        self.global_properties: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
 
         # List of reports that failed on call but teardown is pending.
-        self.open_reports: List[TestReport] = []
+        self.open_reports: list[TestReport] = []
         self.cnt_double_fail_tests = 0
 
         # Replaces convenience family with real family.
@@ -509,8 +502,8 @@ class LogXML:
         if reporter is not None:
             reporter.finalize()
 
-    def node_reporter(self, report: Union[TestReport, str]) -> _NodeReporter:
-        nodeid: Union[str, TestReport] = getattr(report, "nodeid", report)
+    def node_reporter(self, report: TestReport | str) -> _NodeReporter:
+        nodeid: str | TestReport = getattr(report, "nodeid", report)
         # Local hack to handle xdist report order.
         workernode = getattr(report, "node", None)
 
@@ -690,7 +683,7 @@ class LogXML:
         _check_record_param_type("name", name)
         self.global_properties.append((name, bin_xml_escape(value)))
 
-    def _get_global_properties_node(self) -> Optional[ET.Element]:
+    def _get_global_properties_node(self) -> ET.Element | None:
         """Return a Junit node containing custom properties, if any."""
         if self.global_properties:
             properties = ET.Element("properties")

src/_pytest/legacypath.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Add backward compatibility support for the legacy py path type."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import dataclasses
 import os
 import shlex
@@ -6,10 +8,7 @@ import subprocess
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Final
 from typing import final
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 
 from iniconfig import SectionWrapper
 
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ LEGACY_PATH = py.path. local
 # fmt: on
 
 
-def legacy_path(path: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]) -> LEGACY_PATH:
+def legacy_path(path: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> LEGACY_PATH:
     """Internal wrapper to prepare lazy proxies for legacy_path instances"""
     return LEGACY_PATH(path)
 
@@ -61,8 +60,8 @@ class Testdir:
 
     __test__ = False
 
-    CLOSE_STDIN: "Final" = Pytester.CLOSE_STDIN
-    TimeoutExpired: "Final" = Pytester.TimeoutExpired
+    CLOSE_STDIN: Final = Pytester.CLOSE_STDIN
+    TimeoutExpired: Final = Pytester.TimeoutExpired
 
     def __init__(self, pytester: Pytester, *, _ispytest: bool = False) -> None:
         check_ispytest(_ispytest)
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ class Testdir:
         """See :meth:`Pytester.copy_example`."""
         return legacy_path(self._pytester.copy_example(name))
 
-    def getnode(self, config: Config, arg) -> Optional[Union[Item, Collector]]:
+    def getnode(self, config: Config, arg) -> Item | Collector | None:
         """See :meth:`Pytester.getnode`."""
         return self._pytester.getnode(config, arg)
 
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ class Testdir:
         """See :meth:`Pytester.getpathnode`."""
         return self._pytester.getpathnode(path)
 
-    def genitems(self, colitems: List[Union[Item, Collector]]) -> List[Item]:
+    def genitems(self, colitems: list[Item | Collector]) -> list[Item]:
         """See :meth:`Pytester.genitems`."""
         return self._pytester.genitems(colitems)
 
@@ -216,9 +215,7 @@ class Testdir:
             source, configargs=configargs, withinit=withinit
         )
 
-    def collect_by_name(
-        self, modcol: Collector, name: str
-    ) -> Optional[Union[Item, Collector]]:
+    def collect_by_name(self, modcol: Collector, name: str) -> Item | Collector | None:
         """See :meth:`Pytester.collect_by_name`."""
         return self._pytester.collect_by_name(modcol, name)
 
@@ -249,13 +246,11 @@ class Testdir:
         """See :meth:`Pytester.runpytest_subprocess`."""
         return self._pytester.runpytest_subprocess(*args, timeout=timeout)
 
-    def spawn_pytest(
-        self, string: str, expect_timeout: float = 10.0
-    ) -> "pexpect.spawn":
+    def spawn_pytest(self, string: str, expect_timeout: float = 10.0) -> pexpect.spawn:
         """See :meth:`Pytester.spawn_pytest`."""
         return self._pytester.spawn_pytest(string, expect_timeout=expect_timeout)
 
-    def spawn(self, cmd: str, expect_timeout: float = 10.0) -> "pexpect.spawn":
+    def spawn(self, cmd: str, expect_timeout: float = 10.0) -> pexpect.spawn:
         """See :meth:`Pytester.spawn`."""
         return self._pytester.spawn(cmd, expect_timeout=expect_timeout)
 
@@ -385,7 +380,7 @@ def Config_rootdir(self: Config) -> LEGACY_PATH:
     return legacy_path(str(self.rootpath))
 
 
-def Config_inifile(self: Config) -> Optional[LEGACY_PATH]:
+def Config_inifile(self: Config) -> LEGACY_PATH | None:
     """The path to the :ref:`configfile <configfiles>`.
 
     Prefer to use :attr:`inipath`, which is a :class:`pathlib.Path`.
@@ -405,9 +400,7 @@ def Session_stardir(self: Session) -> LEGACY_PATH:
     return legacy_path(self.startpath)
 
 
-def Config__getini_unknown_type(
-    self, name: str, type: str, value: Union[str, List[str]]
-):
+def Config__getini_unknown_type(self, name: str, type: str, value: str | list[str]):
     if type == "pathlist":
         # TODO: This assert is probably not valid in all cases.
         assert self.inipath is not None

src/_pytest/logging.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Access and control log capturing."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import io
 import logging
 import os
@@ -20,12 +22,8 @@ from typing import Generic
 from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
 from typing import Mapping
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest import nodes
 from _pytest._io import TerminalWriter
@@ -65,7 +63,7 @@ class DatetimeFormatter(logging.Formatter):
     :func:`time.strftime` in case of microseconds in format string.
     """
 
-    def formatTime(self, record: LogRecord, datefmt: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+    def formatTime(self, record: LogRecord, datefmt: str | None = None) -> str:
         if datefmt and "%f" in datefmt:
             ct = self.converter(record.created)
             tz = timezone(timedelta(seconds=ct.tm_gmtoff), ct.tm_zone)
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ class ColoredLevelFormatter(DatetimeFormatter):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._terminalwriter = terminalwriter
         self._original_fmt = self._style._fmt
-        self._level_to_fmt_mapping: Dict[int, str] = {}
+        self._level_to_fmt_mapping: dict[int, str] = {}
 
         for level, color_opts in self.LOGLEVEL_COLOROPTS.items():
             self.add_color_level(level, *color_opts)
@@ -145,12 +143,12 @@ class PercentStyleMultiline(logging.PercentStyle):
     formats the message as if each line were logged separately.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, fmt: str, auto_indent: Union[int, str, bool, None]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, fmt: str, auto_indent: int | str | bool | None) -> None:
         super().__init__(fmt)
         self._auto_indent = self._get_auto_indent(auto_indent)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _get_auto_indent(auto_indent_option: Union[int, str, bool, None]) -> int:
+    def _get_auto_indent(auto_indent_option: int | str | bool | None) -> int:
         """Determine the current auto indentation setting.
 
         Specify auto indent behavior (on/off/fixed) by passing in
@@ -339,7 +337,7 @@ class catching_logs(Generic[_HandlerType]):
 
     __slots__ = ("handler", "level", "orig_level")
 
-    def __init__(self, handler: _HandlerType, level: Optional[int] = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, handler: _HandlerType, level: int | None = None) -> None:
         self.handler = handler
         self.level = level
 
@@ -355,9 +353,9 @@ class catching_logs(Generic[_HandlerType]):
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
-        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> None:
         root_logger = logging.getLogger()
         if self.level is not None:
@@ -371,7 +369,7 @@ class LogCaptureHandler(logging_StreamHandler):
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         """Create a new log handler."""
         super().__init__(StringIO())
-        self.records: List[logging.LogRecord] = []
+        self.records: list[logging.LogRecord] = []
 
     def emit(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> None:
         """Keep the log records in a list in addition to the log text."""
@@ -402,10 +400,10 @@ class LogCaptureFixture:
     def __init__(self, item: nodes.Node, *, _ispytest: bool = False) -> None:
         check_ispytest(_ispytest)
         self._item = item
-        self._initial_handler_level: Optional[int] = None
+        self._initial_handler_level: int | None = None
         # Dict of log name -> log level.
-        self._initial_logger_levels: Dict[Optional[str], int] = {}
-        self._initial_disabled_logging_level: Optional[int] = None
+        self._initial_logger_levels: dict[str | None, int] = {}
+        self._initial_disabled_logging_level: int | None = None
 
     def _finalize(self) -> None:
         """Finalize the fixture.
@@ -430,7 +428,7 @@ class LogCaptureFixture:
 
     def get_records(
         self, when: Literal["setup", "call", "teardown"]
-    ) -> List[logging.LogRecord]:
+    ) -> list[logging.LogRecord]:
         """Get the logging records for one of the possible test phases.
 
         :param when:
@@ -449,12 +447,12 @@ class LogCaptureFixture:
         return _remove_ansi_escape_sequences(self.handler.stream.getvalue())
 
     @property
-    def records(self) -> List[logging.LogRecord]:
+    def records(self) -> list[logging.LogRecord]:
         """The list of log records."""
         return self.handler.records
 
     @property
-    def record_tuples(self) -> List[Tuple[str, int, str]]:
+    def record_tuples(self) -> list[tuple[str, int, str]]:
         """A list of a stripped down version of log records intended
         for use in assertion comparison.
 
@@ -465,7 +463,7 @@ class LogCaptureFixture:
         return [(r.name, r.levelno, r.getMessage()) for r in self.records]
 
     @property
-    def messages(self) -> List[str]:
+    def messages(self) -> list[str]:
         """A list of format-interpolated log messages.
 
         Unlike 'records', which contains the format string and parameters for
@@ -488,7 +486,7 @@ class LogCaptureFixture:
         self.handler.clear()
 
     def _force_enable_logging(
-        self, level: Union[int, str], logger_obj: logging.Logger
+        self, level: int | str, logger_obj: logging.Logger
     ) -> int:
         """Enable the desired logging level if the global level was disabled via ``logging.disabled``.
 
@@ -521,7 +519,7 @@ class LogCaptureFixture:
 
         return original_disable_level
 
-    def set_level(self, level: Union[int, str], logger: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def set_level(self, level: int | str, logger: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Set the threshold level of a logger for the duration of a test.
 
         Logging messages which are less severe than this level will not be captured.
@@ -548,7 +546,7 @@ class LogCaptureFixture:
 
     @contextmanager
     def at_level(
-        self, level: Union[int, str], logger: Optional[str] = None
+        self, level: int | str, logger: str | None = None
     ) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
         """Context manager that sets the level for capturing of logs. After
         the end of the 'with' statement the level is restored to its original
@@ -606,7 +604,7 @@ def caplog(request: FixtureRequest) -> Generator[LogCaptureFixture, None, None]:
     result._finalize()
 
 
-def get_log_level_for_setting(config: Config, *setting_names: str) -> Optional[int]:
+def get_log_level_for_setting(config: Config, *setting_names: str) -> int | None:
     for setting_name in setting_names:
         log_level = config.getoption(setting_name)
         if log_level is None:
@@ -689,9 +687,9 @@ class LoggingPlugin:
             assert terminal_reporter is not None
             capture_manager = config.pluginmanager.get_plugin("capturemanager")
             # if capturemanager plugin is disabled, live logging still works.
-            self.log_cli_handler: Union[
-                _LiveLoggingStreamHandler, _LiveLoggingNullHandler
-            ] = _LiveLoggingStreamHandler(terminal_reporter, capture_manager)
+            self.log_cli_handler: (
+                _LiveLoggingStreamHandler | _LiveLoggingNullHandler
+            ) = _LiveLoggingStreamHandler(terminal_reporter, capture_manager)
         else:
             self.log_cli_handler = _LiveLoggingNullHandler()
         log_cli_formatter = self._create_formatter(
@@ -702,7 +700,7 @@ class LoggingPlugin:
         self.log_cli_handler.setFormatter(log_cli_formatter)
         self._disable_loggers(loggers_to_disable=config.option.logger_disable)
 
-    def _disable_loggers(self, loggers_to_disable: List[str]) -> None:
+    def _disable_loggers(self, loggers_to_disable: list[str]) -> None:
         if not loggers_to_disable:
             return
 
@@ -827,7 +825,7 @@ class LoggingPlugin:
     def pytest_runtest_setup(self, item: nodes.Item) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
         self.log_cli_handler.set_when("setup")
 
-        empty: Dict[str, List[logging.LogRecord]] = {}
+        empty: dict[str, list[logging.LogRecord]] = {}
         item.stash[caplog_records_key] = empty
         yield from self._runtest_for(item, "setup")
 
@@ -890,7 +888,7 @@ class _LiveLoggingStreamHandler(logging_StreamHandler):
     def __init__(
         self,
         terminal_reporter: TerminalReporter,
-        capture_manager: Optional[CaptureManager],
+        capture_manager: CaptureManager | None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(stream=terminal_reporter)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         self.capture_manager = capture_manager
@@ -902,7 +900,7 @@ class _LiveLoggingStreamHandler(logging_StreamHandler):
         """Reset the handler; should be called before the start of each test."""
         self._first_record_emitted = False
 
-    def set_when(self, when: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    def set_when(self, when: str | None) -> None:
         """Prepare for the given test phase (setup/call/teardown)."""
         self._when = when
         self._section_name_shown = False

src/_pytest/main.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Core implementation of the testing process: init, session, runtest loop."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import dataclasses
 import fnmatch
@@ -12,16 +14,11 @@ from typing import AbstractSet
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import Dict
 from typing import final
-from typing import FrozenSet
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
 
 import pluggy
 
@@ -256,8 +253,8 @@ def validate_basetemp(path: str) -> str:
 
 
 def wrap_session(
-    config: Config, doit: Callable[[Config, "Session"], Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]]
-) -> Union[int, ExitCode]:
+    config: Config, doit: Callable[[Config, Session], int | ExitCode | None]
+) -> int | ExitCode:
     """Skeleton command line program."""
     session = Session.from_config(config)
     session.exitstatus = ExitCode.OK
@@ -276,7 +273,7 @@ def wrap_session(
             session.exitstatus = ExitCode.TESTS_FAILED
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, exit.Exception):
             excinfo = _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo.from_current()
-            exitstatus: Union[int, ExitCode] = ExitCode.INTERRUPTED
+            exitstatus: int | ExitCode = ExitCode.INTERRUPTED
             if isinstance(excinfo.value, exit.Exception):
                 if excinfo.value.returncode is not None:
                     exitstatus = excinfo.value.returncode
@@ -314,11 +311,11 @@ def wrap_session(
     return session.exitstatus
 
 
-def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Union[int, ExitCode]:
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> int | ExitCode:
     return wrap_session(config, _main)
 
 
-def _main(config: Config, session: "Session") -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
+def _main(config: Config, session: Session) -> int | ExitCode | None:
     """Default command line protocol for initialization, session,
     running tests and reporting."""
     config.hook.pytest_collection(session=session)
@@ -331,11 +328,11 @@ def _main(config: Config, session: "Session") -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
     return None
 
 
-def pytest_collection(session: "Session") -> None:
+def pytest_collection(session: Session) -> None:
     session.perform_collect()
 
 
-def pytest_runtestloop(session: "Session") -> bool:
+def pytest_runtestloop(session: Session) -> bool:
     if session.testsfailed and not session.config.option.continue_on_collection_errors:
         raise session.Interrupted(
             "%d error%s during collection"
@@ -375,7 +372,7 @@ def _in_venv(path: Path) -> bool:
     return any(fname.name in activates for fname in bindir.iterdir())
 
 
-def pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path: Path, config: Config) -> Optional[bool]:
+def pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path: Path, config: Config) -> bool | None:
     ignore_paths = config._getconftest_pathlist(
         "collect_ignore", path=collection_path.parent
     )
@@ -412,11 +409,11 @@ def pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path: Path, config: Config) -> Optional[boo
 
 def pytest_collect_directory(
     path: Path, parent: nodes.Collector
-) -> Optional[nodes.Collector]:
+) -> nodes.Collector | None:
     return Dir.from_parent(parent, path=path)
 
 
-def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items: List[nodes.Item], config: Config) -> None:
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items: list[nodes.Item], config: Config) -> None:
     deselect_prefixes = tuple(config.getoption("deselect") or [])
     if not deselect_prefixes:
         return
@@ -490,7 +487,7 @@ class Dir(nodes.Directory):
         parent: nodes.Collector,  # type: ignore[override]
         *,
         path: Path,
-    ) -> "Dir":
+    ) -> Dir:
         """The public constructor.
 
         :param parent: The parent collector of this Dir.
@@ -498,9 +495,9 @@ class Dir(nodes.Directory):
         """
         return super().from_parent(parent=parent, path=path)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
-    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+    def collect(self) -> Iterable[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
         config = self.config
-        col: Optional[nodes.Collector]
+        col: nodes.Collector | None
         cols: Sequence[nodes.Collector]
         ihook = self.ihook
         for direntry in scandir(self.path):
@@ -537,7 +534,7 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
     _setupstate: SetupState
     # Set on the session by fixtures.pytest_sessionstart.
     _fixturemanager: FixtureManager
-    exitstatus: Union[int, ExitCode]
+    exitstatus: int | ExitCode
 
     def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
         super().__init__(
@@ -550,22 +547,22 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
         )
         self.testsfailed = 0
         self.testscollected = 0
-        self._shouldstop: Union[bool, str] = False
-        self._shouldfail: Union[bool, str] = False
+        self._shouldstop: bool | str = False
+        self._shouldfail: bool | str = False
         self.trace = config.trace.root.get("collection")
-        self._initialpaths: FrozenSet[Path] = frozenset()
-        self._initialpaths_with_parents: FrozenSet[Path] = frozenset()
-        self._notfound: List[Tuple[str, Sequence[nodes.Collector]]] = []
-        self._initial_parts: List[Tuple[Path, List[str]]] = []
-        self._collection_cache: Dict[nodes.Collector, CollectReport] = {}
-        self.items: List[nodes.Item] = []
+        self._initialpaths: frozenset[Path] = frozenset()
+        self._initialpaths_with_parents: frozenset[Path] = frozenset()
+        self._notfound: list[tuple[str, Sequence[nodes.Collector]]] = []
+        self._initial_parts: list[tuple[Path, list[str]]] = []
+        self._collection_cache: dict[nodes.Collector, CollectReport] = {}
+        self.items: list[nodes.Item] = []
 
-        self._bestrelpathcache: Dict[Path, str] = _bestrelpath_cache(config.rootpath)
+        self._bestrelpathcache: dict[Path, str] = _bestrelpath_cache(config.rootpath)
 
         self.config.pluginmanager.register(self, name="session")
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_config(cls, config: Config) -> "Session":
+    def from_config(cls, config: Config) -> Session:
         session: Session = cls._create(config=config)
         return session
 
@@ -579,11 +576,11 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
         )
 
     @property
-    def shouldstop(self) -> Union[bool, str]:
+    def shouldstop(self) -> bool | str:
         return self._shouldstop
 
     @shouldstop.setter
-    def shouldstop(self, value: Union[bool, str]) -> None:
+    def shouldstop(self, value: bool | str) -> None:
         # The runner checks shouldfail and assumes that if it is set we are
         # definitely stopping, so prevent unsetting it.
         if value is False and self._shouldstop:
@@ -597,11 +594,11 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
         self._shouldstop = value
 
     @property
-    def shouldfail(self) -> Union[bool, str]:
+    def shouldfail(self) -> bool | str:
         return self._shouldfail
 
     @shouldfail.setter
-    def shouldfail(self, value: Union[bool, str]) -> None:
+    def shouldfail(self, value: bool | str) -> None:
         # The runner checks shouldfail and assumes that if it is set we are
         # definitely stopping, so prevent unsetting it.
         if value is False and self._shouldfail:
@@ -634,9 +631,7 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
             raise self.Interrupted(self.shouldstop)
 
     @hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
-    def pytest_runtest_logreport(
-        self, report: Union[TestReport, CollectReport]
-    ) -> None:
+    def pytest_runtest_logreport(self, report: TestReport | CollectReport) -> None:
         if report.failed and not hasattr(report, "wasxfail"):
             self.testsfailed += 1
             maxfail = self.config.getvalue("maxfail")
@@ -647,7 +642,7 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
 
     def isinitpath(
         self,
-        path: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"],
+        path: str | os.PathLike[str],
         *,
         with_parents: bool = False,
     ) -> bool:
@@ -669,7 +664,7 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
         else:
             return path_ in self._initialpaths
 
-    def gethookproxy(self, fspath: "os.PathLike[str]") -> pluggy.HookRelay:
+    def gethookproxy(self, fspath: os.PathLike[str]) -> pluggy.HookRelay:
         # Optimization: Path(Path(...)) is much slower than isinstance.
         path = fspath if isinstance(fspath, Path) else Path(fspath)
         pm = self.config.pluginmanager
@@ -689,7 +684,7 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
     def _collect_path(
         self,
         path: Path,
-        path_cache: Dict[Path, Sequence[nodes.Collector]],
+        path_cache: dict[Path, Sequence[nodes.Collector]],
     ) -> Sequence[nodes.Collector]:
         """Create a Collector for the given path.
 
@@ -701,7 +696,7 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
 
         if path.is_dir():
             ihook = self.gethookproxy(path.parent)
-            col: Optional[nodes.Collector] = ihook.pytest_collect_directory(
+            col: nodes.Collector | None = ihook.pytest_collect_directory(
                 path=path, parent=self
             )
             cols: Sequence[nodes.Collector] = (col,) if col is not None else ()
@@ -719,19 +714,19 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
 
     @overload
     def perform_collect(
-        self, args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = ..., genitems: "Literal[True]" = ...
+        self, args: Sequence[str] | None = ..., genitems: Literal[True] = ...
     ) -> Sequence[nodes.Item]:
         ...
 
     @overload
     def perform_collect(  # noqa: F811
-        self, args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = ..., genitems: bool = ...
-    ) -> Sequence[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+        self, args: Sequence[str] | None = ..., genitems: bool = ...
+    ) -> Sequence[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
         ...
 
     def perform_collect(  # noqa: F811
-        self, args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, genitems: bool = True
-    ) -> Sequence[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+        self, args: Sequence[str] | None = None, genitems: bool = True
+    ) -> Sequence[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
         """Perform the collection phase for this session.
 
         This is called by the default :hook:`pytest_collection` hook
@@ -757,10 +752,10 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
         self._initial_parts = []
         self._collection_cache = {}
         self.items = []
-        items: Sequence[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]] = self.items
+        items: Sequence[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector] = self.items
         try:
-            initialpaths: List[Path] = []
-            initialpaths_with_parents: List[Path] = []
+            initialpaths: list[Path] = []
+            initialpaths_with_parents: list[Path] = []
             for arg in args:
                 fspath, parts = resolve_collection_argument(
                     self.config.invocation_params.dir,
@@ -815,7 +810,7 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
         self,
         node: nodes.Collector,
         handle_dupes: bool = True,
-    ) -> Tuple[CollectReport, bool]:
+    ) -> tuple[CollectReport, bool]:
         if node in self._collection_cache and handle_dupes:
             rep = self._collection_cache[node]
             return rep, True
@@ -824,11 +819,11 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
             self._collection_cache[node] = rep
             return rep, False
 
-    def collect(self) -> Iterator[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+    def collect(self) -> Iterator[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
         # This is a cache for the root directories of the initial paths.
         # We can't use collection_cache for Session because of its special
         # role as the bootstrapping collector.
-        path_cache: Dict[Path, Sequence[nodes.Collector]] = {}
+        path_cache: dict[Path, Sequence[nodes.Collector]] = {}
 
         pm = self.config.pluginmanager
 
@@ -852,9 +847,9 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
             # and discarding all nodes which don't match the level's part.
             any_matched_in_initial_part = False
             notfound_collectors = []
-            work: List[
-                Tuple[Union[nodes.Collector, nodes.Item], List[Union[Path, str]]]
-            ] = [(self, paths + names)]
+            work: list[tuple[nodes.Collector | nodes.Item, list[Path | str]]] = [
+                (self, paths + names)
+            ]
             while work:
                 matchnode, matchparts = work.pop()
 
@@ -871,7 +866,7 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
                 # Collect this level of matching.
                 # Collecting Session (self) is done directly to avoid endless
                 # recursion to this function.
-                subnodes: Sequence[Union[nodes.Collector, nodes.Item]]
+                subnodes: Sequence[nodes.Collector | nodes.Item]
                 if isinstance(matchnode, Session):
                     assert isinstance(matchparts[0], Path)
                     subnodes = matchnode._collect_path(matchparts[0], path_cache)
@@ -920,9 +915,7 @@ class Session(nodes.Collector):
 
             self.trace.root.indent -= 1
 
-    def genitems(
-        self, node: Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]
-    ) -> Iterator[nodes.Item]:
+    def genitems(self, node: nodes.Item | nodes.Collector) -> Iterator[nodes.Item]:
         self.trace("genitems", node)
         if isinstance(node, nodes.Item):
             node.ihook.pytest_itemcollected(item=node)
@@ -961,7 +954,7 @@ def search_pypath(module_name: str) -> str:
 
 def resolve_collection_argument(
     invocation_path: Path, arg: str, *, as_pypath: bool = False
-) -> Tuple[Path, List[str]]:
+) -> tuple[Path, list[str]]:
     """Parse path arguments optionally containing selection parts and return (fspath, names).
 
     Command-line arguments can point to files and/or directories, and optionally contain

src/_pytest/mark/__init__.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 """Generic mechanism for marking and selecting python functions."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import dataclasses
 from typing import AbstractSet
 from typing import Collection
-from typing import List
 from typing import Optional
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 
 from .expression import Expression
 from .expression import ParseError
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ old_mark_config_key = StashKey[Optional[Config]]()
 
 def param(
     *values: object,
-    marks: Union[MarkDecorator, Collection[Union[MarkDecorator, Mark]]] = (),
-    id: Optional[str] = None,
+    marks: MarkDecorator | Collection[MarkDecorator | Mark] = (),
+    id: str | None = None,
 ) -> ParameterSet:
     """Specify a parameter in `pytest.mark.parametrize`_ calls or
     :ref:`parametrized fixtures <fixture-parametrize-marks>`.
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
 
 
 @hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
-def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> int | ExitCode | None:
     import _pytest.config
 
     if config.option.markers:
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class KeywordMatcher:
     _names: AbstractSet[str]
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_item(cls, item: "Item") -> "KeywordMatcher":
+    def from_item(cls, item: Item) -> KeywordMatcher:
         mapped_names = set()
 
         # Add the names of the current item and any parent items,
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class KeywordMatcher:
         return False
 
 
-def deselect_by_keyword(items: "List[Item]", config: Config) -> None:
+def deselect_by_keyword(items: list[Item], config: Config) -> None:
     keywordexpr = config.option.keyword.lstrip()
     if not keywordexpr:
         return
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class MarkMatcher:
     own_mark_names: AbstractSet[str]
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_item(cls, item: "Item") -> "MarkMatcher":
+    def from_item(cls, item: Item) -> MarkMatcher:
         mark_names = {mark.name for mark in item.iter_markers()}
         return cls(mark_names)
 
@@ -229,14 +229,14 @@ class MarkMatcher:
         return name in self.own_mark_names
 
 
-def deselect_by_mark(items: "List[Item]", config: Config) -> None:
+def deselect_by_mark(items: list[Item], config: Config) -> None:
     matchexpr = config.option.markexpr
     if not matchexpr:
         return
 
     expr = _parse_expression(matchexpr, "Wrong expression passed to '-m'")
-    remaining: List[Item] = []
-    deselected: List[Item] = []
+    remaining: list[Item] = []
+    deselected: list[Item] = []
     for item in items:
         if expr.evaluate(MarkMatcher.from_item(item)):
             remaining.append(item)
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ def _parse_expression(expr: str, exc_message: str) -> Expression:
         raise UsageError(f"{exc_message}: {expr}: {e}") from None
 
 
-def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items: "List[Item]", config: Config) -> None:
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items: list[Item], config: Config) -> None:
     deselect_by_keyword(items, config)
     deselect_by_mark(items, config)
 

src/_pytest/mark/expression.py

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ The semantics are:
 - ident evaluates to True of False according to a provided matcher function.
 - or/and/not evaluate according to the usual boolean semantics.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import ast
 import dataclasses
 import enum
@@ -23,7 +25,6 @@ from typing import Callable
 from typing import Iterator
 from typing import Mapping
 from typing import NoReturn
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ class Scanner:
                     )
         yield Token(TokenType.EOF, "", pos)
 
-    def accept(self, type: TokenType, *, reject: bool = False) -> Optional[Token]:
+    def accept(self, type: TokenType, *, reject: bool = False) -> Token | None:
         if self.current.type is type:
             token = self.current
             if token.type is not TokenType.EOF:
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ class Expression:
         self.code = code
 
     @classmethod
-    def compile(self, input: str) -> "Expression":
+    def compile(self, input: str) -> Expression:
         """Compile a match expression.
 
         :param input: The input expression - one line.

src/_pytest/mark/structures.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import collections.abc
 import dataclasses
 import inspect
@@ -8,16 +10,11 @@ from typing import Collection
 from typing import final
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
 from typing import Mapping
 from typing import MutableMapping
 from typing import NamedTuple
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from typing import TypeVar
 from typing import Union
@@ -45,7 +42,7 @@ def istestfunc(func) -> bool:
 
 def get_empty_parameterset_mark(
     config: Config, argnames: Sequence[str], func
-) -> "MarkDecorator":
+) -> MarkDecorator:
     from ..nodes import Collector
 
     fs, lineno = getfslineno(func)
@@ -73,17 +70,17 @@ def get_empty_parameterset_mark(
 
 
 class ParameterSet(NamedTuple):
-    values: Sequence[Union[object, NotSetType]]
-    marks: Collection[Union["MarkDecorator", "Mark"]]
-    id: Optional[str]
+    values: Sequence[object | NotSetType]
+    marks: Collection[MarkDecorator | Mark]
+    id: str | None
 
     @classmethod
     def param(
         cls,
         *values: object,
-        marks: Union["MarkDecorator", Collection[Union["MarkDecorator", "Mark"]]] = (),
-        id: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> "ParameterSet":
+        marks: MarkDecorator | Collection[MarkDecorator | Mark] = (),
+        id: str | None = None,
+    ) -> ParameterSet:
         if isinstance(marks, MarkDecorator):
             marks = (marks,)
         else:
@@ -98,9 +95,9 @@ class ParameterSet(NamedTuple):
     @classmethod
     def extract_from(
         cls,
-        parameterset: Union["ParameterSet", Sequence[object], object],
+        parameterset: ParameterSet | Sequence[object] | object,
         force_tuple: bool = False,
-    ) -> "ParameterSet":
+    ) -> ParameterSet:
         """Extract from an object or objects.
 
         :param parameterset:
@@ -126,11 +123,11 @@ class ParameterSet(NamedTuple):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_parametrize_args(
-        argnames: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
-        argvalues: Iterable[Union["ParameterSet", Sequence[object], object]],
+        argnames: str | Sequence[str],
+        argvalues: Iterable[ParameterSet | Sequence[object] | object],
         *args,
         **kwargs,
-    ) -> Tuple[Sequence[str], bool]:
+    ) -> tuple[Sequence[str], bool]:
         if isinstance(argnames, str):
             argnames = [x.strip() for x in argnames.split(",") if x.strip()]
             force_tuple = len(argnames) == 1
@@ -140,9 +137,9 @@ class ParameterSet(NamedTuple):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_parametrize_parameters(
-        argvalues: Iterable[Union["ParameterSet", Sequence[object], object]],
+        argvalues: Iterable[ParameterSet | Sequence[object] | object],
         force_tuple: bool,
-    ) -> List["ParameterSet"]:
+    ) -> list[ParameterSet]:
         return [
             ParameterSet.extract_from(x, force_tuple=force_tuple) for x in argvalues
         ]
@@ -150,12 +147,12 @@ class ParameterSet(NamedTuple):
     @classmethod
     def _for_parametrize(
         cls,
-        argnames: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
-        argvalues: Iterable[Union["ParameterSet", Sequence[object], object]],
+        argnames: str | Sequence[str],
+        argvalues: Iterable[ParameterSet | Sequence[object] | object],
         func,
         config: Config,
         nodeid: str,
-    ) -> Tuple[Sequence[str], List["ParameterSet"]]:
+    ) -> tuple[Sequence[str], list[ParameterSet]]:
         argnames, force_tuple = cls._parse_parametrize_args(argnames, argvalues)
         parameters = cls._parse_parametrize_parameters(argvalues, force_tuple)
         del argvalues
@@ -198,24 +195,24 @@ class Mark:
     #: Name of the mark.
     name: str
     #: Positional arguments of the mark decorator.
-    args: Tuple[Any, ...]
+    args: tuple[Any, ...]
     #: Keyword arguments of the mark decorator.
     kwargs: Mapping[str, Any]
 
     #: Source Mark for ids with parametrize Marks.
-    _param_ids_from: Optional["Mark"] = dataclasses.field(default=None, repr=False)
+    _param_ids_from: Mark | None = dataclasses.field(default=None, repr=False)
     #: Resolved/generated ids with parametrize Marks.
-    _param_ids_generated: Optional[Sequence[str]] = dataclasses.field(
+    _param_ids_generated: Sequence[str] | None = dataclasses.field(
         default=None, repr=False
     )
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
-        args: Tuple[Any, ...],
+        args: tuple[Any, ...],
         kwargs: Mapping[str, Any],
-        param_ids_from: Optional["Mark"] = None,
-        param_ids_generated: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        param_ids_from: Mark | None = None,
+        param_ids_generated: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -231,7 +228,7 @@ class Mark:
     def _has_param_ids(self) -> bool:
         return "ids" in self.kwargs or len(self.args) >= 4
 
-    def combined_with(self, other: "Mark") -> "Mark":
+    def combined_with(self, other: Mark) -> Mark:
         """Return a new Mark which is a combination of this
         Mark and another Mark.
 
@@ -243,7 +240,7 @@ class Mark:
         assert self.name == other.name
 
         # Remember source of ids with parametrize Marks.
-        param_ids_from: Optional[Mark] = None
+        param_ids_from: Mark | None = None
         if self.name == "parametrize":
             if other._has_param_ids():
                 param_ids_from = other
@@ -314,7 +311,7 @@ class MarkDecorator:
         return self.mark.name
 
     @property
-    def args(self) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    def args(self) -> tuple[Any, ...]:
         """Alias for mark.args."""
         return self.mark.args
 
@@ -328,7 +325,7 @@ class MarkDecorator:
         """:meta private:"""
         return self.name  # for backward-compat (2.4.1 had this attr)
 
-    def with_args(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> "MarkDecorator":
+    def with_args(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> MarkDecorator:
         """Return a MarkDecorator with extra arguments added.
 
         Unlike calling the MarkDecorator, with_args() can be used even
@@ -345,7 +342,7 @@ class MarkDecorator:
         pass
 
     @overload
-    def __call__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> "MarkDecorator":
+    def __call__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> MarkDecorator:
         pass
 
     def __call__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object):
@@ -360,10 +357,10 @@ class MarkDecorator:
 
 
 def get_unpacked_marks(
-    obj: Union[object, type],
+    obj: object | type,
     *,
     consider_mro: bool = True,
-) -> List[Mark]:
+) -> list[Mark]:
     """Obtain the unpacked marks that are stored on an object.
 
     If obj is a class and consider_mro is true, return marks applied to
@@ -392,9 +389,7 @@ def get_unpacked_marks(
     return list(normalize_mark_list(mark_list))
 
 
-def normalize_mark_list(
-    mark_list: Iterable[Union[Mark, MarkDecorator]]
-) -> Iterable[Mark]:
+def normalize_mark_list(mark_list: Iterable[Mark | MarkDecorator]) -> Iterable[Mark]:
     """
     Normalize an iterable of Mark or MarkDecorator objects into a list of marks
     by retrieving the `mark` attribute on MarkDecorator instances.
@@ -437,14 +432,14 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
             ...
 
         @overload
-        def __call__(self, reason: str = ...) -> "MarkDecorator":
+        def __call__(self, reason: str = ...) -> MarkDecorator:
             ...
 
     class _SkipifMarkDecorator(MarkDecorator):
         def __call__(  # type: ignore[override]
             self,
-            condition: Union[str, bool] = ...,
-            *conditions: Union[str, bool],
+            condition: str | bool = ...,
+            *conditions: str | bool,
             reason: str = ...,
         ) -> MarkDecorator:
             ...
@@ -457,13 +452,11 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
         @overload
         def __call__(
             self,
-            condition: Union[str, bool] = False,
-            *conditions: Union[str, bool],
+            condition: str | bool = False,
+            *conditions: str | bool,
             reason: str = ...,
             run: bool = ...,
-            raises: Union[
-                None, Type[BaseException], Tuple[Type[BaseException], ...]
-            ] = ...,
+            raises: type[BaseException] | tuple[type[BaseException], ...] | None = ...,
             strict: bool = ...,
         ) -> MarkDecorator:
             ...
@@ -471,17 +464,16 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
     class _ParametrizeMarkDecorator(MarkDecorator):
         def __call__(  # type: ignore[override]
             self,
-            argnames: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
-            argvalues: Iterable[Union[ParameterSet, Sequence[object], object]],
+            argnames: str | Sequence[str],
+            argvalues: Iterable[ParameterSet | Sequence[object] | object],
             *,
-            indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]] = ...,
-            ids: Optional[
-                Union[
-                    Iterable[Union[None, str, float, int, bool]],
-                    Callable[[Any], Optional[object]],
-                ]
-            ] = ...,
-            scope: Optional[_ScopeName] = ...,
+            indirect: bool | Sequence[str] = ...,
+            ids: None
+            | (
+                Iterable[None | str | float | int | bool]
+                | Callable[[Any], object | None]
+            ) = ...,
+            scope: _ScopeName | None = ...,
         ) -> MarkDecorator:
             ...
 
@@ -521,8 +513,8 @@ class MarkGenerator:
 
     def __init__(self, *, _ispytest: bool = False) -> None:
         check_ispytest(_ispytest)
-        self._config: Optional[Config] = None
-        self._markers: Set[str] = set()
+        self._config: Config | None = None
+        self._markers: set[str] = set()
 
     def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> MarkDecorator:
         """Generate a new :class:`MarkDecorator` with the given name."""
@@ -573,7 +565,7 @@ MARK_GEN = MarkGenerator(_ispytest=True)
 class NodeKeywords(MutableMapping[str, Any]):
     __slots__ = ("node", "parent", "_markers")
 
-    def __init__(self, node: "Node") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, node: Node) -> None:
         self.node = node
         self.parent = node.parent
         self._markers = {node.name: True}
@@ -601,7 +593,7 @@ class NodeKeywords(MutableMapping[str, Any]):
 
     def update(  # type: ignore[override]
         self,
-        other: Union[Mapping[str, Any], Iterable[Tuple[str, Any]]] = (),
+        other: Mapping[str, Any] | Iterable[tuple[str, Any]] = (),
         **kwds: Any,
     ) -> None:
         self._markers.update(other)

src/_pytest/monkeypatch.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Monkeypatching and mocking functionality."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import re
 import sys
@@ -7,14 +9,10 @@ from contextlib import contextmanager
 from typing import Any
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generator
-from typing import List
 from typing import Mapping
 from typing import MutableMapping
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
-from typing import Tuple
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest.fixtures import fixture
 from _pytest.warning_types import PytestWarning
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ V = TypeVar("V")
 
 
 @fixture
-def monkeypatch() -> Generator["MonkeyPatch", None, None]:
+def monkeypatch() -> Generator[MonkeyPatch, None, None]:
     """A convenient fixture for monkey-patching.
 
     The fixture provides these methods to modify objects, dictionaries, or
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ def annotated_getattr(obj: object, name: str, ann: str) -> object:
     return obj
 
 
-def derive_importpath(import_path: str, raising: bool) -> Tuple[str, object]:
+def derive_importpath(import_path: str, raising: bool) -> tuple[str, object]:
     if not isinstance(import_path, str) or "." not in import_path:
         raise TypeError(f"must be absolute import path string, not {import_path!r}")
     module, attr = import_path.rsplit(".", 1)
@@ -129,14 +127,14 @@ class MonkeyPatch:
     """
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self._setattr: List[Tuple[object, str, object]] = []
-        self._setitem: List[Tuple[Mapping[Any, Any], object, object]] = []
-        self._cwd: Optional[str] = None
-        self._savesyspath: Optional[List[str]] = None
+        self._setattr: list[tuple[object, str, object]] = []
+        self._setitem: list[tuple[Mapping[Any, Any], object, object]] = []
+        self._cwd: str | None = None
+        self._savesyspath: list[str] | None = None
 
     @classmethod
     @contextmanager
-    def context(cls) -> Generator["MonkeyPatch", None, None]:
+    def context(cls) -> Generator[MonkeyPatch, None, None]:
         """Context manager that returns a new :class:`MonkeyPatch` object
         which undoes any patching done inside the ``with`` block upon exit.
 
@@ -183,8 +181,8 @@ class MonkeyPatch:
 
     def setattr(
         self,
-        target: Union[str, object],
-        name: Union[object, str],
+        target: str | object,
+        name: object | str,
         value: object = notset,
         raising: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
@@ -255,8 +253,8 @@ class MonkeyPatch:
 
     def delattr(
         self,
-        target: Union[object, str],
-        name: Union[str, Notset] = notset,
+        target: object | str,
+        name: str | Notset = notset,
         raising: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Delete attribute ``name`` from ``target``.
@@ -311,7 +309,7 @@ class MonkeyPatch:
             # Not all Mapping types support indexing, but MutableMapping doesn't support TypedDict
             del dic[name]  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
-    def setenv(self, name: str, value: str, prepend: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def setenv(self, name: str, value: str, prepend: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Set environment variable ``name`` to ``value``.
 
         If ``prepend`` is a character, read the current environment variable
@@ -367,7 +365,7 @@ class MonkeyPatch:
 
         invalidate_caches()
 
-    def chdir(self, path: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]) -> None:
+    def chdir(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> None:
         """Change the current working directory to the specified path.
 
         :param path:

src/_pytest/nodes.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import abc
 import os
 import warnings
@@ -9,16 +11,10 @@ from typing import Callable
 from typing import cast
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
 from typing import MutableMapping
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
-from typing import Set
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 import pluggy
 
@@ -68,7 +64,7 @@ def iterparentnodeids(nodeid: str) -> Iterator[str]:
     Note that / components are only considered until the first ::.
     """
     pos = 0
-    first_colons: Optional[int] = nodeid.find("::")
+    first_colons: int | None = nodeid.find("::")
     if first_colons == -1:
         first_colons = None
     # The root Session node - always present.
@@ -164,11 +160,11 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
-        parent: "Optional[Node]" = None,
-        config: Optional[Config] = None,
-        session: "Optional[Session]" = None,
-        path: Optional[Path] = None,
-        nodeid: Optional[str] = None,
+        parent: Node | None = None,
+        config: Config | None = None,
+        session: Session | None = None,
+        path: Path | None = None,
+        nodeid: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         #: A unique name within the scope of the parent node.
         self.name: str = name
@@ -203,10 +199,10 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
         self.keywords: MutableMapping[str, Any] = NodeKeywords(self)
 
         #: The marker objects belonging to this node.
-        self.own_markers: List[Mark] = []
+        self.own_markers: list[Mark] = []
 
         #: Allow adding of extra keywords to use for matching.
-        self.extra_keyword_matches: Set[str] = set()
+        self.extra_keyword_matches: set[str] = set()
 
         if nodeid is not None:
             assert "::()" not in nodeid
@@ -223,7 +219,7 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
         self._store = self.stash
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_parent(cls, parent: "Node", **kw):
+    def from_parent(cls, parent: Node, **kw):
         """Public constructor for Nodes.
 
         This indirection got introduced in order to enable removing
@@ -301,23 +297,21 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
     def teardown(self) -> None:
         pass
 
-    def listchain(self) -> List["Node"]:
+    def listchain(self) -> list[Node]:
         """Return list of all parent collectors up to self, starting from
         the root of collection tree.
 
         :returns: The nodes.
         """
         chain = []
-        item: Optional[Node] = self
+        item: Node | None = self
         while item is not None:
             chain.append(item)
             item = item.parent
         chain.reverse()
         return chain
 
-    def add_marker(
-        self, marker: Union[str, MarkDecorator], append: bool = True
-    ) -> None:
+    def add_marker(self, marker: str | MarkDecorator, append: bool = True) -> None:
         """Dynamically add a marker object to the node.
 
         :param marker:
@@ -339,7 +333,7 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
         else:
             self.own_markers.insert(0, marker_.mark)
 
-    def iter_markers(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> Iterator[Mark]:
+    def iter_markers(self, name: str | None = None) -> Iterator[Mark]:
         """Iterate over all markers of the node.
 
         :param name: If given, filter the results by the name attribute.
@@ -348,8 +342,8 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
         return (x[1] for x in self.iter_markers_with_node(name=name))
 
     def iter_markers_with_node(
-        self, name: Optional[str] = None
-    ) -> Iterator[Tuple["Node", Mark]]:
+        self, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[Node, Mark]]:
         """Iterate over all markers of the node.
 
         :param name: If given, filter the results by the name attribute.
@@ -361,16 +355,14 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
                     yield node, mark
 
     @overload
-    def get_closest_marker(self, name: str) -> Optional[Mark]:
+    def get_closest_marker(self, name: str) -> Mark | None:
         ...
 
     @overload
     def get_closest_marker(self, name: str, default: Mark) -> Mark:
         ...
 
-    def get_closest_marker(
-        self, name: str, default: Optional[Mark] = None
-    ) -> Optional[Mark]:
+    def get_closest_marker(self, name: str, default: Mark | None = None) -> Mark | None:
         """Return the first marker matching the name, from closest (for
         example function) to farther level (for example module level).
 
@@ -379,14 +371,14 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
         """
         return next(self.iter_markers(name=name), default)
 
-    def listextrakeywords(self) -> Set[str]:
+    def listextrakeywords(self) -> set[str]:
         """Return a set of all extra keywords in self and any parents."""
-        extra_keywords: Set[str] = set()
+        extra_keywords: set[str] = set()
         for item in self.listchain():
             extra_keywords.update(item.extra_keyword_matches)
         return extra_keywords
 
-    def listnames(self) -> List[str]:
+    def listnames(self) -> list[str]:
         return [x.name for x in self.listchain()]
 
     def addfinalizer(self, fin: Callable[[], object]) -> None:
@@ -398,14 +390,14 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
         """
         self.session._setupstate.addfinalizer(fin, self)
 
-    def getparent(self, cls: Type[_NodeType]) -> Optional[_NodeType]:
+    def getparent(self, cls: type[_NodeType]) -> _NodeType | None:
         """Get the next parent node (including self) which is an instance of
         the given class.
 
         :param cls: The node class to search for.
         :returns: The node, if found.
         """
-        current: Optional[Node] = self
+        current: Node | None = self
         while current and not isinstance(current, cls):
             current = current.parent
         assert current is None or isinstance(current, cls)
@@ -417,7 +409,7 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
     def _repr_failure_py(
         self,
         excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
-        style: "Optional[_TracebackStyle]" = None,
+        style: _TracebackStyle | None = None,
     ) -> TerminalRepr:
         from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureLookupError
 
@@ -429,7 +421,7 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
         if isinstance(excinfo.value, FixtureLookupError):
             return excinfo.value.formatrepr()
 
-        tbfilter: Union[bool, Callable[[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]], Traceback]]
+        tbfilter: bool | Callable[[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]], Traceback]
         if self.config.getoption("fulltrace", False):
             style = "long"
             tbfilter = False
@@ -472,8 +464,8 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
     def repr_failure(
         self,
         excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
-        style: "Optional[_TracebackStyle]" = None,
-    ) -> Union[str, TerminalRepr]:
+        style: _TracebackStyle | None = None,
+    ) -> str | TerminalRepr:
         """Return a representation of a collection or test failure.
 
         .. seealso:: :ref:`non-python tests`
@@ -483,7 +475,7 @@ class Node(abc.ABC, metaclass=NodeMeta):
         return self._repr_failure_py(excinfo, style)
 
 
-def get_fslocation_from_item(node: "Node") -> Tuple[Union[str, Path], Optional[int]]:
+def get_fslocation_from_item(node: Node) -> tuple[str | Path, int | None]:
     """Try to extract the actual location from a node, depending on available attributes:
 
     * "location": a pair (path, lineno)
@@ -493,7 +485,7 @@ def get_fslocation_from_item(node: "Node") -> Tuple[Union[str, Path], Optional[i
     :rtype: A tuple of (str|Path, int) with filename and 0-based line number.
     """
     # See Item.location.
-    location: Optional[Tuple[str, Optional[int], str]] = getattr(node, "location", None)
+    location: tuple[str, int | None, str] | None = getattr(node, "location", None)
     if location is not None:
         return location[:2]
     obj = getattr(node, "obj", None)
@@ -513,14 +505,14 @@ class Collector(Node, abc.ABC):
         """An error during collection, contains a custom message."""
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union["Item", "Collector"]]:
+    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Item | Collector]:
         """Collect children (items and collectors) for this collector."""
         raise NotImplementedError("abstract")
 
     # TODO: This omits the style= parameter which breaks Liskov Substitution.
     def repr_failure(  # type: ignore[override]
         self, excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException]
-    ) -> Union[str, TerminalRepr]:
+    ) -> str | TerminalRepr:
         """Return a representation of a collection failure.
 
         :param excinfo: Exception information for the failure.
@@ -549,7 +541,7 @@ class Collector(Node, abc.ABC):
         return excinfo.traceback
 
 
-def _check_initialpaths_for_relpath(session: "Session", path: Path) -> Optional[str]:
+def _check_initialpaths_for_relpath(session: Session, path: Path) -> str | None:
     for initial_path in session._initialpaths:
         if commonpath(path, initial_path) == initial_path:
             rel = str(path.relative_to(initial_path))
@@ -562,13 +554,13 @@ class FSCollector(Collector, abc.ABC):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        path_or_parent: Optional[Union[Path, Node]] = None,
-        path: Optional[Path] = None,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
-        parent: Optional[Node] = None,
-        config: Optional[Config] = None,
-        session: Optional["Session"] = None,
-        nodeid: Optional[str] = None,
+        path_or_parent: Path | Node | None = None,
+        path: Path | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        parent: Node | None = None,
+        config: Config | None = None,
+        session: Session | None = None,
+        nodeid: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if path_or_parent:
             if isinstance(path_or_parent, Node):
@@ -618,7 +610,7 @@ class FSCollector(Collector, abc.ABC):
         cls,
         parent,
         *,
-        path: Optional[Path] = None,
+        path: Path | None = None,
         **kw,
     ):
         """The public constructor."""
@@ -662,9 +654,9 @@ class Item(Node, abc.ABC):
         self,
         name,
         parent=None,
-        config: Optional[Config] = None,
-        session: Optional["Session"] = None,
-        nodeid: Optional[str] = None,
+        config: Config | None = None,
+        session: Session | None = None,
+        nodeid: str | None = None,
         **kw,
     ) -> None:
         # The first two arguments are intentionally passed positionally,
@@ -679,11 +671,11 @@ class Item(Node, abc.ABC):
             nodeid=nodeid,
             **kw,
         )
-        self._report_sections: List[Tuple[str, str, str]] = []
+        self._report_sections: list[tuple[str, str, str]] = []
 
         #: A list of tuples (name, value) that holds user defined properties
         #: for this test.
-        self.user_properties: List[Tuple[str, object]] = []
+        self.user_properties: list[tuple[str, object]] = []
 
         self._check_item_and_collector_diamond_inheritance()
 
@@ -743,7 +735,7 @@ class Item(Node, abc.ABC):
         if content:
             self._report_sections.append((when, key, content))
 
-    def reportinfo(self) -> Tuple[Union["os.PathLike[str]", str], Optional[int], str]:
+    def reportinfo(self) -> tuple[os.PathLike[str] | str, int | None, str]:
         """Get location information for this item for test reports.
 
         Returns a tuple with three elements:
@@ -757,7 +749,7 @@ class Item(Node, abc.ABC):
         return self.path, None, ""
 
     @cached_property
-    def location(self) -> Tuple[str, Optional[int], str]:
+    def location(self) -> tuple[str, int | None, str]:
         """
         Returns a tuple of ``(relfspath, lineno, testname)`` for this item
         where ``relfspath`` is file path relative to ``config.rootpath``

src/_pytest/outcomes.py

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 """Exception classes and constants handling test outcomes as well as
 functions creating them."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import cast
 from typing import NoReturn
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Protocol
 from typing import Type
 from typing import TypeVar
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ class OutcomeException(BaseException):
     """OutcomeException and its subclass instances indicate and contain info
     about test and collection outcomes."""
 
-    def __init__(self, msg: Optional[str] = None, pytrace: bool = True) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, msg: str | None = None, pytrace: bool = True) -> None:
         if msg is not None and not isinstance(msg, str):
             error_msg = (  # type: ignore[unreachable]
                 "{} expected string as 'msg' parameter, got '{}' instead.\n"
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class Skipped(OutcomeException):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        msg: Optional[str] = None,
+        msg: str | None = None,
         pytrace: bool = True,
         allow_module_level: bool = False,
         *,
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ class Exit(Exception):
     """Raised for immediate program exits (no tracebacks/summaries)."""
 
     def __init__(
-        self, msg: str = "unknown reason", returncode: Optional[int] = None
+        self, msg: str = "unknown reason", returncode: int | None = None
     ) -> None:
         self.msg = msg
         self.returncode = returncode
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ def _with_exception(exception_type: _ET) -> Callable[[_F], _WithException[_F, _E
 @_with_exception(Exit)
 def exit(
     reason: str = "",
-    returncode: Optional[int] = None,
+    returncode: int | None = None,
 ) -> NoReturn:
     """Exit testing process.
 
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ def xfail(reason: str = "") -> NoReturn:
 
 
 def importorskip(
-    modname: str, minversion: Optional[str] = None, reason: Optional[str] = None
+    modname: str, minversion: str | None = None, reason: str | None = None
 ) -> Any:
     """Import and return the requested module ``modname``, or skip the
     current test if the module cannot be imported.

src/_pytest/pastebin.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 """Submit failure or test session information to a pastebin service."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import tempfile
 from io import StringIO
 from typing import IO
-from typing import Union
 
 import pytest
 from _pytest.config import Config
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ def pytest_unconfigure(config: Config) -> None:
         tr.write_line("pastebin session-log: %s\n" % pastebinurl)
 
 
-def create_new_paste(contents: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
+def create_new_paste(contents: str | bytes) -> str:
     """Create a new paste using the bpaste.net service.
 
     :contents: Paste contents string.

src/_pytest/pathlib.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import atexit
 import contextlib
 import fnmatch
@@ -24,16 +26,9 @@ from pathlib import PurePath
 from posixpath import sep as posix_sep
 from types import ModuleType
 from typing import Callable
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Set
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest.compat import assert_never
 from _pytest.outcomes import skip
@@ -70,10 +65,10 @@ def get_lock_path(path: _AnyPurePath) -> _AnyPurePath:
 def on_rm_rf_error(
     func,
     path: str,
-    excinfo: Union[
-        BaseException,
-        Tuple[Type[BaseException], BaseException, Optional[types.TracebackType]],
-    ],
+    excinfo: (
+        BaseException
+        | tuple[type[BaseException], BaseException, types.TracebackType | None]
+    ),
     *,
     start_path: Path,
 ) -> bool:
@@ -203,9 +198,7 @@ def parse_num(maybe_num) -> int:
         return -1
 
 
-def _force_symlink(
-    root: Path, target: Union[str, PurePath], link_to: Union[str, Path]
-) -> None:
+def _force_symlink(root: Path, target: str | PurePath, link_to: str | Path) -> None:
     """Helper to create the current symlink.
 
     It's full of race conditions that are reasonably OK to ignore
@@ -417,7 +410,7 @@ def resolve_from_str(input: str, rootpath: Path) -> Path:
         return rootpath.joinpath(input)
 
 
-def fnmatch_ex(pattern: str, path: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]) -> bool:
+def fnmatch_ex(pattern: str, path: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> bool:
     """A port of FNMatcher from py.path.common which works with PurePath() instances.
 
     The difference between this algorithm and PurePath.match() is that the
@@ -453,7 +446,7 @@ def fnmatch_ex(pattern: str, path: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]) -> bool:
     return fnmatch.fnmatch(name, pattern)
 
 
-def parts(s: str) -> Set[str]:
+def parts(s: str) -> set[str]:
     parts = s.split(sep)
     return {sep.join(parts[: i + 1]) or sep for i in range(len(parts))}
 
@@ -484,9 +477,9 @@ class ImportPathMismatchError(ImportError):
 
 
 def import_path(
-    p: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"],
+    p: str | os.PathLike[str],
     *,
-    mode: Union[str, ImportMode] = ImportMode.prepend,
+    mode: str | ImportMode = ImportMode.prepend,
     root: Path,
 ) -> ModuleType:
     """Import and return a module from the given path, which can be a file (a module) or
@@ -631,7 +624,7 @@ def module_name_from_path(path: Path, root: Path) -> str:
     return ".".join(path_parts)
 
 
-def insert_missing_modules(modules: Dict[str, ModuleType], module_name: str) -> None:
+def insert_missing_modules(modules: dict[str, ModuleType], module_name: str) -> None:
     """
     Used by ``import_path`` to create intermediate modules when using mode=importlib.
 
@@ -640,8 +633,8 @@ def insert_missing_modules(modules: Dict[str, ModuleType], module_name: str) ->
     otherwise "src.tests.test_foo" is not importable by ``__import__``.
     """
     module_parts = module_name.split(".")
-    child_module: Union[ModuleType, None] = None
-    module: Union[ModuleType, None] = None
+    child_module: ModuleType | None = None
+    module: ModuleType | None = None
     child_name: str = ""
     while module_name:
         if module_name not in modules:
@@ -672,7 +665,7 @@ def insert_missing_modules(modules: Dict[str, ModuleType], module_name: str) ->
         module_name = ".".join(module_parts)
 
 
-def resolve_package_path(path: Path) -> Optional[Path]:
+def resolve_package_path(path: Path) -> Path | None:
     """Return the Python package path by looking for the last
     directory upwards which still contains an __init__.py.
 
@@ -690,9 +683,9 @@ def resolve_package_path(path: Path) -> Optional[Path]:
 
 
 def scandir(
-    path: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"],
-    sort_key: Callable[["os.DirEntry[str]"], object] = lambda entry: entry.name,
-) -> List["os.DirEntry[str]"]:
+    path: str | os.PathLike[str],
+    sort_key: Callable[[os.DirEntry[str]], object] = lambda entry: entry.name,
+) -> list[os.DirEntry[str]]:
     """Scan a directory recursively, in breadth-first order.
 
     The returned entries are sorted according to the given key.
@@ -715,8 +708,8 @@ def scandir(
 
 
 def visit(
-    path: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"], recurse: Callable[["os.DirEntry[str]"], bool]
-) -> Iterator["os.DirEntry[str]"]:
+    path: str | os.PathLike[str], recurse: Callable[[os.DirEntry[str]], bool]
+) -> Iterator[os.DirEntry[str]]:
     """Walk a directory recursively, in breadth-first order.
 
     The `recurse` predicate determines whether a directory is recursed.
@@ -730,7 +723,7 @@ def visit(
             yield from visit(entry.path, recurse)
 
 
-def absolutepath(path: Union[Path, str]) -> Path:
+def absolutepath(path: Path | str) -> Path:
     """Convert a path to an absolute path using os.path.abspath.
 
     Prefer this over Path.resolve() (see #6523).
@@ -739,7 +732,7 @@ def absolutepath(path: Union[Path, str]) -> Path:
     return Path(os.path.abspath(str(path)))
 
 
-def commonpath(path1: Path, path2: Path) -> Optional[Path]:
+def commonpath(path1: Path, path2: Path) -> Path | None:
     """Return the common part shared with the other path, or None if there is
     no common part.
 

src/_pytest/pytester.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 PYTEST_DONT_REWRITE
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import collections.abc
 import contextlib
 import gc
@@ -19,22 +21,16 @@ from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import Final
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import IO
 from typing import Iterable
-from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
 from typing import Sequence
 from typing import TextIO
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
 
 from iniconfig import IniConfig
@@ -120,7 +116,7 @@ def pytest_configure(config: Config) -> None:
 
 
 class LsofFdLeakChecker:
-    def get_open_files(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
+    def get_open_files(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
         if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
             # New in Python 3.11, ignores utf-8 mode
             encoding = locale.getencoding()
@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ class LsofFdLeakChecker:
 
 
 @fixture
-def _pytest(request: FixtureRequest) -> "PytestArg":
+def _pytest(request: FixtureRequest) -> PytestArg:
     """Return a helper which offers a gethookrecorder(hook) method which
     returns a HookRecorder instance which helps to make assertions about called
     hooks."""
@@ -207,13 +203,13 @@ class PytestArg:
     def __init__(self, request: FixtureRequest) -> None:
         self._request = request
 
-    def gethookrecorder(self, hook) -> "HookRecorder":
+    def gethookrecorder(self, hook) -> HookRecorder:
         hookrecorder = HookRecorder(hook._pm)
         self._request.addfinalizer(hookrecorder.finish_recording)
         return hookrecorder
 
 
-def get_public_names(values: Iterable[str]) -> List[str]:
+def get_public_names(values: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
     """Only return names from iterator values without a leading underscore."""
     return [x for x in values if x[0] != "_"]
 
@@ -263,8 +259,8 @@ class HookRecorder:
         check_ispytest(_ispytest)
 
         self._pluginmanager = pluginmanager
-        self.calls: List[RecordedHookCall] = []
-        self.ret: Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]] = None
+        self.calls: list[RecordedHookCall] = []
+        self.ret: int | ExitCode | None = None
 
         def before(hook_name: str, hook_impls, kwargs) -> None:
             self.calls.append(RecordedHookCall(hook_name, kwargs))
@@ -277,13 +273,13 @@ class HookRecorder:
     def finish_recording(self) -> None:
         self._undo_wrapping()
 
-    def getcalls(self, names: Union[str, Iterable[str]]) -> List[RecordedHookCall]:
+    def getcalls(self, names: str | Iterable[str]) -> list[RecordedHookCall]:
         """Get all recorded calls to hooks with the given names (or name)."""
         if isinstance(names, str):
             names = names.split()
         return [call for call in self.calls if call._name in names]
 
-    def assert_contains(self, entries: Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]) -> None:
+    def assert_contains(self, entries: Sequence[tuple[str, str]]) -> None:
         __tracebackhide__ = True
         i = 0
         entries = list(entries)
@@ -324,45 +320,48 @@ class HookRecorder:
     @overload
     def getreports(
         self,
-        names: "Literal['pytest_collectreport']",
+        names: Literal["pytest_collectreport"],
     ) -> Sequence[CollectReport]:
         ...
 
     @overload
     def getreports(
         self,
-        names: "Literal['pytest_runtest_logreport']",
+        names: Literal["pytest_runtest_logreport"],
     ) -> Sequence[TestReport]:
         ...
 
     @overload
     def getreports(
         self,
-        names: Union[str, Iterable[str]] = (
+        names: str
+        | Iterable[str] = (
             "pytest_collectreport",
             "pytest_runtest_logreport",
         ),
-    ) -> Sequence[Union[CollectReport, TestReport]]:
+    ) -> Sequence[CollectReport | TestReport]:
         ...
 
     def getreports(
         self,
-        names: Union[str, Iterable[str]] = (
+        names: str
+        | Iterable[str] = (
             "pytest_collectreport",
             "pytest_runtest_logreport",
         ),
-    ) -> Sequence[Union[CollectReport, TestReport]]:
+    ) -> Sequence[CollectReport | TestReport]:
         return [x.report for x in self.getcalls(names)]
 
     def matchreport(
         self,
         inamepart: str = "",
-        names: Union[str, Iterable[str]] = (
+        names: str
+        | Iterable[str] = (
             "pytest_runtest_logreport",
             "pytest_collectreport",
         ),
-        when: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> Union[CollectReport, TestReport]:
+        when: str | None = None,
+    ) -> CollectReport | TestReport:
         """Return a testreport whose dotted import path matches."""
         values = []
         for rep in self.getreports(names=names):
@@ -389,34 +388,36 @@ class HookRecorder:
     @overload
     def getfailures(
         self,
-        names: "Literal['pytest_collectreport']",
+        names: Literal["pytest_collectreport"],
     ) -> Sequence[CollectReport]:
         ...
 
     @overload
     def getfailures(
         self,
-        names: "Literal['pytest_runtest_logreport']",
+        names: Literal["pytest_runtest_logreport"],
     ) -> Sequence[TestReport]:
         ...
 
     @overload
     def getfailures(
         self,
-        names: Union[str, Iterable[str]] = (
+        names: str
+        | Iterable[str] = (
             "pytest_collectreport",
             "pytest_runtest_logreport",
         ),
-    ) -> Sequence[Union[CollectReport, TestReport]]:
+    ) -> Sequence[CollectReport | TestReport]:
         ...
 
     def getfailures(
         self,
-        names: Union[str, Iterable[str]] = (
+        names: str
+        | Iterable[str] = (
             "pytest_collectreport",
             "pytest_runtest_logreport",
         ),
-    ) -> Sequence[Union[CollectReport, TestReport]]:
+    ) -> Sequence[CollectReport | TestReport]:
         return [rep for rep in self.getreports(names) if rep.failed]
 
     def getfailedcollections(self) -> Sequence[CollectReport]:
@@ -424,10 +425,10 @@ class HookRecorder:
 
     def listoutcomes(
         self,
-    ) -> Tuple[
+    ) -> tuple[
         Sequence[TestReport],
-        Sequence[Union[CollectReport, TestReport]],
-        Sequence[Union[CollectReport, TestReport]],
+        Sequence[CollectReport | TestReport],
+        Sequence[CollectReport | TestReport],
     ]:
         passed = []
         skipped = []
@@ -446,7 +447,7 @@ class HookRecorder:
                 failed.append(rep)
         return passed, skipped, failed
 
-    def countoutcomes(self) -> List[int]:
+    def countoutcomes(self) -> list[int]:
         return [len(x) for x in self.listoutcomes()]
 
     def assertoutcome(self, passed: int = 0, skipped: int = 0, failed: int = 0) -> None:
@@ -466,14 +467,14 @@ class HookRecorder:
 
 
 @fixture
-def linecomp() -> "LineComp":
+def linecomp() -> LineComp:
     """A :class: `LineComp` instance for checking that an input linearly
     contains a sequence of strings."""
     return LineComp()
 
 
 @fixture(name="LineMatcher")
-def LineMatcher_fixture(request: FixtureRequest) -> Type["LineMatcher"]:
+def LineMatcher_fixture(request: FixtureRequest) -> type[LineMatcher]:
     """A reference to the :class: `LineMatcher`.
 
     This is instantiable with a list of lines (without their trailing newlines).
@@ -485,7 +486,7 @@ def LineMatcher_fixture(request: FixtureRequest) -> Type["LineMatcher"]:
 @fixture
 def pytester(
     request: FixtureRequest, tmp_path_factory: TempPathFactory, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch
-) -> "Pytester":
+) -> Pytester:
     """
     Facilities to write tests/configuration files, execute pytest in isolation, and match
     against expected output, perfect for black-box testing of pytest plugins.
@@ -529,13 +530,13 @@ class RunResult:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        ret: Union[int, ExitCode],
-        outlines: List[str],
-        errlines: List[str],
+        ret: int | ExitCode,
+        outlines: list[str],
+        errlines: list[str],
         duration: float,
     ) -> None:
         try:
-            self.ret: Union[int, ExitCode] = ExitCode(ret)
+            self.ret: int | ExitCode = ExitCode(ret)
             """The return value."""
         except ValueError:
             self.ret = ret
@@ -560,7 +561,7 @@ class RunResult:
             % (self.ret, len(self.stdout.lines), len(self.stderr.lines), self.duration)
         )
 
-    def parseoutcomes(self) -> Dict[str, int]:
+    def parseoutcomes(self) -> dict[str, int]:
         """Return a dictionary of outcome noun -> count from parsing the terminal
         output that the test process produced.
 
@@ -573,7 +574,7 @@ class RunResult:
         return self.parse_summary_nouns(self.outlines)
 
     @classmethod
-    def parse_summary_nouns(cls, lines) -> Dict[str, int]:
+    def parse_summary_nouns(cls, lines) -> dict[str, int]:
         """Extract the nouns from a pytest terminal summary line.
 
         It always returns the plural noun for consistency::
@@ -604,8 +605,8 @@ class RunResult:
         errors: int = 0,
         xpassed: int = 0,
         xfailed: int = 0,
-        warnings: Optional[int] = None,
-        deselected: Optional[int] = None,
+        warnings: int | None = None,
+        deselected: int | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Assert that the specified outcomes appear with the respective
@@ -631,7 +632,7 @@ class RunResult:
 
 
 class SysModulesSnapshot:
-    def __init__(self, preserve: Optional[Callable[[str], bool]] = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, preserve: Callable[[str], bool] | None = None) -> None:
         self.__preserve = preserve
         self.__saved = dict(sys.modules)
 
@@ -664,7 +665,7 @@ class Pytester:
 
     __test__ = False
 
-    CLOSE_STDIN: "Final" = NOTSET
+    CLOSE_STDIN: Final = NOTSET
 
     class TimeoutExpired(Exception):
         pass
@@ -680,7 +681,7 @@ class Pytester:
         check_ispytest(_ispytest)
         self._request = request
         self._mod_collections: WeakKeyDictionary[
-            Collector, List[Union[Item, Collector]]
+            Collector, list[Item | Collector]
         ] = WeakKeyDictionary()
         if request.function:
             name: str = request.function.__name__
@@ -692,7 +693,7 @@ class Pytester:
         #: :py:meth:`runpytest`.  Initially this is an empty list but plugins can
         #: be added to the list.  The type of items to add to the list depends on
         #: the method using them so refer to them for details.
-        self.plugins: List[Union[str, _PluggyPlugin]] = []
+        self.plugins: list[str | _PluggyPlugin] = []
         self._sys_path_snapshot = SysPathsSnapshot()
         self._sys_modules_snapshot = self.__take_sys_modules_snapshot()
         self._request.addfinalizer(self._finalize)
@@ -760,8 +761,8 @@ class Pytester:
     def _makefile(
         self,
         ext: str,
-        lines: Sequence[Union[Any, bytes]],
-        files: Dict[str, str],
+        lines: Sequence[Any | bytes],
+        files: dict[str, str],
         encoding: str = "utf-8",
     ) -> Path:
         items = list(files.items())
@@ -771,7 +772,7 @@ class Pytester:
                 f"pytester.makefile expects a file extension, try .{ext} instead of {ext}"
             )
 
-        def to_text(s: Union[Any, bytes]) -> str:
+        def to_text(s: Any | bytes) -> str:
             return s.decode(encoding) if isinstance(s, bytes) else str(s)
 
         if lines:
@@ -894,9 +895,7 @@ class Pytester:
         """
         return self._makefile(".txt", args, kwargs)
 
-    def syspathinsert(
-        self, path: Optional[Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]] = None
-    ) -> None:
+    def syspathinsert(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None) -> None:
         """Prepend a directory to sys.path, defaults to :attr:`path`.
 
         This is undone automatically when this object dies at the end of each
@@ -910,7 +909,7 @@ class Pytester:
 
         self._monkeypatch.syspath_prepend(str(path))
 
-    def mkdir(self, name: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]) -> Path:
+    def mkdir(self, name: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> Path:
         """Create a new (sub)directory.
 
         :param name:
@@ -922,7 +921,7 @@ class Pytester:
         p.mkdir()
         return p
 
-    def mkpydir(self, name: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]) -> Path:
+    def mkpydir(self, name: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> Path:
         """Create a new python package.
 
         This creates a (sub)directory with an empty ``__init__.py`` file so it
@@ -933,7 +932,7 @@ class Pytester:
         p.joinpath("__init__.py").touch()
         return p
 
-    def copy_example(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> Path:
+    def copy_example(self, name: str | None = None) -> Path:
         """Copy file from project's directory into the testdir.
 
         :param name:
@@ -978,9 +977,7 @@ class Pytester:
                 f'example "{example_path}" is not found as a file or directory'
             )
 
-    def getnode(
-        self, config: Config, arg: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
-    ) -> Union[Collector, Item]:
+    def getnode(self, config: Config, arg: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> Collector | Item:
         """Get the collection node of a file.
 
         :param config:
@@ -999,9 +996,7 @@ class Pytester:
         config.hook.pytest_sessionfinish(session=session, exitstatus=ExitCode.OK)
         return res
 
-    def getpathnode(
-        self, path: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
-    ) -> Union[Collector, Item]:
+    def getpathnode(self, path: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> Collector | Item:
         """Return the collection node of a file.
 
         This is like :py:meth:`getnode` but uses :py:meth:`parseconfigure` to
@@ -1021,7 +1016,7 @@ class Pytester:
         config.hook.pytest_sessionfinish(session=session, exitstatus=ExitCode.OK)
         return res
 
-    def genitems(self, colitems: Sequence[Union[Item, Collector]]) -> List[Item]:
+    def genitems(self, colitems: Sequence[Item | Collector]) -> list[Item]:
         """Generate all test items from a collection node.
 
         This recurses into the collection node and returns a list of all the
@@ -1033,7 +1028,7 @@ class Pytester:
             The collected items.
         """
         session = colitems[0].session
-        result: List[Item] = []
+        result: list[Item] = []
         for colitem in colitems:
             result.extend(session.genitems(colitem))
         return result
@@ -1067,7 +1062,7 @@ class Pytester:
         values = list(cmdlineargs) + [p]
         return self.inline_run(*values)
 
-    def inline_genitems(self, *args) -> Tuple[List[Item], HookRecorder]:
+    def inline_genitems(self, *args) -> tuple[list[Item], HookRecorder]:
         """Run ``pytest.main(['--collect-only'])`` in-process.
 
         Runs the :py:func:`pytest.main` function to run all of pytest inside
@@ -1080,7 +1075,7 @@ class Pytester:
 
     def inline_run(
         self,
-        *args: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"],
+        *args: str | os.PathLike[str],
         plugins=(),
         no_reraise_ctrlc: bool = False,
     ) -> HookRecorder:
@@ -1150,7 +1145,7 @@ class Pytester:
                 finalizer()
 
     def runpytest_inprocess(
-        self, *args: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"], **kwargs: Any
+        self, *args: str | os.PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any
     ) -> RunResult:
         """Return result of running pytest in-process, providing a similar
         interface to what self.runpytest() provides."""
@@ -1193,9 +1188,7 @@ class Pytester:
         res.reprec = reprec  # type: ignore
         return res
 
-    def runpytest(
-        self, *args: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"], **kwargs: Any
-    ) -> RunResult:
+    def runpytest(self, *args: str | os.PathLike[str], **kwargs: Any) -> RunResult:
         """Run pytest inline or in a subprocess, depending on the command line
         option "--runpytest" and return a :py:class:`~pytest.RunResult`."""
         new_args = self._ensure_basetemp(args)
@@ -1206,8 +1199,8 @@ class Pytester:
         raise RuntimeError(f"Unrecognized runpytest option: {self._method}")
 
     def _ensure_basetemp(
-        self, args: Sequence[Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]]
-    ) -> List[Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]]:
+        self, args: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]]
+    ) -> list[str | os.PathLike[str]]:
         new_args = list(args)
         for x in new_args:
             if str(x).startswith("--basetemp"):
@@ -1216,7 +1209,7 @@ class Pytester:
             new_args.append("--basetemp=%s" % self.path.parent.joinpath("basetemp"))
         return new_args
 
-    def parseconfig(self, *args: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]) -> Config:
+    def parseconfig(self, *args: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> Config:
         """Return a new pytest :class:`pytest.Config` instance from given
         commandline args.
 
@@ -1240,7 +1233,7 @@ class Pytester:
         self._request.addfinalizer(config._ensure_unconfigure)
         return config
 
-    def parseconfigure(self, *args: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]) -> Config:
+    def parseconfigure(self, *args: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> Config:
         """Return a new pytest configured Config instance.
 
         Returns a new :py:class:`pytest.Config` instance like
@@ -1252,7 +1245,7 @@ class Pytester:
         return config
 
     def getitem(
-        self, source: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"], funcname: str = "test_func"
+        self, source: str | os.PathLike[str], funcname: str = "test_func"
     ) -> Item:
         """Return the test item for a test function.
 
@@ -1275,7 +1268,7 @@ class Pytester:
             funcname, source, items
         )
 
-    def getitems(self, source: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]) -> List[Item]:
+    def getitems(self, source: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> list[Item]:
         """Return all test items collected from the module.
 
         Writes the source to a Python file and runs pytest's collection on
@@ -1286,7 +1279,7 @@ class Pytester:
 
     def getmodulecol(
         self,
-        source: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"],
+        source: str | os.PathLike[str],
         configargs=(),
         *,
         withinit: bool = False,
@@ -1318,9 +1311,7 @@ class Pytester:
         self.config = config = self.parseconfigure(path, *configargs)
         return self.getnode(config, path)
 
-    def collect_by_name(
-        self, modcol: Collector, name: str
-    ) -> Optional[Union[Item, Collector]]:
+    def collect_by_name(self, modcol: Collector, name: str) -> Item | Collector | None:
         """Return the collection node for name from the module collection.
 
         Searches a module collection node for a collection node matching the
@@ -1338,10 +1329,10 @@ class Pytester:
 
     def popen(
         self,
-        cmdargs: Sequence[Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]],
-        stdout: Union[int, TextIO] = subprocess.PIPE,
-        stderr: Union[int, TextIO] = subprocess.PIPE,
-        stdin: Union[NotSetType, bytes, IO[Any], int] = CLOSE_STDIN,
+        cmdargs: Sequence[str | os.PathLike[str]],
+        stdout: int | TextIO = subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr: int | TextIO = subprocess.PIPE,
+        stdin: NotSetType | bytes | IO[Any] | int = CLOSE_STDIN,
         **kw,
     ):
         """Invoke :py:class:`subprocess.Popen`.
@@ -1376,9 +1367,9 @@ class Pytester:
 
     def run(
         self,
-        *cmdargs: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"],
-        timeout: Optional[float] = None,
-        stdin: Union[NotSetType, bytes, IO[Any], int] = CLOSE_STDIN,
+        *cmdargs: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        stdin: NotSetType | bytes | IO[Any] | int = CLOSE_STDIN,
     ) -> RunResult:
         """Run a command with arguments.
 
@@ -1467,10 +1458,10 @@ class Pytester:
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print(f"couldn't print to {fp} because of encoding")
 
-    def _getpytestargs(self) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+    def _getpytestargs(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
         return sys.executable, "-mpytest"
 
-    def runpython(self, script: "os.PathLike[str]") -> RunResult:
+    def runpython(self, script: os.PathLike[str]) -> RunResult:
         """Run a python script using sys.executable as interpreter."""
         return self.run(sys.executable, script)
 
@@ -1479,7 +1470,7 @@ class Pytester:
         return self.run(sys.executable, "-c", command)
 
     def runpytest_subprocess(
-        self, *args: Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"], timeout: Optional[float] = None
+        self, *args: str | os.PathLike[str], timeout: float | None = None
     ) -> RunResult:
         """Run pytest as a subprocess with given arguments.
 
@@ -1506,9 +1497,7 @@ class Pytester:
         args = self._getpytestargs() + args
         return self.run(*args, timeout=timeout)
 
-    def spawn_pytest(
-        self, string: str, expect_timeout: float = 10.0
-    ) -> "pexpect.spawn":
+    def spawn_pytest(self, string: str, expect_timeout: float = 10.0) -> pexpect.spawn:
         """Run pytest using pexpect.
 
         This makes sure to use the right pytest and sets up the temporary
@@ -1522,7 +1511,7 @@ class Pytester:
         cmd = f"{invoke} --basetemp={basetemp} {string}"
         return self.spawn(cmd, expect_timeout=expect_timeout)
 
-    def spawn(self, cmd: str, expect_timeout: float = 10.0) -> "pexpect.spawn":
+    def spawn(self, cmd: str, expect_timeout: float = 10.0) -> pexpect.spawn:
         """Run a command using pexpect.
 
         The pexpect child is returned.
@@ -1567,9 +1556,9 @@ class LineMatcher:
     ``text.splitlines()``.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, lines: List[str]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, lines: list[str]) -> None:
         self.lines = lines
-        self._log_output: List[str] = []
+        self._log_output: list[str] = []
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         """Return the entire original text.
@@ -1579,7 +1568,7 @@ class LineMatcher:
         """
         return "\n".join(self.lines)
 
-    def _getlines(self, lines2: Union[str, Sequence[str], Source]) -> Sequence[str]:
+    def _getlines(self, lines2: str | Sequence[str] | Source) -> Sequence[str]:
         if isinstance(lines2, str):
             lines2 = Source(lines2)
         if isinstance(lines2, Source):

src/_pytest/pytester_assertions.py

@@ -3,21 +3,19 @@
 # contain them itself, since it is imported by the `pytest` module,
 # hence cannot be subject to assertion rewriting, which requires a
 # module to not be already imported.
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import Optional
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest.reports import CollectReport
 from _pytest.reports import TestReport
 
 
 def assertoutcome(
-    outcomes: Tuple[
+    outcomes: tuple[
         Sequence[TestReport],
-        Sequence[Union[CollectReport, TestReport]],
-        Sequence[Union[CollectReport, TestReport]],
+        Sequence[CollectReport | TestReport],
+        Sequence[CollectReport | TestReport],
     ],
     passed: int = 0,
     skipped: int = 0,
@@ -36,15 +34,15 @@ def assertoutcome(
 
 
 def assert_outcomes(
-    outcomes: Dict[str, int],
+    outcomes: dict[str, int],
     passed: int = 0,
     skipped: int = 0,
     failed: int = 0,
     errors: int = 0,
     xpassed: int = 0,
     xfailed: int = 0,
-    warnings: Optional[int] = None,
-    deselected: Optional[int] = None,
+    warnings: int | None = None,
+    deselected: int | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Assert that the specified outcomes appear with the respective
     numbers (0 means it didn't occur) in the text output from a test run."""

src/_pytest/python.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Python test discovery, setup and run of test functions."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import abc
 import dataclasses
 import enum
@@ -20,15 +22,10 @@ from typing import final
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
 from typing import Mapping
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Pattern
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
 
 import _pytest
 from _pytest import fixtures
@@ -131,7 +128,7 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
     )
 
 
-def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> int | ExitCode | None:
     if config.option.showfixtures:
         showfixtures(config)
         return 0
@@ -141,7 +138,7 @@ def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
     return None
 
 
-def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc: "Metafunc") -> None:
+def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc: Metafunc) -> None:
     for marker in metafunc.definition.iter_markers(name="parametrize"):
         metafunc.parametrize(*marker.args, **marker.kwargs, _param_mark=marker)
 
@@ -181,7 +178,7 @@ def async_warn_and_skip(nodeid: str) -> None:
 
 
 @hookimpl(trylast=True)
-def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem: "Function") -> Optional[object]:
+def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem: Function) -> object | None:
     testfunction = pyfuncitem.obj
     if is_async_function(testfunction):
         async_warn_and_skip(pyfuncitem.nodeid)
@@ -202,7 +199,7 @@ def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem: "Function") -> Optional[object]:
 
 def pytest_collect_directory(
     path: Path, parent: nodes.Collector
-) -> Optional[nodes.Collector]:
+) -> nodes.Collector | None:
     pkginit = path / "__init__.py"
     if pkginit.is_file():
         pkg: Package = Package.from_parent(parent, path=path)
@@ -210,7 +207,7 @@ def pytest_collect_directory(
     return None
 
 
-def pytest_collect_file(file_path: Path, parent: nodes.Collector) -> Optional["Module"]:
+def pytest_collect_file(file_path: Path, parent: nodes.Collector) -> Module | None:
     if file_path.suffix == ".py":
         if not parent.session.isinitpath(file_path):
             if not path_matches_patterns(
@@ -230,15 +227,15 @@ def path_matches_patterns(path: Path, patterns: Iterable[str]) -> bool:
     return any(fnmatch_ex(pattern, path) for pattern in patterns)
 
 
-def pytest_pycollect_makemodule(module_path: Path, parent) -> "Module":
+def pytest_pycollect_makemodule(module_path: Path, parent) -> Module:
     mod: Module = Module.from_parent(parent, path=module_path)
     return mod
 
 
 @hookimpl(trylast=True)
 def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(
-    collector: Union["Module", "Class"], name: str, obj: object
-) -> Union[None, nodes.Item, nodes.Collector, List[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]]:
+    collector: Module | Class, name: str, obj: object
+) -> None | nodes.Item | nodes.Collector | list[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
     assert isinstance(collector, (Class, Module)), type(collector)
     # Nothing was collected elsewhere, let's do it here.
     if safe_isclass(obj):
@@ -348,7 +345,7 @@ class PyobjMixin(nodes.Node):
         parts.reverse()
         return ".".join(parts)
 
-    def reportinfo(self) -> Tuple[Union["os.PathLike[str]", str], Optional[int], str]:
+    def reportinfo(self) -> tuple[os.PathLike[str] | str, int | None, str]:
         # XXX caching?
         obj = self.obj
         compat_co_firstlineno = getattr(obj, "compat_co_firstlineno", None)
@@ -358,7 +355,7 @@ class PyobjMixin(nodes.Node):
             assert file_path is not None
             if file_path.endswith(".pyc"):
                 file_path = file_path[:-1]
-            path: Union["os.PathLike[str]", str] = file_path
+            path: os.PathLike[str] | str = file_path
             lineno = compat_co_firstlineno
         else:
             path, lineno = getfslineno(obj)
@@ -430,7 +427,7 @@ class PyCollector(PyobjMixin, nodes.Collector, abc.ABC):
                 return True
         return False
 
-    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+    def collect(self) -> Iterable[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
         if not getattr(self.obj, "__test__", True):
             return []
 
@@ -442,11 +439,11 @@ class PyCollector(PyobjMixin, nodes.Collector, abc.ABC):
 
         # In each class, nodes should be definition ordered.
         # __dict__ is definition ordered.
-        seen: Set[str] = set()
-        dict_values: List[List[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]] = []
+        seen: set[str] = set()
+        dict_values: list[list[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]] = []
         ihook = self.ihook
         for dic in dicts:
-            values: List[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]] = []
+            values: list[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector] = []
             # Note: seems like the dict can change during iteration -
             # be careful not to remove the list() without consideration.
             for name, obj in list(dic.items()):
@@ -473,7 +470,7 @@ class PyCollector(PyobjMixin, nodes.Collector, abc.ABC):
             result.extend(values)
         return result
 
-    def _genfunctions(self, name: str, funcobj) -> Iterator["Function"]:
+    def _genfunctions(self, name: str, funcobj) -> Iterator[Function]:
         modulecol = self.getparent(Module)
         assert modulecol is not None
         module = modulecol.obj
@@ -581,7 +578,7 @@ class Module(nodes.File, PyCollector):
     def _getobj(self):
         return importtestmodule(self.path, self.config)
 
-    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+    def collect(self) -> Iterable[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
         self._inject_setup_module_fixture()
         self._inject_setup_function_fixture()
         self.session._fixturemanager.parsefactories(self)
@@ -676,7 +673,7 @@ class Package(nodes.Directory):
         config=None,
         session=None,
         nodeid=None,
-        path: Optional[Path] = None,
+        path: Path | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         # NOTE: Could be just the following, but kept as-is for compat.
         # super().__init__(self, fspath, parent=parent)
@@ -707,13 +704,13 @@ class Package(nodes.Directory):
             func = partial(_call_with_optional_argument, teardown_module, init_mod)
             self.addfinalizer(func)
 
-    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+    def collect(self) -> Iterable[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
         # Always collect __init__.py first.
-        def sort_key(entry: "os.DirEntry[str]") -> object:
+        def sort_key(entry: os.DirEntry[str]) -> object:
             return (entry.name != "__init__.py", entry.name)
 
         config = self.config
-        col: Optional[nodes.Collector]
+        col: nodes.Collector | None
         cols: Sequence[nodes.Collector]
         ihook = self.ihook
         for direntry in scandir(self.path, sort_key):
@@ -749,12 +746,12 @@ def _call_with_optional_argument(func, arg) -> None:
         func()
 
 
-def _get_first_non_fixture_func(obj: object, names: Iterable[str]) -> Optional[object]:
+def _get_first_non_fixture_func(obj: object, names: Iterable[str]) -> object | None:
     """Return the attribute from the given object to be used as a setup/teardown
     xunit-style function, but only if not marked as a fixture to avoid calling it twice.
     """
     for name in names:
-        meth: Optional[object] = getattr(obj, name, None)
+        meth: object | None = getattr(obj, name, None)
         if meth is not None and fixtures.getfixturemarker(meth) is None:
             return meth
     return None
@@ -771,7 +768,7 @@ class Class(PyCollector):
     def newinstance(self):
         return self.obj()
 
-    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
+    def collect(self) -> Iterable[nodes.Item | nodes.Collector]:
         if not safe_getattr(self.obj, "__test__", True):
             return []
         if hasinit(self.obj):
@@ -899,21 +896,21 @@ class IdMaker:
     parametersets: Sequence[ParameterSet]
     # Optionally, a user-provided callable to make IDs for parameters in a
     # ParameterSet.
-    idfn: Optional[Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
+    idfn: Callable[[Any], object | None] | None
     # Optionally, explicit IDs for ParameterSets by index.
-    ids: Optional[Sequence[Optional[object]]]
+    ids: Sequence[object | None] | None
     # Optionally, the pytest config.
     # Used for controlling ASCII escaping, and for calling the
     # :hook:`pytest_make_parametrize_id` hook.
-    config: Optional[Config]
+    config: Config | None
     # Optionally, the ID of the node being parametrized.
     # Used only for clearer error messages.
-    nodeid: Optional[str]
+    nodeid: str | None
     # Optionally, the ID of the function being parametrized.
     # Used only for clearer error messages.
-    func_name: Optional[str]
+    func_name: str | None
 
-    def make_unique_parameterset_ids(self) -> List[str]:
+    def make_unique_parameterset_ids(self) -> list[str]:
         """Make a unique identifier for each ParameterSet, that may be used to
         identify the parametrization in a node ID.
 
@@ -930,7 +927,7 @@ class IdMaker:
             # Record the number of occurrences of each ID.
             id_counts = Counter(resolved_ids)
             # Map the ID to its next suffix.
-            id_suffixes: Dict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
+            id_suffixes: dict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
             # Suffix non-unique IDs to make them unique.
             for index, id in enumerate(resolved_ids):
                 if id_counts[id] > 1:
@@ -977,9 +974,7 @@ class IdMaker:
             return idval
         return self._idval_from_argname(argname, idx)
 
-    def _idval_from_function(
-        self, val: object, argname: str, idx: int
-    ) -> Optional[str]:
+    def _idval_from_function(self, val: object, argname: str, idx: int) -> str | None:
         """Try to make an ID for a parameter in a ParameterSet using the
         user-provided id callable, if given."""
         if self.idfn is None:
@@ -995,17 +990,17 @@ class IdMaker:
             return None
         return self._idval_from_value(id)
 
-    def _idval_from_hook(self, val: object, argname: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    def _idval_from_hook(self, val: object, argname: str) -> str | None:
         """Try to make an ID for a parameter in a ParameterSet by calling the
         :hook:`pytest_make_parametrize_id` hook."""
         if self.config:
-            id: Optional[str] = self.config.hook.pytest_make_parametrize_id(
+            id: str | None = self.config.hook.pytest_make_parametrize_id(
                 config=self.config, val=val, argname=argname
             )
             return id
         return None
 
-    def _idval_from_value(self, val: object) -> Optional[str]:
+    def _idval_from_value(self, val: object) -> str | None:
         """Try to make an ID for a parameter in a ParameterSet from its value,
         if the value type is supported."""
         if isinstance(val, STRING_TYPES):
@@ -1063,15 +1058,15 @@ class CallSpec2:
 
     # arg name -> arg value which will be passed to a fixture or pseudo-fixture
     # of the same name. (indirect or direct parametrization respectively)
-    params: Dict[str, object] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
+    params: dict[str, object] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
     # arg name -> arg index.
-    indices: Dict[str, int] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
+    indices: dict[str, int] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
     # Used for sorting parametrized resources.
     _arg2scope: Mapping[str, Scope] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
     # Parts which will be added to the item's name in `[..]` separated by "-".
     _idlist: Sequence[str] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=tuple)
     # Marks which will be applied to the item.
-    marks: List[Mark] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=list)
+    marks: list[Mark] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=list)
 
     def setmulti(
         self,
@@ -1079,10 +1074,10 @@ class CallSpec2:
         argnames: Iterable[str],
         valset: Iterable[object],
         id: str,
-        marks: Iterable[Union[Mark, MarkDecorator]],
+        marks: Iterable[Mark | MarkDecorator],
         scope: Scope,
         param_index: int,
-    ) -> "CallSpec2":
+    ) -> CallSpec2:
         params = self.params.copy()
         indices = self.indices.copy()
         arg2scope = dict(self._arg2scope)
@@ -1130,7 +1125,7 @@ class Metafunc:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        definition: "FunctionDefinition",
+        definition: FunctionDefinition,
         fixtureinfo: fixtures.FuncFixtureInfo,
         config: Config,
         cls=None,
@@ -1161,19 +1156,17 @@ class Metafunc:
         self._arg2fixturedefs = fixtureinfo.name2fixturedefs
 
         # Result of parametrize().
-        self._calls: List[CallSpec2] = []
+        self._calls: list[CallSpec2] = []
 
     def parametrize(
         self,
-        argnames: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
-        argvalues: Iterable[Union[ParameterSet, Sequence[object], object]],
-        indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]] = False,
-        ids: Optional[
-            Union[Iterable[Optional[object]], Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
-        ] = None,
-        scope: Optional[_ScopeName] = None,
+        argnames: str | Sequence[str],
+        argvalues: Iterable[ParameterSet | Sequence[object] | object],
+        indirect: bool | Sequence[str] = False,
+        ids: None | (Iterable[object | None] | Callable[[Any], object | None]) = None,
+        scope: _ScopeName | None = None,
         *,
-        _param_mark: Optional[Mark] = None,
+        _param_mark: Mark | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Add new invocations to the underlying test function using the list
         of argvalues for the given argnames. Parametrization is performed
@@ -1303,7 +1296,7 @@ class Metafunc:
         if node is None:
             name2pseudofixturedef = None
         else:
-            default: Dict[str, FixtureDef[Any]] = {}
+            default: dict[str, FixtureDef[Any]] = {}
             name2pseudofixturedef = node.stash.setdefault(
                 name2pseudofixturedef_key, default
             )
@@ -1351,12 +1344,10 @@ class Metafunc:
     def _resolve_parameter_set_ids(
         self,
         argnames: Sequence[str],
-        ids: Optional[
-            Union[Iterable[Optional[object]], Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
-        ],
+        ids: None | (Iterable[object | None] | Callable[[Any], object | None]),
         parametersets: Sequence[ParameterSet],
         nodeid: str,
-    ) -> List[str]:
+    ) -> list[str]:
         """Resolve the actual ids for the given parameter sets.
 
         :param argnames:
@@ -1394,10 +1385,10 @@ class Metafunc:
 
     def _validate_ids(
         self,
-        ids: Iterable[Optional[object]],
+        ids: Iterable[object | None],
         parametersets: Sequence[ParameterSet],
         func_name: str,
-    ) -> List[Optional[object]]:
+    ) -> list[object | None]:
         try:
             num_ids = len(ids)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         except TypeError:
@@ -1417,8 +1408,8 @@ class Metafunc:
     def _resolve_args_directness(
         self,
         argnames: Sequence[str],
-        indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]],
-    ) -> Dict[str, Literal["indirect", "direct"]]:
+        indirect: bool | Sequence[str],
+    ) -> dict[str, Literal["indirect", "direct"]]:
         """Resolve if each parametrized argument must be considered an indirect
         parameter to a fixture of the same name, or a direct parameter to the
         parametrized function, based on the ``indirect`` parameter of the
@@ -1431,7 +1422,7 @@ class Metafunc:
         :returns
             A dict mapping each arg name to either "indirect" or "direct".
         """
-        arg_directness: Dict[str, Literal["indirect", "direct"]]
+        arg_directness: dict[str, Literal["indirect", "direct"]]
         if isinstance(indirect, bool):
             arg_directness = dict.fromkeys(
                 argnames, "indirect" if indirect else "direct"
@@ -1459,7 +1450,7 @@ class Metafunc:
     def _validate_if_using_arg_names(
         self,
         argnames: Sequence[str],
-        indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]],
+        indirect: bool | Sequence[str],
     ) -> None:
         """Check if all argnames are being used, by default values, or directly/indirectly.
 
@@ -1492,7 +1483,7 @@ class Metafunc:
 def _find_parametrized_scope(
     argnames: Sequence[str],
     arg2fixturedefs: Mapping[str, Sequence[fixtures.FixtureDef[object]]],
-    indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]],
+    indirect: bool | Sequence[str],
 ) -> Scope:
     """Find the most appropriate scope for a parametrized call based on its arguments.
 
@@ -1521,7 +1512,7 @@ def _find_parametrized_scope(
     return Scope.Function
 
 
-def _ascii_escaped_by_config(val: Union[str, bytes], config: Optional[Config]) -> str:
+def _ascii_escaped_by_config(val: str | bytes, config: Config | None) -> str:
     if config is None:
         escape_option = False
     else:
@@ -1580,7 +1571,7 @@ def _show_fixtures_per_test(config: Config, session: Session) -> None:
 
     def write_item(item: nodes.Item) -> None:
         # Not all items have _fixtureinfo attribute.
-        info: Optional[FuncFixtureInfo] = getattr(item, "_fixtureinfo", None)
+        info: FuncFixtureInfo | None = getattr(item, "_fixtureinfo", None)
         if info is None or not info.name2fixturedefs:
             # This test item does not use any fixtures.
             return
@@ -1600,7 +1591,7 @@ def _show_fixtures_per_test(config: Config, session: Session) -> None:
         write_item(session_item)
 
 
-def showfixtures(config: Config) -> Union[int, ExitCode]:
+def showfixtures(config: Config) -> int | ExitCode:
     from _pytest.main import wrap_session
 
     return wrap_session(config, _showfixtures_main)
@@ -1617,7 +1608,7 @@ def _showfixtures_main(config: Config, session: Session) -> None:
     fm = session._fixturemanager
 
     available = []
-    seen: Set[Tuple[str, str]] = set()
+    seen: set[tuple[str, str]] = set()
 
     for argname, fixturedefs in fm._arg2fixturedefs.items():
         assert fixturedefs is not None
@@ -1702,13 +1693,13 @@ class Function(PyobjMixin, nodes.Item):
         self,
         name: str,
         parent,
-        config: Optional[Config] = None,
-        callspec: Optional[CallSpec2] = None,
+        config: Config | None = None,
+        callspec: CallSpec2 | None = None,
         callobj=NOTSET,
-        keywords: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        session: Optional[Session] = None,
-        fixtureinfo: Optional[FuncFixtureInfo] = None,
-        originalname: Optional[str] = None,
+        keywords: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        session: Session | None = None,
+        fixtureinfo: FuncFixtureInfo | None = None,
+        originalname: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(name, parent, config=config, session=session)
 
@@ -1754,7 +1745,7 @@ class Function(PyobjMixin, nodes.Item):
         return super().from_parent(parent=parent, **kw)
 
     def _initrequest(self) -> None:
-        self.funcargs: Dict[str, object] = {}
+        self.funcargs: dict[str, object] = {}
         self._request = fixtures.TopRequest(self, _ispytest=True)
 
     @property
@@ -1815,7 +1806,7 @@ class Function(PyobjMixin, nodes.Item):
     def repr_failure(  # type: ignore[override]
         self,
         excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
-    ) -> Union[str, TerminalRepr]:
+    ) -> str | TerminalRepr:
         style = self.config.getoption("tbstyle", "auto")
         if style == "auto":
             style = "long"

src/_pytest/python_api.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import math
 import pprint
 from collections.abc import Collection
@@ -10,9 +12,7 @@ from typing import Callable
 from typing import cast
 from typing import ContextManager
 from typing import final
-from typing import List
 from typing import Mapping
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
 from typing import Pattern
 from typing import Sequence
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ from typing import Tuple
 from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 import _pytest._code
 from _pytest.compat import STRING_TYPES
@@ -32,12 +31,12 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 def _compare_approx(
     full_object: object,
-    message_data: Sequence[Tuple[str, str, str]],
+    message_data: Sequence[tuple[str, str, str]],
     number_of_elements: int,
     different_ids: Sequence[object],
     max_abs_diff: float,
     max_rel_diff: float,
-) -> List[str]:
+) -> list[str]:
     message_list = list(message_data)
     message_list.insert(0, ("Index", "Obtained", "Expected"))
     max_sizes = [0, 0, 0]
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ class ApproxBase:
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def _repr_compare(self, other_side: Any) -> List[str]:
+    def _repr_compare(self, other_side: Any) -> list[str]:
         return [
             "comparison failed",
             f"Obtained: {other_side}",
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ class ApproxBase:
     def __ne__(self, actual) -> bool:
         return not (actual == self)
 
-    def _approx_scalar(self, x) -> "ApproxScalar":
+    def _approx_scalar(self, x) -> ApproxScalar:
         if isinstance(x, Decimal):
             return ApproxDecimal(x, rel=self.rel, abs=self.abs, nan_ok=self.nan_ok)
         return ApproxScalar(x, rel=self.rel, abs=self.abs, nan_ok=self.nan_ok)
@@ -141,12 +140,12 @@ class ApproxNumpy(ApproxBase):
         )
         return f"approx({list_scalars!r})"
 
-    def _repr_compare(self, other_side: "ndarray") -> List[str]:
+    def _repr_compare(self, other_side: ndarray) -> list[str]:
         import itertools
         import math
 
         def get_value_from_nested_list(
-            nested_list: List[Any], nd_index: Tuple[Any, ...]
+            nested_list: list[Any], nd_index: tuple[Any, ...]
         ) -> Any:
             """
             Helper function to get the value out of a nested list, given an n-dimensional index.
@@ -241,7 +240,7 @@ class ApproxMapping(ApproxBase):
             {k: self._approx_scalar(v) for k, v in self.expected.items()}
         )
 
-    def _repr_compare(self, other_side: Mapping[object, float]) -> List[str]:
+    def _repr_compare(self, other_side: Mapping[object, float]) -> list[str]:
         import math
 
         approx_side_as_map = {
@@ -318,7 +317,7 @@ class ApproxSequenceLike(ApproxBase):
             seq_type(self._approx_scalar(x) for x in self.expected)
         )
 
-    def _repr_compare(self, other_side: Sequence[float]) -> List[str]:
+    def _repr_compare(self, other_side: Sequence[float]) -> list[str]:
         import math
 
         if len(self.expected) != len(other_side):
@@ -383,8 +382,8 @@ class ApproxScalar(ApproxBase):
 
     # Using Real should be better than this Union, but not possible yet:
     # https://github.com/python/typeshed/pull/3108
-    DEFAULT_ABSOLUTE_TOLERANCE: Union[float, Decimal] = 1e-12
-    DEFAULT_RELATIVE_TOLERANCE: Union[float, Decimal] = 1e-6
+    DEFAULT_ABSOLUTE_TOLERANCE: float | Decimal = 1e-12
+    DEFAULT_RELATIVE_TOLERANCE: float | Decimal = 1e-6
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """Return a string communicating both the expected value and the
@@ -715,7 +714,7 @@ def approx(expected, rel=None, abs=None, nan_ok: bool = False) -> ApproxBase:
     __tracebackhide__ = True
 
     if isinstance(expected, Decimal):
-        cls: Type[ApproxBase] = ApproxDecimal
+        cls: type[ApproxBase] = ApproxDecimal
     elif isinstance(expected, Mapping):
         cls = ApproxMapping
     elif _is_numpy_array(expected):
@@ -749,7 +748,7 @@ def _is_numpy_array(obj: object) -> bool:
     return _as_numpy_array(obj) is not None
 
 
-def _as_numpy_array(obj: object) -> Optional["ndarray"]:
+def _as_numpy_array(obj: object) -> ndarray | None:
     """
     Return an ndarray if the given object is implicitly convertible to ndarray,
     and numpy is already imported, otherwise None.
@@ -775,16 +774,16 @@ E = TypeVar("E", bound=BaseException)
 
 @overload
 def raises(
-    expected_exception: Union[Type[E], Tuple[Type[E], ...]],
+    expected_exception: type[E] | tuple[type[E], ...],
     *,
-    match: Optional[Union[str, Pattern[str]]] = ...,
-) -> "RaisesContext[E]":
+    match: str | Pattern[str] | None = ...,
+) -> RaisesContext[E]:
     ...
 
 
 @overload
 def raises(  # noqa: F811
-    expected_exception: Union[Type[E], Tuple[Type[E], ...]],
+    expected_exception: type[E] | tuple[type[E], ...],
     func: Callable[..., Any],
     *args: Any,
     **kwargs: Any,
@@ -793,8 +792,8 @@ def raises(  # noqa: F811
 
 
 def raises(  # noqa: F811
-    expected_exception: Union[Type[E], Tuple[Type[E], ...]], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
-) -> Union["RaisesContext[E]", _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[E]]:
+    expected_exception: type[E] | tuple[type[E], ...], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+) -> RaisesContext[E] | _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[E]:
     r"""Assert that a code block/function call raises an exception type, or one of its subclasses.
 
     :param expected_exception:
@@ -942,7 +941,7 @@ def raises(  # noqa: F811
             f"any special code to say 'this should never raise an exception'."
         )
     if isinstance(expected_exception, type):
-        expected_exceptions: Tuple[Type[E], ...] = (expected_exception,)
+        expected_exceptions: tuple[type[E], ...] = (expected_exception,)
     else:
         expected_exceptions = expected_exception
     for exc in expected_exceptions:
@@ -954,7 +953,7 @@ def raises(  # noqa: F811
     message = f"DID NOT RAISE {expected_exception}"
 
     if not args:
-        match: Optional[Union[str, Pattern[str]]] = kwargs.pop("match", None)
+        match: str | Pattern[str] | None = kwargs.pop("match", None)
         if kwargs:
             msg = "Unexpected keyword arguments passed to pytest.raises: "
             msg += ", ".join(sorted(kwargs))
@@ -980,14 +979,14 @@ raises.Exception = fail.Exception  # type: ignore
 class RaisesContext(ContextManager[_pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[E]]):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        expected_exception: Union[Type[E], Tuple[Type[E], ...]],
+        expected_exception: type[E] | tuple[type[E], ...],
         message: str,
-        match_expr: Optional[Union[str, Pattern[str]]] = None,
+        match_expr: str | Pattern[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.expected_exception = expected_exception
         self.message = message
         self.match_expr = match_expr
-        self.excinfo: Optional[_pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[E]] = None
+        self.excinfo: _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[E] | None = None
 
     def __enter__(self) -> _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[E]:
         self.excinfo = _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo.for_later()
@@ -995,9 +994,9 @@ class RaisesContext(ContextManager[_pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[E]]):
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
-        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> bool:
         __tracebackhide__ = True
         if exc_type is None:

src/_pytest/python_path.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
 
 import pytest

src/_pytest/recwarn.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Record warnings during test function execution."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import re
 import warnings
 from pprint import pformat
@@ -8,14 +10,9 @@ from typing import Callable
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import overload
 from typing import Pattern
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest.deprecated import check_ispytest
 from _pytest.fixtures import fixture
@@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ T = TypeVar("T")
 
 
 @fixture
-def recwarn() -> Generator["WarningsRecorder", None, None]:
+def recwarn() -> Generator[WarningsRecorder, None, None]:
     """Return a :class:`WarningsRecorder` instance that records all warnings emitted by test functions.
 
     See https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/how-to/capture-warnings.html for information
@@ -39,9 +36,7 @@ def recwarn() -> Generator["WarningsRecorder", None, None]:
 
 
 @overload
-def deprecated_call(
-    *, match: Optional[Union[str, Pattern[str]]] = ...
-) -> "WarningsRecorder":
+def deprecated_call(*, match: str | Pattern[str] | None = ...) -> WarningsRecorder:
     ...
 
 
@@ -53,8 +48,8 @@ def deprecated_call(  # noqa: F811
 
 
 def deprecated_call(  # noqa: F811
-    func: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
-) -> Union["WarningsRecorder", Any]:
+    func: Callable[..., Any] | None = None, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+) -> WarningsRecorder | Any:
     """Assert that code produces a ``DeprecationWarning`` or ``PendingDeprecationWarning`` or ``FutureWarning``.
 
     This function can be used as a context manager::
@@ -88,16 +83,16 @@ def deprecated_call(  # noqa: F811
 
 @overload
 def warns(
-    expected_warning: Union[Type[Warning], Tuple[Type[Warning], ...]] = ...,
+    expected_warning: type[Warning] | tuple[type[Warning], ...] = ...,
     *,
-    match: Optional[Union[str, Pattern[str]]] = ...,
-) -> "WarningsChecker":
+    match: str | Pattern[str] | None = ...,
+) -> WarningsChecker:
     ...
 
 
 @overload
 def warns(  # noqa: F811
-    expected_warning: Union[Type[Warning], Tuple[Type[Warning], ...]],
+    expected_warning: type[Warning] | tuple[type[Warning], ...],
     func: Callable[..., T],
     *args: Any,
     **kwargs: Any,
@@ -106,11 +101,11 @@ def warns(  # noqa: F811
 
 
 def warns(  # noqa: F811
-    expected_warning: Union[Type[Warning], Tuple[Type[Warning], ...]] = Warning,
+    expected_warning: type[Warning] | tuple[type[Warning], ...] = Warning,
     *args: Any,
-    match: Optional[Union[str, Pattern[str]]] = None,
+    match: str | Pattern[str] | None = None,
     **kwargs: Any,
-) -> Union["WarningsChecker", Any]:
+) -> WarningsChecker | Any:
     r"""Assert that code raises a particular class of warning.
 
     Specifically, the parameter ``expected_warning`` can be a warning class or tuple
@@ -187,18 +182,18 @@ class WarningsRecorder(warnings.catch_warnings):  # type:ignore[type-arg]
         # Type ignored due to the way typeshed handles warnings.catch_warnings.
         super().__init__(record=True)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
         self._entered = False
-        self._list: List[warnings.WarningMessage] = []
+        self._list: list[warnings.WarningMessage] = []
 
     @property
-    def list(self) -> List["warnings.WarningMessage"]:
+    def list(self) -> list[warnings.WarningMessage]:
         """The list of recorded warnings."""
         return self._list
 
-    def __getitem__(self, i: int) -> "warnings.WarningMessage":
+    def __getitem__(self, i: int) -> warnings.WarningMessage:
         """Get a recorded warning by index."""
         return self._list[i]
 
-    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator["warnings.WarningMessage"]:
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[warnings.WarningMessage]:
         """Iterate through the recorded warnings."""
         return iter(self._list)
 
@@ -206,12 +201,12 @@ class WarningsRecorder(warnings.catch_warnings):  # type:ignore[type-arg]
         """The number of recorded warnings."""
         return len(self._list)
 
-    def pop(self, cls: Type[Warning] = Warning) -> "warnings.WarningMessage":
+    def pop(self, cls: type[Warning] = Warning) -> warnings.WarningMessage:
         """Pop the first recorded warning which is an instance of ``cls``,
         but not an instance of a child class of any other match.
         Raises ``AssertionError`` if there is no match.
         """
-        best_idx: Optional[int] = None
+        best_idx: int | None = None
         for i, w in enumerate(self._list):
             if w.category == cls:
                 return self._list.pop(i)  # exact match, stop looking
@@ -231,7 +226,7 @@ class WarningsRecorder(warnings.catch_warnings):  # type:ignore[type-arg]
 
     # Type ignored because it doesn't exactly warnings.catch_warnings.__enter__
     # -- it returns a List but we only emulate one.
-    def __enter__(self) -> "WarningsRecorder":  # type: ignore
+    def __enter__(self) -> WarningsRecorder:  # type: ignore
         if self._entered:
             __tracebackhide__ = True
             raise RuntimeError(f"Cannot enter {self!r} twice")
@@ -244,9 +239,9 @@ class WarningsRecorder(warnings.catch_warnings):  # type:ignore[type-arg]
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
-        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> None:
         if not self._entered:
             __tracebackhide__ = True
@@ -263,8 +258,8 @@ class WarningsRecorder(warnings.catch_warnings):  # type:ignore[type-arg]
 class WarningsChecker(WarningsRecorder):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        expected_warning: Union[Type[Warning], Tuple[Type[Warning], ...]] = Warning,
-        match_expr: Optional[Union[str, Pattern[str]]] = None,
+        expected_warning: type[Warning] | tuple[type[Warning], ...] = Warning,
+        match_expr: str | Pattern[str] | None = None,
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -295,9 +290,9 @@ class WarningsChecker(WarningsRecorder):
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
-        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
 

src/_pytest/reports.py

@@ -1,23 +1,19 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import dataclasses
 import os
 from io import StringIO
 from pprint import pprint
 from typing import Any
 from typing import cast
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import final
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
 from typing import Mapping
 from typing import NoReturn
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 from _pytest._code.code import ExceptionChainRepr
 from _pytest._code.code import ExceptionInfo
@@ -56,12 +52,12 @@ _R = TypeVar("_R", bound="BaseReport")
 
 
 class BaseReport:
-    when: Optional[str]
-    location: Optional[Tuple[str, Optional[int], str]]
-    longrepr: Union[
-        None, ExceptionInfo[BaseException], Tuple[str, int, str], str, TerminalRepr
-    ]
-    sections: List[Tuple[str, str]]
+    when: str | None
+    location: tuple[str, int | None, str] | None
+    longrepr: (
+        None | ExceptionInfo[BaseException] | tuple[str, int, str] | str | TerminalRepr
+    )
+    sections: list[tuple[str, str]]
     nodeid: str
     outcome: Literal["passed", "failed", "skipped"]
 
@@ -93,7 +89,7 @@ class BaseReport:
                 s = "<unprintable longrepr>"
             out.line(s)
 
-    def get_sections(self, prefix: str) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, str]]:
+    def get_sections(self, prefix: str) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str]]:
         for name, content in self.sections:
             if name.startswith(prefix):
                 yield prefix, content
@@ -175,7 +171,7 @@ class BaseReport:
         return True
 
     @property
-    def head_line(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def head_line(self) -> str | None:
         """**Experimental** The head line shown with longrepr output for this
         report, more commonly during traceback representation during
         failures::
@@ -201,7 +197,7 @@ class BaseReport:
         )
         return verbose
 
-    def _to_json(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def _to_json(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Return the contents of this report as a dict of builtin entries,
         suitable for serialization.
 
@@ -212,7 +208,7 @@ class BaseReport:
         return _report_to_json(self)
 
     @classmethod
-    def _from_json(cls: Type[_R], reportdict: Dict[str, object]) -> _R:
+    def _from_json(cls: type[_R], reportdict: dict[str, object]) -> _R:
         """Create either a TestReport or CollectReport, depending on the calling class.
 
         It is the callers responsibility to know which class to pass here.
@@ -226,7 +222,7 @@ class BaseReport:
 
 
 def _report_unserialization_failure(
-    type_name: str, report_class: Type[BaseReport], reportdict
+    type_name: str, report_class: type[BaseReport], reportdict
 ) -> NoReturn:
     url = "https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues"
     stream = StringIO()
@@ -255,18 +251,22 @@ class TestReport(BaseReport):
     def __init__(
         self,
         nodeid: str,
-        location: Tuple[str, Optional[int], str],
+        location: tuple[str, int | None, str],
         keywords: Mapping[str, Any],
         outcome: Literal["passed", "failed", "skipped"],
-        longrepr: Union[
-            None, ExceptionInfo[BaseException], Tuple[str, int, str], str, TerminalRepr
-        ],
+        longrepr: (
+            None
+            | ExceptionInfo[BaseException]
+            | tuple[str, int, str]
+            | str
+            | TerminalRepr
+        ),
         when: Literal["setup", "call", "teardown"],
-        sections: Iterable[Tuple[str, str]] = (),
+        sections: Iterable[tuple[str, str]] = (),
         duration: float = 0,
         start: float = 0,
         stop: float = 0,
-        user_properties: Optional[Iterable[Tuple[str, object]]] = None,
+        user_properties: Iterable[tuple[str, object]] | None = None,
         **extra,
     ) -> None:
         #: Normalized collection nodeid.
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class TestReport(BaseReport):
         #: collected one e.g. if a method is inherited from a different module.
         #: The filesystempath may be relative to ``config.rootdir``.
         #: The line number is 0-based.
-        self.location: Tuple[str, Optional[int], str] = location
+        self.location: tuple[str, int | None, str] = location
 
         #: A name -> value dictionary containing all keywords and
         #: markers associated with a test invocation.
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ class TestReport(BaseReport):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_item_and_call(cls, item: Item, call: "CallInfo[None]") -> "TestReport":
+    def from_item_and_call(cls, item: Item, call: CallInfo[None]) -> TestReport:
         """Create and fill a TestReport with standard item and call info.
 
         :param item: The item.
@@ -335,13 +335,13 @@ class TestReport(BaseReport):
         sections = []
         if not call.excinfo:
             outcome: Literal["passed", "failed", "skipped"] = "passed"
-            longrepr: Union[
-                None,
-                ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
-                Tuple[str, int, str],
-                str,
-                TerminalRepr,
-            ] = None
+            longrepr: (
+                None
+                | ExceptionInfo[BaseException]
+                | tuple[str, int, str]
+                | str
+                | TerminalRepr
+            ) = None
         else:
             if not isinstance(excinfo, ExceptionInfo):
                 outcome = "failed"
@@ -395,12 +395,16 @@ class CollectReport(BaseReport):
     def __init__(
         self,
         nodeid: str,
-        outcome: "Literal['passed', 'failed', 'skipped']",
-        longrepr: Union[
-            None, ExceptionInfo[BaseException], Tuple[str, int, str], str, TerminalRepr
-        ],
-        result: Optional[List[Union[Item, Collector]]],
-        sections: Iterable[Tuple[str, str]] = (),
+        outcome: Literal["passed", "failed", "skipped"],
+        longrepr: (
+            None
+            | ExceptionInfo[BaseException]
+            | tuple[str, int, str]
+            | str
+            | TerminalRepr
+        ),
+        result: list[Item | Collector] | None,
+        sections: Iterable[tuple[str, str]] = (),
         **extra,
     ) -> None:
         #: Normalized collection nodeid.
@@ -426,7 +430,7 @@ class CollectReport(BaseReport):
     @property
     def location(  # type:ignore[override]
         self,
-    ) -> Optional[Tuple[str, Optional[int], str]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, int | None, str] | None:
         return (self.fspath, None, self.fspath)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
@@ -444,8 +448,8 @@ class CollectErrorRepr(TerminalRepr):
 
 
 def pytest_report_to_serializable(
-    report: Union[CollectReport, TestReport]
-) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    report: CollectReport | TestReport,
+) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
     if isinstance(report, (TestReport, CollectReport)):
         data = report._to_json()
         data["$report_type"] = report.__class__.__name__
@@ -455,8 +459,8 @@ def pytest_report_to_serializable(
 
 
 def pytest_report_from_serializable(
-    data: Dict[str, Any],
-) -> Optional[Union[CollectReport, TestReport]]:
+    data: dict[str, Any],
+) -> CollectReport | TestReport | None:
     if "$report_type" in data:
         if data["$report_type"] == "TestReport":
             return TestReport._from_json(data)
@@ -468,16 +472,14 @@ def pytest_report_from_serializable(
     return None
 
 
-def _report_to_json(report: BaseReport) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def _report_to_json(report: BaseReport) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Return the contents of this report as a dict of builtin entries,
     suitable for serialization.
 
     This was originally the serialize_report() function from xdist (ca03269).
     """
 
-    def serialize_repr_entry(
-        entry: Union[ReprEntry, ReprEntryNative]
-    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def serialize_repr_entry(entry: ReprEntry | ReprEntryNative) -> dict[str, Any]:
         data = dataclasses.asdict(entry)
         for key, value in data.items():
             if hasattr(value, "__dict__"):
@@ -485,7 +487,7 @@ def _report_to_json(report: BaseReport) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         entry_data = {"type": type(entry).__name__, "data": data}
         return entry_data
 
-    def serialize_repr_traceback(reprtraceback: ReprTraceback) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def serialize_repr_traceback(reprtraceback: ReprTraceback) -> dict[str, Any]:
         result = dataclasses.asdict(reprtraceback)
         result["reprentries"] = [
             serialize_repr_entry(x) for x in reprtraceback.reprentries
@@ -493,18 +495,18 @@ def _report_to_json(report: BaseReport) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         return result
 
     def serialize_repr_crash(
-        reprcrash: Optional[ReprFileLocation],
-    ) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        reprcrash: ReprFileLocation | None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
         if reprcrash is not None:
             return dataclasses.asdict(reprcrash)
         else:
             return None
 
-    def serialize_exception_longrepr(rep: BaseReport) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def serialize_exception_longrepr(rep: BaseReport) -> dict[str, Any]:
         assert rep.longrepr is not None
         # TODO: Investigate whether the duck typing is really necessary here.
         longrepr = cast(ExceptionRepr, rep.longrepr)
-        result: Dict[str, Any] = {
+        result: dict[str, Any] = {
             "reprcrash": serialize_repr_crash(longrepr.reprcrash),
             "reprtraceback": serialize_repr_traceback(longrepr.reprtraceback),
             "sections": longrepr.sections,
@@ -541,7 +543,7 @@ def _report_to_json(report: BaseReport) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     return d
 
 
-def _report_kwargs_from_json(reportdict: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def _report_kwargs_from_json(reportdict: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Return **kwargs that can be used to construct a TestReport or
     CollectReport instance.
 
@@ -562,7 +564,7 @@ def _report_kwargs_from_json(reportdict: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
             if data["reprlocals"]:
                 reprlocals = ReprLocals(data["reprlocals"]["lines"])
 
-            reprentry: Union[ReprEntry, ReprEntryNative] = ReprEntry(
+            reprentry: ReprEntry | ReprEntryNative = ReprEntry(
                 lines=data["lines"],
                 reprfuncargs=reprfuncargs,
                 reprlocals=reprlocals,
@@ -581,7 +583,7 @@ def _report_kwargs_from_json(reportdict: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         ]
         return ReprTraceback(**repr_traceback_dict)
 
-    def deserialize_repr_crash(repr_crash_dict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+    def deserialize_repr_crash(repr_crash_dict: dict[str, Any] | None):
         if repr_crash_dict is not None:
             return ReprFileLocation(**repr_crash_dict)
         else:
@@ -608,9 +610,9 @@ def _report_kwargs_from_json(reportdict: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
                         description,
                     )
                 )
-            exception_info: Union[
-                ExceptionChainRepr, ReprExceptionInfo
-            ] = ExceptionChainRepr(chain)
+            exception_info: (
+                ExceptionChainRepr | ReprExceptionInfo
+            ) = ExceptionChainRepr(chain)
         else:
             exception_info = ReprExceptionInfo(
                 reprtraceback=reprtraceback,

src/_pytest/runner.py

@@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
 """Basic collect and runtest protocol implementations."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import bdb
 import dataclasses
 import os
 import sys
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import cast
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generic
-from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 from .reports import BaseReport
 from .reports import CollectErrorRepr
@@ -68,7 +64,7 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
     )
 
 
-def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter: "TerminalReporter") -> None:
+def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter: TerminalReporter) -> None:
     durations = terminalreporter.config.option.durations
     durations_min = terminalreporter.config.option.durations_min
     verbose = terminalreporter.config.getvalue("verbose")
@@ -100,15 +96,15 @@ def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter: "TerminalReporter") -> None:
         tr.write_line(f"{rep.duration:02.2f}s {rep.when:<8} {rep.nodeid}")
 
 
-def pytest_sessionstart(session: "Session") -> None:
+def pytest_sessionstart(session: Session) -> None:
     session._setupstate = SetupState()
 
 
-def pytest_sessionfinish(session: "Session") -> None:
+def pytest_sessionfinish(session: Session) -> None:
     session._setupstate.teardown_exact(None)
 
 
-def pytest_runtest_protocol(item: Item, nextitem: Optional[Item]) -> bool:
+def pytest_runtest_protocol(item: Item, nextitem: Item | None) -> bool:
     ihook = item.ihook
     ihook.pytest_runtest_logstart(nodeid=item.nodeid, location=item.location)
     runtestprotocol(item, nextitem=nextitem)
@@ -117,8 +113,8 @@ def pytest_runtest_protocol(item: Item, nextitem: Optional[Item]) -> bool:
 
 
 def runtestprotocol(
-    item: Item, log: bool = True, nextitem: Optional[Item] = None
-) -> List[TestReport]:
+    item: Item, log: bool = True, nextitem: Item | None = None
+) -> list[TestReport]:
     hasrequest = hasattr(item, "_request")
     if hasrequest and not item._request:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         # This only happens if the item is re-run, as is done by
@@ -181,14 +177,14 @@ def pytest_runtest_call(item: Item) -> None:
         raise e
 
 
-def pytest_runtest_teardown(item: Item, nextitem: Optional[Item]) -> None:
+def pytest_runtest_teardown(item: Item, nextitem: Item | None) -> None:
     _update_current_test_var(item, "teardown")
     item.session._setupstate.teardown_exact(nextitem)
     _update_current_test_var(item, None)
 
 
 def _update_current_test_var(
-    item: Item, when: Optional[Literal["setup", "call", "teardown"]]
+    item: Item, when: Literal["setup", "call", "teardown"] | None
 ) -> None:
     """Update :envvar:`PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST` to reflect the current item and stage.
 
@@ -204,7 +200,7 @@ def _update_current_test_var(
         os.environ.pop(var_name)
 
 
-def pytest_report_teststatus(report: BaseReport) -> Optional[Tuple[str, str, str]]:
+def pytest_report_teststatus(report: BaseReport) -> tuple[str, str, str] | None:
     if report.when in ("setup", "teardown"):
         if report.failed:
             #      category, shortletter, verbose-word
@@ -233,7 +229,7 @@ def call_and_report(
     return report
 
 
-def check_interactive_exception(call: "CallInfo[object]", report: BaseReport) -> bool:
+def check_interactive_exception(call: CallInfo[object], report: BaseReport) -> bool:
     """Check whether the call raised an exception that should be reported as
     interactive."""
     if call.excinfo is None:
@@ -250,7 +246,7 @@ def check_interactive_exception(call: "CallInfo[object]", report: BaseReport) ->
 
 def call_runtest_hook(
     item: Item, when: Literal["setup", "call", "teardown"], **kwds
-) -> "CallInfo[None]":
+) -> CallInfo[None]:
     if when == "setup":
         ihook: Callable[..., None] = item.ihook.pytest_runtest_setup
     elif when == "call":
@@ -259,7 +255,7 @@ def call_runtest_hook(
         ihook = item.ihook.pytest_runtest_teardown
     else:
         assert False, f"Unhandled runtest hook case: {when}"
-    reraise: Tuple[Type[BaseException], ...] = (Exit,)
+    reraise: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (Exit,)
     if not item.config.getoption("usepdb", False):
         reraise += (KeyboardInterrupt,)
     return CallInfo.from_call(
@@ -275,9 +271,9 @@ TResult = TypeVar("TResult", covariant=True)
 class CallInfo(Generic[TResult]):
     """Result/Exception info of a function invocation."""
 
-    _result: Optional[TResult]
+    _result: TResult | None
     #: The captured exception of the call, if it raised.
-    excinfo: Optional[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]]
+    excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException] | None
     #: The system time when the call started, in seconds since the epoch.
     start: float
     #: The system time when the call ended, in seconds since the epoch.
@@ -289,8 +285,8 @@ class CallInfo(Generic[TResult]):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        result: Optional[TResult],
-        excinfo: Optional[ExceptionInfo[BaseException]],
+        result: TResult | None,
+        excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException] | None,
         start: float,
         stop: float,
         duration: float,
@@ -324,10 +320,8 @@ class CallInfo(Generic[TResult]):
         cls,
         func: Callable[[], TResult],
         when: Literal["collect", "setup", "call", "teardown"],
-        reraise: Optional[
-            Union[Type[BaseException], Tuple[Type[BaseException], ...]]
-        ] = None,
-    ) -> "CallInfo[TResult]":
+        reraise: None | (type[BaseException] | tuple[type[BaseException], ...]) = None,
+    ) -> CallInfo[TResult]:
         """Call func, wrapping the result in a CallInfo.
 
         :param func:
@@ -342,7 +336,7 @@ class CallInfo(Generic[TResult]):
         start = timing.time()
         precise_start = timing.perf_counter()
         try:
-            result: Optional[TResult] = func()
+            result: TResult | None = func()
         except BaseException:
             excinfo = ExceptionInfo.from_current()
             if reraise is not None and isinstance(excinfo.value, reraise):
@@ -373,7 +367,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_makereport(item: Item, call: CallInfo[None]) -> TestReport:
 
 
 def pytest_make_collect_report(collector: Collector) -> CollectReport:
-    def collect() -> List[Union[Item, Collector]]:
+    def collect() -> list[Item | Collector]:
         # Before collecting, if this is a Directory, load the conftests.
         # If a conftest import fails to load, it is considered a collection
         # error of the Directory collector. This is why it's done inside of the
@@ -390,7 +384,7 @@ def pytest_make_collect_report(collector: Collector) -> CollectReport:
         return list(collector.collect())
 
     call = CallInfo.from_call(collect, "collect")
-    longrepr: Union[None, Tuple[str, int, str], str, TerminalRepr] = None
+    longrepr: None | tuple[str, int, str] | str | TerminalRepr = None
     if not call.excinfo:
         outcome: Literal["passed", "skipped", "failed"] = "passed"
     else:
@@ -485,13 +479,13 @@ class SetupState:
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         # The stack is in the dict insertion order.
-        self.stack: Dict[
+        self.stack: dict[
             Node,
-            Tuple[
+            tuple[
                 # Node's finalizers.
-                List[Callable[[], object]],
+                list[Callable[[], object]],
                 # Node's exception, if its setup raised.
-                Optional[Union[OutcomeException, Exception]],
+                OutcomeException | Exception | None,
             ],
         ] = {}
 
@@ -526,7 +520,7 @@ class SetupState:
         assert node in self.stack, (node, self.stack)
         self.stack[node][0].append(finalizer)
 
-    def teardown_exact(self, nextitem: Optional[Item]) -> None:
+    def teardown_exact(self, nextitem: Item | None) -> None:
         """Teardown the current stack up until reaching nodes that nextitem
         also descends from.
 
@@ -534,7 +528,7 @@ class SetupState:
         stack is torn down.
         """
         needed_collectors = nextitem and nextitem.listchain() or []
-        exceptions: List[BaseException] = []
+        exceptions: list[BaseException] = []
         while self.stack:
             if list(self.stack.keys()) == needed_collectors[: len(self.stack)]:
                 break

src/_pytest/scope.py

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ would cause circular references.
 
 Also this makes the module light to import, as it should.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from enum import Enum
 from functools import total_ordering
 from typing import Literal
-from typing import Optional
 
 
 _ScopeName = Literal["session", "package", "module", "class", "function"]
@@ -37,29 +38,29 @@ class Scope(Enum):
     Package: _ScopeName = "package"
     Session: _ScopeName = "session"
 
-    def next_lower(self) -> "Scope":
+    def next_lower(self) -> Scope:
         """Return the next lower scope."""
         index = _SCOPE_INDICES[self]
         if index == 0:
             raise ValueError(f"{self} is the lower-most scope")
         return _ALL_SCOPES[index - 1]
 
-    def next_higher(self) -> "Scope":
+    def next_higher(self) -> Scope:
         """Return the next higher scope."""
         index = _SCOPE_INDICES[self]
         if index == len(_SCOPE_INDICES) - 1:
             raise ValueError(f"{self} is the upper-most scope")
         return _ALL_SCOPES[index + 1]
 
-    def __lt__(self, other: "Scope") -> bool:
+    def __lt__(self, other: Scope) -> bool:
         self_index = _SCOPE_INDICES[self]
         other_index = _SCOPE_INDICES[other]
         return self_index < other_index
 
     @classmethod
     def from_user(
-        cls, scope_name: _ScopeName, descr: str, where: Optional[str] = None
-    ) -> "Scope":
+        cls, scope_name: _ScopeName, descr: str, where: str | None = None
+    ) -> Scope:
         """
         Given a scope name from the user, return the equivalent Scope enum. Should be used
         whenever we want to convert a user provided scope name to its enum object.

src/_pytest/setuponly.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from typing import Generator
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Union
 
 import pytest
 from _pytest._io.saferepr import saferepr
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def _show_fixture_action(fixturedef: FixtureDef[object], msg: str) -> None:
 
 
 @pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
-def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> int | ExitCode | None:
     if config.option.setuponly:
         config.option.setupshow = True
     return None

src/_pytest/setupplan.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Union
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 import pytest
 from _pytest.config import Config
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
 @pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
 def pytest_fixture_setup(
     fixturedef: FixtureDef[object], request: SubRequest
-) -> Optional[object]:
+) -> object | None:
     # Will return a dummy fixture if the setuponly option is provided.
     if request.config.option.setupplan:
         my_cache_key = fixturedef.cache_key(request)
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ def pytest_fixture_setup(
 
 
 @pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
-def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> int | ExitCode | None:
     if config.option.setupplan:
         config.option.setuponly = True
         config.option.setupshow = True

src/_pytest/skipping.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Support for skip/xfail functions and markers."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import dataclasses
 import os
 import platform
@@ -7,8 +9,6 @@ import traceback
 from collections.abc import Mapping
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Type
 
 from _pytest.config import Config
 from _pytest.config import hookimpl
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def pytest_configure(config: Config) -> None:
     )
 
 
-def evaluate_condition(item: Item, mark: Mark, condition: object) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
+def evaluate_condition(item: Item, mark: Mark, condition: object) -> tuple[bool, str]:
     """Evaluate a single skipif/xfail condition.
 
     If an old-style string condition is given, it is eval()'d, otherwise the
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class Skip:
     reason: str = "unconditional skip"
 
 
-def evaluate_skip_marks(item: Item) -> Optional[Skip]:
+def evaluate_skip_marks(item: Item) -> Skip | None:
     """Evaluate skip and skipif marks on item, returning Skip if triggered."""
     for mark in item.iter_markers(name="skipif"):
         if "condition" not in mark.kwargs:
@@ -201,10 +201,10 @@ class Xfail:
     reason: str
     run: bool
     strict: bool
-    raises: Optional[Tuple[Type[BaseException], ...]]
+    raises: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] | None
 
 
-def evaluate_xfail_marks(item: Item) -> Optional[Xfail]:
+def evaluate_xfail_marks(item: Item) -> Xfail | None:
     """Evaluate xfail marks on item, returning Xfail if triggered."""
     for mark in item.iter_markers(name="xfail"):
         run = mark.kwargs.get("run", True)
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_makereport(
     return rep
 
 
-def pytest_report_teststatus(report: BaseReport) -> Optional[Tuple[str, str, str]]:
+def pytest_report_teststatus(report: BaseReport) -> tuple[str, str, str] | None:
     if hasattr(report, "wasxfail"):
         if report.skipped:
             return "xfailed", "x", "XFAIL"

src/_pytest/stash.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from typing import Any
 from typing import cast
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import Generic
 from typing import TypeVar
-from typing import Union
 
 
 __all__ = ["Stash", "StashKey"]
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class Stash:
     __slots__ = ("_storage",)
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self._storage: Dict[StashKey[Any], object] = {}
+        self._storage: dict[StashKey[Any], object] = {}
 
     def __setitem__(self, key: StashKey[T], value: T) -> None:
         """Set a value for key."""
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class Stash:
         """
         return cast(T, self._storage[key])
 
-    def get(self, key: StashKey[T], default: D) -> Union[T, D]:
+    def get(self, key: StashKey[T], default: D) -> T | D:
         """Get the value for key, or return default if the key wasn't set
         before."""
         try:

src/_pytest/stepwise.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import pytest
@@ -59,18 +59,18 @@ def pytest_sessionfinish(session: Session) -> None:
 class StepwisePlugin:
     def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
         self.config = config
-        self.session: Optional[Session] = None
+        self.session: Session | None = None
         self.report_status = ""
         assert config.cache is not None
         self.cache: Cache = config.cache
-        self.lastfailed: Optional[str] = self.cache.get(STEPWISE_CACHE_DIR, None)
+        self.lastfailed: str | None = self.cache.get(STEPWISE_CACHE_DIR, None)
         self.skip: bool = config.getoption("stepwise_skip")
 
     def pytest_sessionstart(self, session: Session) -> None:
         self.session = session
 
     def pytest_collection_modifyitems(
-        self, config: Config, items: List[nodes.Item]
+        self, config: Config, items: list[nodes.Item]
     ) -> None:
         if not self.lastfailed:
             self.report_status = "no previously failed tests, not skipping."
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class StepwisePlugin:
                 if report.nodeid == self.lastfailed:
                     self.lastfailed = None
 
-    def pytest_report_collectionfinish(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def pytest_report_collectionfinish(self) -> str | None:
         if self.config.getoption("verbose") >= 0 and self.report_status:
             return f"stepwise: {self.report_status}"
         return None

src/_pytest/terminal.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 This is a good source for looking at the various reporting hooks.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import dataclasses
 import datetime
@@ -16,20 +18,14 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import ClassVar
-from typing import Dict
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generator
-from typing import List
 from typing import Literal
 from typing import Mapping
 from typing import NamedTuple
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 from typing import TextIO
-from typing import Tuple
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Union
 
 import pluggy
 
@@ -87,7 +83,7 @@ class MoreQuietAction(argparse.Action):
         dest: str,
         default: object = None,
         required: bool = False,
-        help: Optional[str] = None,
+        help: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             option_strings=option_strings,
@@ -102,8 +98,8 @@ class MoreQuietAction(argparse.Action):
         self,
         parser: argparse.ArgumentParser,
         namespace: argparse.Namespace,
-        values: Union[str, Sequence[object], None],
-        option_string: Optional[str] = None,
+        values: str | Sequence[object] | None,
+        option_string: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         new_count = getattr(namespace, self.dest, 0) - 1
         setattr(namespace, self.dest, new_count)
@@ -128,7 +124,7 @@ class TestShortLogReport(NamedTuple):
 
     category: str
     letter: str
-    word: Union[str, Tuple[str, Mapping[str, bool]]]
+    word: str | tuple[str, Mapping[str, bool]]
 
 
 def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
@@ -293,7 +289,7 @@ def getreportopt(config: Config) -> str:
 
 
 @hookimpl(trylast=True)  # after _pytest.runner
-def pytest_report_teststatus(report: BaseReport) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+def pytest_report_teststatus(report: BaseReport) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
     letter = "F"
     if report.passed:
         letter = "."
@@ -321,12 +317,12 @@ class WarningReport:
     """
 
     message: str
-    nodeid: Optional[str] = None
-    fslocation: Optional[Tuple[str, int]] = None
+    nodeid: str | None = None
+    fslocation: tuple[str, int] | None = None
 
     count_towards_summary: ClassVar = True
 
-    def get_location(self, config: Config) -> Optional[str]:
+    def get_location(self, config: Config) -> str | None:
         """Return the more user-friendly information about the location of a warning, or None."""
         if self.nodeid:
             return self.nodeid
@@ -339,31 +335,31 @@ class WarningReport:
 
 @final
 class TerminalReporter:
-    def __init__(self, config: Config, file: Optional[TextIO] = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, config: Config, file: TextIO | None = None) -> None:
         import _pytest.config
 
         self.config = config
         self._numcollected = 0
-        self._session: Optional[Session] = None
-        self._showfspath: Optional[bool] = None
+        self._session: Session | None = None
+        self._showfspath: bool | None = None
 
-        self.stats: Dict[str, List[Any]] = {}
-        self._main_color: Optional[str] = None
-        self._known_types: Optional[List[str]] = None
+        self.stats: dict[str, list[Any]] = {}
+        self._main_color: str | None = None
+        self._known_types: list[str] | None = None
         self.startpath = config.invocation_params.dir
         if file is None:
             file = sys.stdout
         self._tw = _pytest.config.create_terminal_writer(config, file)
         self._screen_width = self._tw.fullwidth
-        self.currentfspath: Union[None, Path, str, int] = None
+        self.currentfspath: None | Path | str | int = None
         self.reportchars = getreportopt(config)
         self.hasmarkup = self._tw.hasmarkup
         self.isatty = file.isatty()
-        self._progress_nodeids_reported: Set[str] = set()
+        self._progress_nodeids_reported: set[str] = set()
         self._show_progress_info = self._determine_show_progress_info()
-        self._collect_report_last_write: Optional[float] = None
-        self._already_displayed_warnings: Optional[int] = None
-        self._keyboardinterrupt_memo: Optional[ExceptionRepr] = None
+        self._collect_report_last_write: float | None = None
+        self._already_displayed_warnings: int | None = None
+        self._keyboardinterrupt_memo: ExceptionRepr | None = None
 
     def _determine_show_progress_info(self) -> Literal["progress", "count", False]:
         """Return whether we should display progress information based on the current config."""
@@ -410,7 +406,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
         return self._showfspath
 
     @showfspath.setter
-    def showfspath(self, value: Optional[bool]) -> None:
+    def showfspath(self, value: bool | None) -> None:
         self._showfspath = value
 
     @property
@@ -474,7 +470,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
     def flush(self) -> None:
         self._tw.flush()
 
-    def write_line(self, line: Union[str, bytes], **markup: bool) -> None:
+    def write_line(self, line: str | bytes, **markup: bool) -> None:
         if not isinstance(line, str):
             line = str(line, errors="replace")
         self.ensure_newline()
@@ -501,8 +497,8 @@ class TerminalReporter:
     def write_sep(
         self,
         sep: str,
-        title: Optional[str] = None,
-        fullwidth: Optional[int] = None,
+        title: str | None = None,
+        fullwidth: int | None = None,
         **markup: bool,
     ) -> None:
         self.ensure_newline()
@@ -552,7 +548,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
         self._add_stats("deselected", items)
 
     def pytest_runtest_logstart(
-        self, nodeid: str, location: Tuple[str, Optional[int], str]
+        self, nodeid: str, location: tuple[str, int | None, str]
     ) -> None:
         # Ensure that the path is printed before the
         # 1st test of a module starts running.
@@ -743,7 +739,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
             self.write_line(line)
 
     @hookimpl(trylast=True)
-    def pytest_sessionstart(self, session: "Session") -> None:
+    def pytest_sessionstart(self, session: Session) -> None:
         self._session = session
         self._sessionstarttime = timing.time()
         if not self.showheader:
@@ -772,7 +768,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
             self._write_report_lines_from_hooks(lines)
 
     def _write_report_lines_from_hooks(
-        self, lines: Sequence[Union[str, Sequence[str]]]
+        self, lines: Sequence[str | Sequence[str]]
     ) -> None:
         for line_or_lines in reversed(lines):
             if isinstance(line_or_lines, str):
@@ -781,14 +777,14 @@ class TerminalReporter:
                 for line in line_or_lines:
                     self.write_line(line)
 
-    def pytest_report_header(self, config: Config) -> List[str]:
+    def pytest_report_header(self, config: Config) -> list[str]:
         result = [f"rootdir: {config.rootpath}"]
 
         if config.inipath:
             result.append("configfile: " + bestrelpath(config.rootpath, config.inipath))
 
         if config.args_source == Config.ArgsSource.TESTPATHS:
-            testpaths: List[str] = config.getini("testpaths")
+            testpaths: list[str] = config.getini("testpaths")
             result.append("testpaths: {}".format(", ".join(testpaths)))
 
         plugininfo = config.pluginmanager.list_plugin_distinfo()
@@ -796,7 +792,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
             result.append("plugins: %s" % ", ".join(_plugin_nameversions(plugininfo)))
         return result
 
-    def pytest_collection_finish(self, session: "Session") -> None:
+    def pytest_collection_finish(self, session: Session) -> None:
         self.report_collect(True)
 
         lines = self.config.hook.pytest_report_collectionfinish(
@@ -828,7 +824,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
                 for item in items:
                     self._tw.line(item.nodeid)
             return
-        stack: List[Node] = []
+        stack: list[Node] = []
         indent = ""
         for item in items:
             needed_collectors = item.listchain()[1:]  # strip root node
@@ -849,7 +845,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
 
     @hookimpl(wrapper=True)
     def pytest_sessionfinish(
-        self, session: "Session", exitstatus: Union[int, ExitCode]
+        self, session: Session, exitstatus: int | ExitCode
     ) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
         result = yield
         self._tw.line("")
@@ -911,7 +907,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
                 )
 
     def _locationline(
-        self, nodeid: str, fspath: str, lineno: Optional[int], domain: str
+        self, nodeid: str, fspath: str, lineno: int | None, domain: str
     ) -> str:
         def mkrel(nodeid: str) -> str:
             line = self.config.cwd_relative_nodeid(nodeid)
@@ -956,7 +952,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
 
     def summary_warnings(self) -> None:
         if self.hasopt("w"):
-            all_warnings: Optional[List[WarningReport]] = self.stats.get("warnings")
+            all_warnings: list[WarningReport] | None = self.stats.get("warnings")
             if not all_warnings:
                 return
 
@@ -969,11 +965,11 @@ class TerminalReporter:
             if not warning_reports:
                 return
 
-            reports_grouped_by_message: Dict[str, List[WarningReport]] = {}
+            reports_grouped_by_message: dict[str, list[WarningReport]] = {}
             for wr in warning_reports:
                 reports_grouped_by_message.setdefault(wr.message, []).append(wr)
 
-            def collapsed_location_report(reports: List[WarningReport]) -> str:
+            def collapsed_location_report(reports: list[WarningReport]) -> str:
                 locations = []
                 for w in reports:
                     location = w.get_location(self.config)
@@ -1011,7 +1007,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
     def summary_passes(self) -> None:
         if self.config.option.tbstyle != "no":
             if self.hasopt("P"):
-                reports: List[TestReport] = self.getreports("passed")
+                reports: list[TestReport] = self.getreports("passed")
                 if not reports:
                     return
                 self.write_sep("=", "PASSES")
@@ -1022,7 +1018,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
                         self._outrep_summary(rep)
                     self._handle_teardown_sections(rep.nodeid)
 
-    def _get_teardown_reports(self, nodeid: str) -> List[TestReport]:
+    def _get_teardown_reports(self, nodeid: str) -> list[TestReport]:
         reports = self.getreports("")
         return [
             report
@@ -1049,7 +1045,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
 
     def summary_failures(self) -> None:
         if self.config.option.tbstyle != "no":
-            reports: List[BaseReport] = self.getreports("failed")
+            reports: list[BaseReport] = self.getreports("failed")
             if not reports:
                 return
             self.write_sep("=", "FAILURES")
@@ -1066,7 +1062,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
 
     def summary_errors(self) -> None:
         if self.config.option.tbstyle != "no":
-            reports: List[BaseReport] = self.getreports("error")
+            reports: list[BaseReport] = self.getreports("error")
             if not reports:
                 return
             self.write_sep("=", "ERRORS")
@@ -1133,7 +1129,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
         if not self.reportchars:
             return
 
-        def show_simple(lines: List[str], *, stat: str) -> None:
+        def show_simple(lines: list[str], *, stat: str) -> None:
             failed = self.stats.get(stat, [])
             if not failed:
                 return
@@ -1145,7 +1141,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
                 )
                 lines.append(line)
 
-        def show_xfailed(lines: List[str]) -> None:
+        def show_xfailed(lines: list[str]) -> None:
             xfailed = self.stats.get("xfailed", [])
             for rep in xfailed:
                 verbose_word = rep._get_verbose_word(self.config)
@@ -1160,7 +1156,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
 
                 lines.append(line)
 
-        def show_xpassed(lines: List[str]) -> None:
+        def show_xpassed(lines: list[str]) -> None:
             xpassed = self.stats.get("xpassed", [])
             for rep in xpassed:
                 verbose_word = rep._get_verbose_word(self.config)
@@ -1171,8 +1167,8 @@ class TerminalReporter:
                 reason = rep.wasxfail
                 lines.append(f"{markup_word} {nodeid} {reason}")
 
-        def show_skipped(lines: List[str]) -> None:
-            skipped: List[CollectReport] = self.stats.get("skipped", [])
+        def show_skipped(lines: list[str]) -> None:
+            skipped: list[CollectReport] = self.stats.get("skipped", [])
             fskips = _folded_skips(self.startpath, skipped) if skipped else []
             if not fskips:
                 return
@@ -1191,7 +1187,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
                 else:
                     lines.append("%s [%d] %s: %s" % (markup_word, num, fspath, reason))
 
-        REPORTCHAR_ACTIONS: Mapping[str, Callable[[List[str]], None]] = {
+        REPORTCHAR_ACTIONS: Mapping[str, Callable[[list[str]], None]] = {
             "x": show_xfailed,
             "X": show_xpassed,
             "f": partial(show_simple, stat="failed"),
@@ -1200,7 +1196,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
             "E": partial(show_simple, stat="error"),
         }
 
-        lines: List[str] = []
+        lines: list[str] = []
         for char in self.reportchars:
             action = REPORTCHAR_ACTIONS.get(char)
             if action:  # skipping e.g. "P" (passed with output) here.
@@ -1211,7 +1207,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
             for line in lines:
                 self.write_line(line)
 
-    def _get_main_color(self) -> Tuple[str, List[str]]:
+    def _get_main_color(self) -> tuple[str, list[str]]:
         if self._main_color is None or self._known_types is None or self._is_last_item:
             self._set_main_color()
             assert self._main_color
@@ -1231,7 +1227,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
         return main_color
 
     def _set_main_color(self) -> None:
-        unknown_types: List[str] = []
+        unknown_types: list[str] = []
         for found_type in self.stats.keys():
             if found_type:  # setup/teardown reports have an empty key, ignore them
                 if found_type not in KNOWN_TYPES and found_type not in unknown_types:
@@ -1239,7 +1235,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
         self._known_types = list(KNOWN_TYPES) + unknown_types
         self._main_color = self._determine_main_color(bool(unknown_types))
 
-    def build_summary_stats_line(self) -> Tuple[List[Tuple[str, Dict[str, bool]]], str]:
+    def build_summary_stats_line(self) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, dict[str, bool]]], str]:
         """
         Build the parts used in the last summary stats line.
 
@@ -1264,14 +1260,14 @@ class TerminalReporter:
         else:
             return self._build_normal_summary_stats_line()
 
-    def _get_reports_to_display(self, key: str) -> List[Any]:
+    def _get_reports_to_display(self, key: str) -> list[Any]:
         """Get test/collection reports for the given status key, such as `passed` or `error`."""
         reports = self.stats.get(key, [])
         return [x for x in reports if getattr(x, "count_towards_summary", True)]
 
     def _build_normal_summary_stats_line(
         self,
-    ) -> Tuple[List[Tuple[str, Dict[str, bool]]], str]:
+    ) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, dict[str, bool]]], str]:
         main_color, known_types = self._get_main_color()
         parts = []
 
@@ -1290,7 +1286,7 @@ class TerminalReporter:
 
     def _build_collect_only_summary_stats_line(
         self,
-    ) -> Tuple[List[Tuple[str, Dict[str, bool]]], str]:
+    ) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, dict[str, bool]]], str]:
         deselected = len(self._get_reports_to_display("deselected"))
         errors = len(self._get_reports_to_display("error"))
 
@@ -1331,7 +1327,7 @@ def _get_node_id_with_markup(tw: TerminalWriter, config: Config, rep: BaseReport
         return path
 
 
-def _format_trimmed(format: str, msg: str, available_width: int) -> Optional[str]:
+def _format_trimmed(format: str, msg: str, available_width: int) -> str | None:
     """Format msg into format, ellipsizing it if doesn't fit in available_width.
 
     Returns None if even the ellipsis can't fit.
@@ -1357,7 +1353,7 @@ def _format_trimmed(format: str, msg: str, available_width: int) -> Optional[str
 
 
 def _get_line_with_reprcrash_message(
-    config: Config, rep: BaseReport, tw: TerminalWriter, word_markup: Dict[str, bool]
+    config: Config, rep: BaseReport, tw: TerminalWriter, word_markup: dict[str, bool]
 ) -> str:
     """Get summary line for a report, trying to add reprcrash message."""
     verbose_word = rep._get_verbose_word(config)
@@ -1387,8 +1383,8 @@ def _get_line_with_reprcrash_message(
 def _folded_skips(
     startpath: Path,
     skipped: Sequence[CollectReport],
-) -> List[Tuple[int, str, Optional[int], str]]:
-    d: Dict[Tuple[str, Optional[int], str], List[CollectReport]] = {}
+) -> list[tuple[int, str, int | None, str]]:
+    d: dict[tuple[str, int | None, str], list[CollectReport]] = {}
     for event in skipped:
         assert event.longrepr is not None
         assert isinstance(event.longrepr, tuple), (event, event.longrepr)
@@ -1405,11 +1401,11 @@ def _folded_skips(
             and "skip" in keywords
             and "pytestmark" not in keywords
         ):
-            key: Tuple[str, Optional[int], str] = (fspath, None, reason)
+            key: tuple[str, int | None, str] = (fspath, None, reason)
         else:
             key = (fspath, lineno, reason)
         d.setdefault(key, []).append(event)
-    values: List[Tuple[int, str, Optional[int], str]] = []
+    values: list[tuple[int, str, int | None, str]] = []
     for key, events in d.items():
         values.append((len(events), *key))
     return values
@@ -1424,7 +1420,7 @@ _color_for_type = {
 _color_for_type_default = "yellow"
 
 
-def pluralize(count: int, noun: str) -> Tuple[int, str]:
+def pluralize(count: int, noun: str) -> tuple[int, str]:
     # No need to pluralize words such as `failed` or `passed`.
     if noun not in ["error", "warnings", "test"]:
         return count, noun
@@ -1437,8 +1433,8 @@ def pluralize(count: int, noun: str) -> Tuple[int, str]:
     return count, noun + "s" if count != 1 else noun
 
 
-def _plugin_nameversions(plugininfo) -> List[str]:
-    values: List[str] = []
+def _plugin_nameversions(plugininfo) -> list[str]:
+    values: list[str] = []
     for plugin, dist in plugininfo:
         # Gets us name and version!
         name = "{dist.project_name}-{dist.version}".format(dist=dist)

src/_pytest/threadexception.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import threading
 import traceback
 import warnings
@@ -5,8 +7,6 @@ from types import TracebackType
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import Generator
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Type
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -34,22 +34,22 @@ class catch_threading_exception:
     """
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.args: Optional["threading.ExceptHookArgs"] = None
-        self._old_hook: Optional[Callable[["threading.ExceptHookArgs"], Any]] = None
+        self.args: threading.ExceptHookArgs | None = None
+        self._old_hook: Callable[[threading.ExceptHookArgs], Any] | None = None
 
-    def _hook(self, args: "threading.ExceptHookArgs") -> None:
+    def _hook(self, args: threading.ExceptHookArgs) -> None:
         self.args = args
 
-    def __enter__(self) -> "catch_threading_exception":
+    def __enter__(self) -> catch_threading_exception:
         self._old_hook = threading.excepthook
         threading.excepthook = self._hook
         return self
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
-        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> None:
         assert self._old_hook is not None
         threading.excepthook = self._old_hook

src/_pytest/timing.py

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ pytest runtime information (issue #185).
 
 Fixture "mock_timing" also interacts with this module for pytest's own tests.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from time import perf_counter
 from time import sleep
 from time import time

src/_pytest/tmpdir.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Support for providing temporary directories to test functions."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import dataclasses
 import os
 import re
@@ -10,8 +12,6 @@ from typing import Dict
 from typing import final
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Literal
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Union
 
 from .pathlib import cleanup_dead_symlinks
 from .pathlib import LOCK_TIMEOUT
@@ -43,20 +43,20 @@ class TempPathFactory:
     The base directory can be configured using the ``--basetemp`` option.
     """
 
-    _given_basetemp: Optional[Path]
+    _given_basetemp: Path | None
     # pluggy TagTracerSub, not currently exposed, so Any.
     _trace: Any
-    _basetemp: Optional[Path]
+    _basetemp: Path | None
     _retention_count: int
     _retention_policy: RetentionType
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        given_basetemp: Optional[Path],
+        given_basetemp: Path | None,
         retention_count: int,
         retention_policy: RetentionType,
         trace,
-        basetemp: Optional[Path] = None,
+        basetemp: Path | None = None,
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class TempPathFactory:
         config: Config,
         *,
         _ispytest: bool = False,
-    ) -> "TempPathFactory":
+    ) -> TempPathFactory:
         """Create a factory according to pytest configuration.
 
         :meta private:
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class TempPathFactory:
         return basetemp
 
 
-def get_user() -> Optional[str]:
+def get_user() -> str | None:
     """Return the current user name, or None if getuser() does not work
     in the current environment (see #1010)."""
     try:
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ def tmp_path(
     del request.node.stash[tmppath_result_key]
 
 
-def pytest_sessionfinish(session, exitstatus: Union[int, ExitCode]):
+def pytest_sessionfinish(session, exitstatus: int | ExitCode):
     """After each session, remove base directory if all the tests passed,
     the policy is "failed", and the basetemp is not specified by a user.
     """
@@ -315,6 +315,6 @@ def pytest_runtest_makereport(
 ) -> Generator[None, TestReport, TestReport]:
     rep = yield
     assert rep.when is not None
-    empty: Dict[str, bool] = {}
+    empty: dict[str, bool] = {}
     item.stash.setdefault(tmppath_result_key, empty)[rep.when] = rep.passed
     return rep

src/_pytest/unittest.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 """Discover and run std-library "unittest" style tests."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
 import traceback
 import types
@@ -6,8 +8,6 @@ from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Iterable
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Tuple
 from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 
 def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(
-    collector: Union[Module, Class], name: str, obj: object
-) -> Optional["UnitTestCase"]:
+    collector: Module | Class, name: str, obj: object
+) -> UnitTestCase | None:
     # Has unittest been imported and is obj a subclass of its TestCase?
     try:
         ut = sys.modules["unittest"]
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class UnitTestCase(Class):
     # to declare that our children do not support funcargs.
     nofuncargs = True
 
-    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[Item, Collector]]:
+    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Item | Collector]:
         from unittest import TestLoader
 
         cls = self.obj
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ def _make_xunit_fixture(
     obj: type,
     setup_name: str,
     teardown_name: str,
-    cleanup_name: Optional[str],
+    cleanup_name: str | None,
     scope: Scope,
     pass_self: bool,
 ):
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ def _make_xunit_fixture(
 
 class TestCaseFunction(Function):
     nofuncargs = True
-    _excinfo: Optional[List[_pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[BaseException]]] = None
-    _testcase: Optional["unittest.TestCase"] = None
+    _excinfo: list[_pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[BaseException]] | None = None
+    _testcase: unittest.TestCase | None = None
 
     def _getobj(self):
         assert self.parent is not None
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class TestCaseFunction(Function):
 
     def setup(self) -> None:
         # A bound method to be called during teardown() if set (see 'runtest()').
-        self._explicit_tearDown: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None
+        self._explicit_tearDown: Callable[[], None] | None = None
         assert self.parent is not None
         self._testcase = self.parent.obj(self.name)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         self._obj = getattr(self._testcase, self.name)
@@ -210,10 +210,10 @@ class TestCaseFunction(Function):
         self._testcase = None
         self._obj = None
 
-    def startTest(self, testcase: "unittest.TestCase") -> None:
+    def startTest(self, testcase: unittest.TestCase) -> None:
         pass
 
-    def _addexcinfo(self, rawexcinfo: "_SysExcInfoType") -> None:
+    def _addexcinfo(self, rawexcinfo: _SysExcInfoType) -> None:
         # Unwrap potential exception info (see twisted trial support below).
         rawexcinfo = getattr(rawexcinfo, "_rawexcinfo", rawexcinfo)
         try:
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class TestCaseFunction(Function):
         self.__dict__.setdefault("_excinfo", []).append(excinfo)
 
     def addError(
-        self, testcase: "unittest.TestCase", rawexcinfo: "_SysExcInfoType"
+        self, testcase: unittest.TestCase, rawexcinfo: _SysExcInfoType
     ) -> None:
         try:
             if isinstance(rawexcinfo[1], exit.Exception):
@@ -257,11 +257,11 @@ class TestCaseFunction(Function):
         self._addexcinfo(rawexcinfo)
 
     def addFailure(
-        self, testcase: "unittest.TestCase", rawexcinfo: "_SysExcInfoType"
+        self, testcase: unittest.TestCase, rawexcinfo: _SysExcInfoType
     ) -> None:
         self._addexcinfo(rawexcinfo)
 
-    def addSkip(self, testcase: "unittest.TestCase", reason: str) -> None:
+    def addSkip(self, testcase: unittest.TestCase, reason: str) -> None:
         try:
             raise pytest.skip.Exception(reason, _use_item_location=True)
         except skip.Exception:
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ class TestCaseFunction(Function):
 
     def addExpectedFailure(
         self,
-        testcase: "unittest.TestCase",
-        rawexcinfo: "_SysExcInfoType",
+        testcase: unittest.TestCase,
+        rawexcinfo: _SysExcInfoType,
         reason: str = "",
     ) -> None:
         try:
@@ -280,8 +280,8 @@ class TestCaseFunction(Function):
 
     def addUnexpectedSuccess(
         self,
-        testcase: "unittest.TestCase",
-        reason: Optional["twisted.trial.unittest.Todo"] = None,
+        testcase: unittest.TestCase,
+        reason: twisted.trial.unittest.Todo | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         msg = "Unexpected success"
         if reason:
@@ -292,13 +292,13 @@ class TestCaseFunction(Function):
         except fail.Exception:
             self._addexcinfo(sys.exc_info())
 
-    def addSuccess(self, testcase: "unittest.TestCase") -> None:
+    def addSuccess(self, testcase: unittest.TestCase) -> None:
         pass
 
-    def stopTest(self, testcase: "unittest.TestCase") -> None:
+    def stopTest(self, testcase: unittest.TestCase) -> None:
         pass
 
-    def addDuration(self, testcase: "unittest.TestCase", elapsed: float) -> None:
+    def addDuration(self, testcase: unittest.TestCase, elapsed: float) -> None:
         pass
 
     def runtest(self) -> None:
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ def pytest_runtest_protocol(item: Item) -> Generator[None, object, object]:
     return res
 
 
-def check_testcase_implements_trial_reporter(done: List[int] = []) -> None:
+def check_testcase_implements_trial_reporter(done: list[int] = []) -> None:
     if done:
         return
     from zope.interface import classImplements

src/_pytest/unraisableexception.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
 import traceback
 import warnings
@@ -5,8 +7,6 @@ from types import TracebackType
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import Generator
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Type
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -34,24 +34,24 @@ class catch_unraisable_exception:
     """
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.unraisable: Optional["sys.UnraisableHookArgs"] = None
-        self._old_hook: Optional[Callable[["sys.UnraisableHookArgs"], Any]] = None
+        self.unraisable: sys.UnraisableHookArgs | None = None
+        self._old_hook: Callable[[sys.UnraisableHookArgs], Any] | None = None
 
-    def _hook(self, unraisable: "sys.UnraisableHookArgs") -> None:
+    def _hook(self, unraisable: sys.UnraisableHookArgs) -> None:
         # Storing unraisable.object can resurrect an object which is being
         # finalized. Storing unraisable.exc_value creates a reference cycle.
         self.unraisable = unraisable
 
-    def __enter__(self) -> "catch_unraisable_exception":
+    def __enter__(self) -> catch_unraisable_exception:
         self._old_hook = sys.unraisablehook
         sys.unraisablehook = self._hook
         return self
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
-        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
-        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> None:
         assert self._old_hook is not None
         sys.unraisablehook = self._old_hook