diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 4bed87035..be6d08221 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ repos:
         language: python
         files: \.py$
 -   repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
-    rev: 6.0.0
+    rev: 6.1.0
     hooks:
     -   id: flake8
         language_version: python3
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ repos:
     -   id: reorder-python-imports
         args: ['--application-directories=.:src', --py38-plus]
 -   repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-    rev: v3.9.0
+    rev: v3.10.1
     hooks:
     -   id: pyupgrade
         args: [--py38-plus]
diff --git a/changelog/11277.bugfix.rst b/changelog/11277.bugfix.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43370561e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/11277.bugfix.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fixed a bug that when there are multiple fixtures for an indirect parameter,
+the scope of the highest-scope fixture is picked for the parameter set, instead of that of the one with the narrowest scope.
diff --git a/doc/en/example/parametrize.rst b/doc/en/example/parametrize.rst
index f771e5da4..4ea6f6e65 100644
--- a/doc/en/example/parametrize.rst
+++ b/doc/en/example/parametrize.rst
@@ -657,13 +657,16 @@ Use :func:`pytest.raises` with the
 :ref:`pytest.mark.parametrize ref` decorator to write parametrized tests
 in which some tests raise exceptions and others do not.
 
-It may be helpful to use ``nullcontext`` as a complement to ``raises``.
+``contextlib.nullcontext`` can be used to test cases that are not expected to
+raise exceptions but that should result in some value. The value is given as the
+``enter_result`` parameter, which will be available as the ``with`` statement’s
+target (``e`` in the example below).
 
 For example:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-    from contextlib import nullcontext as does_not_raise
+    from contextlib import nullcontext
 
     import pytest
 
@@ -671,16 +674,17 @@ For example:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         "example_input,expectation",
         [
-            (3, does_not_raise()),
-            (2, does_not_raise()),
-            (1, does_not_raise()),
+            (3, nullcontext(2)),
+            (2, nullcontext(3)),
+            (1, nullcontext(6)),
             (0, pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError)),
         ],
     )
     def test_division(example_input, expectation):
         """Test how much I know division."""
-        with expectation:
-            assert (6 / example_input) is not None
+        with expectation as e:
+            assert (6 / example_input) == e
 
-In the example above, the first three test cases should run unexceptionally,
-while the fourth should raise ``ZeroDivisionError``.
+In the example above, the first three test cases should run without any
+exceptions, while the fourth should raise a``ZeroDivisionError`` exception,
+which is expected by pytest.
diff --git a/doc/en/how-to/assert.rst b/doc/en/how-to/assert.rst
index 1b10c1313..d99a1ce5c 100644
--- a/doc/en/how-to/assert.rst
+++ b/doc/en/how-to/assert.rst
@@ -54,14 +54,13 @@ operators. (See :ref:`tbreportdemo`).  This allows you to use the
 idiomatic python constructs without boilerplate code while not losing
 introspection information.
 
-However, if you specify a message with the assertion like this:
+If a message is specified with the assertion like this:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
     assert a % 2 == 0, "value was odd, should be even"
 
-then no assertion introspection takes places at all and the message
-will be simply shown in the traceback.
+it is printed alongside the assertion introspection in the traceback.
 
 See :ref:`assert-details` for more information on assertion introspection.
 
diff --git a/doc/en/reference/reference.rst b/doc/en/reference/reference.rst
index ea008110e..a6d7cfdd4 100644
--- a/doc/en/reference/reference.rst
+++ b/doc/en/reference/reference.rst
@@ -82,6 +82,8 @@ pytest.exit
 pytest.main
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
 
+**Tutorial**: :ref:`pytest.main-usage`
+
 .. autofunction:: pytest.main
 
 pytest.param
diff --git a/src/_pytest/assertion/util.py b/src/_pytest/assertion/util.py
index fc5dfdbd5..268f714ba 100644
--- a/src/_pytest/assertion/util.py
+++ b/src/_pytest/assertion/util.py
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ def _compare_eq_any(left: Any, right: Any, verbose: int = 0) -> List[str]:
             other_side = right if isinstance(left, ApproxBase) else left
 
             explanation = approx_side._repr_compare(other_side)
-        elif type(left) == type(right) and (
+        elif type(left) is type(right) and (
             isdatacls(left) or isattrs(left) or isnamedtuple(left)
         ):
             # Note: unlike dataclasses/attrs, namedtuples compare only the
diff --git a/src/_pytest/config/__init__.py b/src/_pytest/config/__init__.py
index 2b6f250f3..8dbaf7c70 100644
--- a/src/_pytest/config/__init__.py
+++ b/src/_pytest/config/__init__.py
@@ -581,26 +581,25 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
     def _try_load_conftest(
         self, anchor: Path, importmode: Union[str, ImportMode], rootpath: Path
     ) -> None:
-        self._getconftestmodules(anchor, importmode, rootpath)
+        self._loadconftestmodules(anchor, importmode, rootpath)
         # let's also consider test* subdirs
         if anchor.is_dir():
             for x in anchor.glob("test*"):
                 if x.is_dir():
-                    self._getconftestmodules(x, importmode, rootpath)
+                    self._loadconftestmodules(x, importmode, rootpath)
 
-    def _getconftestmodules(
+    def _loadconftestmodules(
         self, path: Path, importmode: Union[str, ImportMode], rootpath: Path
-    ) -> Sequence[types.ModuleType]:
+    ) -> None:
         if self._noconftest:
-            return []
+            return
 
         directory = self._get_directory(path)
 
         # Optimization: avoid repeated searches in the same directory.
         # Assumes always called with same importmode and rootpath.
-        existing_clist = self._dirpath2confmods.get(directory)
-        if existing_clist is not None:
-            return existing_clist
+        if directory in self._dirpath2confmods:
+            return
 
         # XXX these days we may rather want to use config.rootpath
         # and allow users to opt into looking into the rootdir parent
@@ -613,16 +612,17 @@ class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
                     mod = self._importconftest(conftestpath, importmode, rootpath)
                     clist.append(mod)
         self._dirpath2confmods[directory] = clist
-        return clist
+
+    def _getconftestmodules(self, path: Path) -> Sequence[types.ModuleType]:
+        directory = self._get_directory(path)
+        return self._dirpath2confmods.get(directory, ())
 
     def _rget_with_confmod(
         self,
         name: str,
         path: Path,
-        importmode: Union[str, ImportMode],
-        rootpath: Path,
     ) -> Tuple[types.ModuleType, Any]:
-        modules = self._getconftestmodules(path, importmode, rootpath=rootpath)
+        modules = self._getconftestmodules(path)
         for mod in reversed(modules):
             try:
                 return mod, getattr(mod, name)
@@ -1562,13 +1562,9 @@ class Config:
         else:
             return self._getini_unknown_type(name, type, value)
 
-    def _getconftest_pathlist(
-        self, name: str, path: Path, rootpath: Path
-    ) -> Optional[List[Path]]:
+    def _getconftest_pathlist(self, name: str, path: Path) -> Optional[List[Path]]:
         try:
-            mod, relroots = self.pluginmanager._rget_with_confmod(
-                name, path, self.getoption("importmode"), rootpath
-            )
+            mod, relroots = self.pluginmanager._rget_with_confmod(name, path)
         except KeyError:
             return None
         assert mod.__file__ is not None
diff --git a/src/_pytest/fixtures.py b/src/_pytest/fixtures.py
index 8882486b0..2b30ab913 100644
--- a/src/_pytest/fixtures.py
+++ b/src/_pytest/fixtures.py
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ from _pytest.pathlib import bestrelpath
 from _pytest.scope import _ScopeName
 from _pytest.scope import HIGH_SCOPES
 from _pytest.scope import Scope
-from _pytest.stash import StashKey
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -148,89 +147,6 @@ def get_scope_node(
         assert_never(scope)
 
 
-# Used for storing artificial fixturedefs for direct parametrization.
-name2pseudofixturedef_key = StashKey[Dict[str, "FixtureDef[Any]"]]()
-
-
-def add_funcarg_pseudo_fixture_def(
-    collector: nodes.Collector, metafunc: "Metafunc", fixturemanager: "FixtureManager"
-) -> None:
-    import _pytest.python
-
-    # This function will transform all collected calls to functions
-    # if they use direct funcargs (i.e. direct parametrization)
-    # because we want later test execution to be able to rely on
-    # an existing FixtureDef structure for all arguments.
-    # XXX we can probably avoid this algorithm  if we modify CallSpec2
-    # to directly care for creating the fixturedefs within its methods.
-    if not metafunc._calls[0].funcargs:
-        # This function call does not have direct parametrization.
-        return
-    # Collect funcargs of all callspecs into a list of values.
-    arg2params: Dict[str, List[object]] = {}
-    arg2scope: Dict[str, Scope] = {}
-    for callspec in metafunc._calls:
-        for argname, argvalue in callspec.funcargs.items():
-            assert argname not in callspec.params
-            callspec.params[argname] = argvalue
-            arg2params_list = arg2params.setdefault(argname, [])
-            callspec.indices[argname] = len(arg2params_list)
-            arg2params_list.append(argvalue)
-            if argname not in arg2scope:
-                scope = callspec._arg2scope.get(argname, Scope.Function)
-                arg2scope[argname] = scope
-        callspec.funcargs.clear()
-
-    # Register artificial FixtureDef's so that later at test execution
-    # time we can rely on a proper FixtureDef to exist for fixture setup.
-    arg2fixturedefs = metafunc._arg2fixturedefs
-    for argname, valuelist in arg2params.items():
-        # If we have a scope that is higher than function, we need
-        # to make sure we only ever create an according fixturedef on
-        # a per-scope basis. We thus store and cache the fixturedef on the
-        # node related to the scope.
-        scope = arg2scope[argname]
-        node = None
-        if scope is not Scope.Function:
-            node = get_scope_node(collector, scope)
-            if node is None:
-                # If used class scope and there is no class, use module-level
-                # collector (for now).
-                if scope is Scope.Class:
-                    assert isinstance(collector, _pytest.python.Module)
-                    node = collector
-                # If used package scope and there is no package, use session
-                # (for now).
-                elif scope is Scope.Package:
-                    node = collector.session
-                else:
-                    assert False, f"Unhandled missing scope: {scope}"
-        if node is None:
-            name2pseudofixturedef = None
-        else:
-            default: Dict[str, FixtureDef[Any]] = {}
-            name2pseudofixturedef = node.stash.setdefault(
-                name2pseudofixturedef_key, default
-            )
-        if name2pseudofixturedef is not None and argname in name2pseudofixturedef:
-            arg2fixturedefs[argname] = [name2pseudofixturedef[argname]]
-        else:
-            fixturedef = FixtureDef(
-                fixturemanager=fixturemanager,
-                baseid="",
-                argname=argname,
-                func=get_direct_param_fixture_func,
-                scope=arg2scope[argname],
-                params=valuelist,
-                unittest=False,
-                ids=None,
-                _ispytest=True,
-            )
-            arg2fixturedefs[argname] = [fixturedef]
-            if name2pseudofixturedef is not None:
-                name2pseudofixturedef[argname] = fixturedef
-
-
 def getfixturemarker(obj: object) -> Optional["FixtureFunctionMarker"]:
     """Return fixturemarker or None if it doesn't exist or raised
     exceptions."""
@@ -271,7 +187,7 @@ def get_parametrized_fixture_keys(
         pass
     else:
         cs: CallSpec2 = callspec
-        # cs.indices.items() is random order of argnames.  Need to
+        # cs.indices is random order of argnames.  Need to
         # sort this so that different calls to
         # get_parametrized_fixture_keys will be deterministic.
         for argname in sorted(cs.indices):
@@ -282,7 +198,7 @@ def get_parametrized_fixture_keys(
             if scope is Scope.Session:
                 scoped_item_path = None
             elif scope is Scope.Package:
-                scoped_item_path = item.path.parent
+                scoped_item_path = item.path
             elif scope is Scope.Module:
                 scoped_item_path = item.path
             elif scope is Scope.Class:
@@ -385,10 +301,6 @@ def reorder_items_atscope(
     return items_done
 
 
-def get_direct_param_fixture_func(request: "FixtureRequest") -> Any:
-    return request.param
-
-
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class FuncFixtureInfo:
     """Fixture-related information for a fixture-requesting item (e.g. test
@@ -512,7 +424,7 @@ class FixtureRequest:
             node: Optional[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]] = self._pyfuncitem
         elif scope is Scope.Package:
             # FIXME: _fixturedef is not defined on FixtureRequest (this class),
-            # but on FixtureRequest (a subclass).
+            # but on SubRequest (a subclass).
             node = get_scope_package(self._pyfuncitem, self._fixturedef)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         else:
             node = get_scope_node(self._pyfuncitem, scope)
diff --git a/src/_pytest/main.py b/src/_pytest/main.py
index 4c3c9aed4..fd3836736 100644
--- a/src/_pytest/main.py
+++ b/src/_pytest/main.py
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ def _in_venv(path: Path) -> bool:
 
 def pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path: Path, config: Config) -> Optional[bool]:
     ignore_paths = config._getconftest_pathlist(
-        "collect_ignore", path=collection_path.parent, rootpath=config.rootpath
+        "collect_ignore", path=collection_path.parent
     )
     ignore_paths = ignore_paths or []
     excludeopt = config.getoption("ignore")
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ def pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path: Path, config: Config) -> Optional[boo
         return True
 
     ignore_globs = config._getconftest_pathlist(
-        "collect_ignore_glob", path=collection_path.parent, rootpath=config.rootpath
+        "collect_ignore_glob", path=collection_path.parent
     )
     ignore_globs = ignore_globs or []
     excludeglobopt = config.getoption("ignore_glob")
@@ -551,11 +551,16 @@ class Session(nodes.FSCollector):
         pm = self.config.pluginmanager
         # Check if we have the common case of running
         # hooks with all conftest.py files.
-        my_conftestmodules = pm._getconftestmodules(
+        #
+        # TODO: pytest relies on this call to load non-initial conftests. This
+        # is incidental. It will be better to load conftests at a more
+        # well-defined place.
+        pm._loadconftestmodules(
             path,
             self.config.getoption("importmode"),
             rootpath=self.config.rootpath,
         )
+        my_conftestmodules = pm._getconftestmodules(path)
         remove_mods = pm._conftest_plugins.difference(my_conftestmodules)
         if remove_mods:
             # One or more conftests are not in use at this fspath.
diff --git a/src/_pytest/python.py b/src/_pytest/python.py
index c0c16d4d0..c3097b863 100644
--- a/src/_pytest/python.py
+++ b/src/_pytest/python.py
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ from _pytest._code.code import Traceback
 from _pytest._io import TerminalWriter
 from _pytest._io.saferepr import saferepr
 from _pytest.compat import ascii_escaped
-from _pytest.compat import assert_never
 from _pytest.compat import get_default_arg_names
 from _pytest.compat import get_real_func
 from _pytest.compat import getimfunc
@@ -59,7 +58,10 @@ from _pytest.config.argparsing import Parser
 from _pytest.deprecated import check_ispytest
 from _pytest.deprecated import INSTANCE_COLLECTOR
 from _pytest.deprecated import NOSE_SUPPORT_METHOD
+from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureDef
+from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureRequest
 from _pytest.fixtures import FuncFixtureInfo
+from _pytest.fixtures import get_scope_node
 from _pytest.main import Session
 from _pytest.mark import MARK_GEN
 from _pytest.mark import ParameterSet
@@ -77,6 +79,7 @@ from _pytest.pathlib import parts
 from _pytest.pathlib import visit
 from _pytest.scope import _ScopeName
 from _pytest.scope import Scope
+from _pytest.stash import StashKey
 from _pytest.warning_types import PytestCollectionWarning
 from _pytest.warning_types import PytestReturnNotNoneWarning
 from _pytest.warning_types import PytestUnhandledCoroutineWarning
@@ -493,13 +496,11 @@ class PyCollector(PyobjMixin, nodes.Collector):
         if not metafunc._calls:
             yield Function.from_parent(self, name=name, fixtureinfo=fixtureinfo)
         else:
-            # Add funcargs() as fixturedefs to fixtureinfo.arg2fixturedefs.
-            fm = self.session._fixturemanager
-            fixtures.add_funcarg_pseudo_fixture_def(self, metafunc, fm)
-
-            # Add_funcarg_pseudo_fixture_def may have shadowed some fixtures
-            # with direct parametrization, so make sure we update what the
-            # function really needs.
+            # Direct parametrizations taking place in module/class-specific
+            # `metafunc.parametrize` calls may have shadowed some fixtures, so make sure
+            # we update what the function really needs a.k.a its fixture closure. Note that
+            # direct parametrizations using `@pytest.mark.parametrize` have already been considered
+            # into making the closure using `ignore_args` arg to `getfixtureclosure`.
             fixtureinfo.prune_dependency_tree()
 
             for callspec in metafunc._calls:
@@ -1116,11 +1117,8 @@ class CallSpec2:
     and stored in item.callspec.
     """
 
-    # arg name -> arg value which will be passed to the parametrized test
-    # function (direct parameterization).
-    funcargs: Dict[str, object] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
-    # arg name -> arg value which will be passed to a fixture of the same name
-    # (indirect parametrization).
+    # arg name -> arg value which will be passed to a fixture or pseudo-fixture
+    # of the same name. (indirect or direct parametrization respectively)
     params: Dict[str, object] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
     # arg name -> arg index.
     indices: Dict[str, int] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
@@ -1134,7 +1132,6 @@ class CallSpec2:
     def setmulti(
         self,
         *,
-        valtypes: Mapping[str, "Literal['params', 'funcargs']"],
         argnames: Iterable[str],
         valset: Iterable[object],
         id: str,
@@ -1142,24 +1139,16 @@ class CallSpec2:
         scope: Scope,
         param_index: int,
     ) -> "CallSpec2":
-        funcargs = self.funcargs.copy()
         params = self.params.copy()
         indices = self.indices.copy()
         arg2scope = self._arg2scope.copy()
         for arg, val in zip(argnames, valset):
-            if arg in params or arg in funcargs:
-                raise ValueError(f"duplicate {arg!r}")
-            valtype_for_arg = valtypes[arg]
-            if valtype_for_arg == "params":
-                params[arg] = val
-            elif valtype_for_arg == "funcargs":
-                funcargs[arg] = val
-            else:
-                assert_never(valtype_for_arg)
+            if arg in params:
+                raise ValueError(f"duplicate parametrization of {arg!r}")
+            params[arg] = val
             indices[arg] = param_index
             arg2scope[arg] = scope
         return CallSpec2(
-            funcargs=funcargs,
             params=params,
             indices=indices,
             _arg2scope=arg2scope,
@@ -1178,6 +1167,14 @@ class CallSpec2:
         return "-".join(self._idlist)
 
 
+def get_direct_param_fixture_func(request: FixtureRequest) -> Any:
+    return request.param
+
+
+# Used for storing pseudo fixturedefs for direct parametrization.
+name2pseudofixturedef_key = StashKey[Dict[str, FixtureDef[Any]]]()
+
+
 @final
 class Metafunc:
     """Objects passed to the :hook:`pytest_generate_tests` hook.
@@ -1239,8 +1236,9 @@ class Metafunc:
         during the collection phase. If you need to setup expensive resources
         see about setting indirect to do it rather than at test setup time.
 
-        Can be called multiple times, in which case each call parametrizes all
-        previous parametrizations, e.g.
+        Can be called multiple times per test function (but only on different
+        argument names), in which case each call parametrizes all previous
+        parametrizations, e.g.
 
         ::
 
@@ -1319,8 +1317,6 @@ class Metafunc:
 
         self._validate_if_using_arg_names(argnames, indirect)
 
-        arg_values_types = self._resolve_arg_value_types(argnames, indirect)
-
         # Use any already (possibly) generated ids with parametrize Marks.
         if _param_mark and _param_mark._param_ids_from:
             generated_ids = _param_mark._param_ids_from._param_ids_generated
@@ -1335,6 +1331,60 @@ class Metafunc:
         if _param_mark and _param_mark._param_ids_from and generated_ids is None:
             object.__setattr__(_param_mark._param_ids_from, "_param_ids_generated", ids)
 
+        # Add funcargs as fixturedefs to fixtureinfo.arg2fixturedefs by registering
+        # artificial "pseudo" FixtureDef's so that later at test execution time we can
+        # rely on a proper FixtureDef to exist for fixture setup.
+        arg2fixturedefs = self._arg2fixturedefs
+        node = None
+        # If we have a scope that is higher than function, we need
+        # to make sure we only ever create an according fixturedef on
+        # a per-scope basis. We thus store and cache the fixturedef on the
+        # node related to the scope.
+        if scope_ is not Scope.Function:
+            collector = self.definition.parent
+            assert collector is not None
+            node = get_scope_node(collector, scope_)
+            if node is None:
+                # If used class scope and there is no class, use module-level
+                # collector (for now).
+                if scope_ is Scope.Class:
+                    assert isinstance(collector, _pytest.python.Module)
+                    node = collector
+                # If used package scope and there is no package, use session
+                # (for now).
+                elif scope_ is Scope.Package:
+                    node = collector.session
+                else:
+                    assert False, f"Unhandled missing scope: {scope}"
+        if node is None:
+            name2pseudofixturedef = None
+        else:
+            default: Dict[str, FixtureDef[Any]] = {}
+            name2pseudofixturedef = node.stash.setdefault(
+                name2pseudofixturedef_key, default
+            )
+        arg_directness = self._resolve_args_directness(argnames, indirect)
+        for argname in argnames:
+            if arg_directness[argname] == "indirect":
+                continue
+            if name2pseudofixturedef is not None and argname in name2pseudofixturedef:
+                fixturedef = name2pseudofixturedef[argname]
+            else:
+                fixturedef = FixtureDef(
+                    fixturemanager=self.definition.session._fixturemanager,
+                    baseid="",
+                    argname=argname,
+                    func=get_direct_param_fixture_func,
+                    scope=scope_,
+                    params=None,
+                    unittest=False,
+                    ids=None,
+                    _ispytest=True,
+                )
+                if name2pseudofixturedef is not None:
+                    name2pseudofixturedef[argname] = fixturedef
+            arg2fixturedefs[argname] = [fixturedef]
+
         # Create the new calls: if we are parametrize() multiple times (by applying the decorator
         # more than once) then we accumulate those calls generating the cartesian product
         # of all calls.
@@ -1344,7 +1394,6 @@ class Metafunc:
                 zip(ids, parametersets)
             ):
                 newcallspec = callspec.setmulti(
-                    valtypes=arg_values_types,
                     argnames=argnames,
                     valset=param_set.values,
                     id=param_id,
@@ -1421,28 +1470,30 @@ class Metafunc:
 
         return list(itertools.islice(ids, num_ids))
 
-    def _resolve_arg_value_types(
+    def _resolve_args_directness(
         self,
         argnames: Sequence[str],
         indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]],
-    ) -> Dict[str, "Literal['params', 'funcargs']"]:
-        """Resolve if each parametrized argument must be considered a
-        parameter to a fixture or a "funcarg" to the function, based on the
-        ``indirect`` parameter of the parametrized() call.
+    ) -> Dict[str, Literal["indirect", "direct"]]:
+        """Resolve if each parametrized argument must be considered an indirect
+        parameter to a fixture of the same name, or a direct parameter to the
+        parametrized function, based on the ``indirect`` parameter of the
+        parametrized() call.
 
-        :param List[str] argnames: List of argument names passed to ``parametrize()``.
-        :param indirect: Same as the ``indirect`` parameter of ``parametrize()``.
-        :rtype: Dict[str, str]
-            A dict mapping each arg name to either:
-            * "params" if the argname should be the parameter of a fixture of the same name.
-            * "funcargs" if the argname should be a parameter to the parametrized test function.
+        :param argnames:
+            List of argument names passed to ``parametrize()``.
+        :param indirect:
+            Same as the ``indirect`` parameter of ``parametrize()``.
+        :returns
+            A dict mapping each arg name to either "indirect" or "direct".
         """
+        arg_directness: Dict[str, Literal["indirect", "direct"]]
         if isinstance(indirect, bool):
-            valtypes: Dict[str, Literal["params", "funcargs"]] = dict.fromkeys(
-                argnames, "params" if indirect else "funcargs"
+            arg_directness = dict.fromkeys(
+                argnames, "indirect" if indirect else "direct"
             )
         elif isinstance(indirect, Sequence):
-            valtypes = dict.fromkeys(argnames, "funcargs")
+            arg_directness = dict.fromkeys(argnames, "direct")
             for arg in indirect:
                 if arg not in argnames:
                     fail(
@@ -1451,7 +1502,7 @@ class Metafunc:
                         ),
                         pytrace=False,
                     )
-                valtypes[arg] = "params"
+                arg_directness[arg] = "indirect"
         else:
             fail(
                 "In {func}: expected Sequence or boolean for indirect, got {type}".format(
@@ -1459,7 +1510,7 @@ class Metafunc:
                 ),
                 pytrace=False,
             )
-        return valtypes
+        return arg_directness
 
     def _validate_if_using_arg_names(
         self,
@@ -1516,7 +1567,7 @@ def _find_parametrized_scope(
     if all_arguments_are_fixtures:
         fixturedefs = arg2fixturedefs or {}
         used_scopes = [
-            fixturedef[0]._scope
+            fixturedef[-1]._scope
             for name, fixturedef in fixturedefs.items()
             if name in argnames
         ]
@@ -1682,7 +1733,7 @@ class Function(PyobjMixin, nodes.Item):
     :param config:
         The pytest Config object.
     :param callspec:
-        If given, this is function has been parametrized and the callspec contains
+        If given, this function has been parametrized and the callspec contains
         meta information about the parametrization.
     :param callobj:
         If given, the object which will be called when the Function is invoked,
diff --git a/testing/_py/test_local.py b/testing/_py/test_local.py
index 895066a9f..91b14aa2e 100644
--- a/testing/_py/test_local.py
+++ b/testing/_py/test_local.py
@@ -1573,4 +1573,4 @@ class TestBinaryAndTextMethods:
         x.write_text(part, "ascii")
         s = x.read_text("ascii")
         assert s == part
-        assert type(s) == type(part)
+        assert type(s) is type(part)
diff --git a/testing/plugins_integration/requirements.txt b/testing/plugins_integration/requirements.txt
index cf580b7cc..d46300fe0 100644
--- a/testing/plugins_integration/requirements.txt
+++ b/testing/plugins_integration/requirements.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 anyio[curio,trio]==3.7.1
-django==4.2.3
+django==4.2.4
 pytest-asyncio==0.21.1
 pytest-bdd==6.1.1
 pytest-cov==4.1.0
diff --git a/testing/python/fixtures.py b/testing/python/fixtures.py
index 1e05bf4c4..c32aa04a6 100644
--- a/testing/python/fixtures.py
+++ b/testing/python/fixtures.py
@@ -2104,9 +2104,7 @@ class TestAutouseManagement:
         reprec = pytester.inline_run("-v", "-s", "--confcutdir", pytester.path)
         reprec.assertoutcome(passed=8)
         config = reprec.getcalls("pytest_unconfigure")[0].config
-        values = config.pluginmanager._getconftestmodules(
-            p, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path
-        )[0].values
+        values = config.pluginmanager._getconftestmodules(p)[0].values
         assert values == ["fin_a1", "fin_a2", "fin_b1", "fin_b2"] * 2
 
     def test_scope_ordering(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
diff --git a/testing/python/metafunc.py b/testing/python/metafunc.py
index bb4ae9d9a..4ee9e32d6 100644
--- a/testing/python/metafunc.py
+++ b/testing/python/metafunc.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ from _pytest.compat import getfuncargnames
 from _pytest.compat import NOTSET
 from _pytest.outcomes import fail
 from _pytest.pytester import Pytester
+from _pytest.python import Function
 from _pytest.python import IdMaker
 from _pytest.scope import Scope
 
@@ -33,11 +34,19 @@ class TestMetafunc:
         # on the funcarg level, so we don't need a full blown
         # initialization.
         class FuncFixtureInfoMock:
-            name2fixturedefs = None
+            name2fixturedefs: Dict[str, List[fixtures.FixtureDef[object]]] = {}
 
             def __init__(self, names):
                 self.names_closure = names
 
+        @dataclasses.dataclass
+        class FixtureManagerMock:
+            config: Any
+
+        @dataclasses.dataclass
+        class SessionMock:
+            _fixturemanager: FixtureManagerMock
+
         @dataclasses.dataclass
         class DefinitionMock(python.FunctionDefinition):
             _nodeid: str
@@ -46,6 +55,8 @@ class TestMetafunc:
         names = getfuncargnames(func)
         fixtureinfo: Any = FuncFixtureInfoMock(names)
         definition: Any = DefinitionMock._create(obj=func, _nodeid="mock::nodeid")
+        definition._fixtureinfo = fixtureinfo
+        definition.session = SessionMock(FixtureManagerMock({}))
         return python.Metafunc(definition, fixtureinfo, config, _ispytest=True)
 
     def test_no_funcargs(self) -> None:
@@ -98,7 +109,7 @@ class TestMetafunc:
         # When the input is an iterator, only len(args) are taken,
         # so the bad Exc isn't reached.
         metafunc.parametrize("x", [1, 2], ids=gen())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-        assert [(x.funcargs, x.id) for x in metafunc._calls] == [
+        assert [(x.params, x.id) for x in metafunc._calls] == [
             ({"x": 1}, "0"),
             ({"x": 2}, "2"),
         ]
@@ -151,6 +162,7 @@ class TestMetafunc:
                 module_fix=[DummyFixtureDef(Scope.Module)],
                 class_fix=[DummyFixtureDef(Scope.Class)],
                 func_fix=[DummyFixtureDef(Scope.Function)],
+                mixed_fix=[DummyFixtureDef(Scope.Module), DummyFixtureDef(Scope.Class)],
             ),
         )
 
@@ -187,6 +199,7 @@ class TestMetafunc:
             )
             == Scope.Module
         )
+        assert find_scope(["mixed_fix"], indirect=True) == Scope.Class
 
     def test_parametrize_and_id(self) -> None:
         def func(x, y):
@@ -712,8 +725,6 @@ class TestMetafunc:
         metafunc.parametrize("x", [1], indirect=True)
         metafunc.parametrize("y", [2, 3], indirect=True)
         assert len(metafunc._calls) == 2
-        assert metafunc._calls[0].funcargs == {}
-        assert metafunc._calls[1].funcargs == {}
         assert metafunc._calls[0].params == dict(x=1, y=2)
         assert metafunc._calls[1].params == dict(x=1, y=3)
 
@@ -725,8 +736,10 @@ class TestMetafunc:
 
         metafunc = self.Metafunc(func)
         metafunc.parametrize("x, y", [("a", "b")], indirect=["x"])
-        assert metafunc._calls[0].funcargs == dict(y="b")
-        assert metafunc._calls[0].params == dict(x="a")
+        assert metafunc._calls[0].params == dict(x="a", y="b")
+        # Since `y` is a direct parameter, its pseudo-fixture would
+        # be registered.
+        assert list(metafunc._arg2fixturedefs.keys()) == ["y"]
 
     def test_parametrize_indirect_list_all(self) -> None:
         """#714"""
@@ -736,8 +749,8 @@ class TestMetafunc:
 
         metafunc = self.Metafunc(func)
         metafunc.parametrize("x, y", [("a", "b")], indirect=["x", "y"])
-        assert metafunc._calls[0].funcargs == {}
         assert metafunc._calls[0].params == dict(x="a", y="b")
+        assert list(metafunc._arg2fixturedefs.keys()) == []
 
     def test_parametrize_indirect_list_empty(self) -> None:
         """#714"""
@@ -747,8 +760,8 @@ class TestMetafunc:
 
         metafunc = self.Metafunc(func)
         metafunc.parametrize("x, y", [("a", "b")], indirect=[])
-        assert metafunc._calls[0].funcargs == dict(x="a", y="b")
-        assert metafunc._calls[0].params == {}
+        assert metafunc._calls[0].params == dict(x="a", y="b")
+        assert list(metafunc._arg2fixturedefs.keys()) == ["x", "y"]
 
     def test_parametrize_indirect_wrong_type(self) -> None:
         def func(x, y):
@@ -942,9 +955,9 @@ class TestMetafunc:
         metafunc = self.Metafunc(lambda x: None)
         metafunc.parametrize("x", [1, 2])
         assert len(metafunc._calls) == 2
-        assert metafunc._calls[0].funcargs == dict(x=1)
+        assert metafunc._calls[0].params == dict(x=1)
         assert metafunc._calls[0].id == "1"
-        assert metafunc._calls[1].funcargs == dict(x=2)
+        assert metafunc._calls[1].params == dict(x=2)
         assert metafunc._calls[1].id == "2"
 
     def test_parametrize_onearg_indirect(self) -> None:
@@ -959,11 +972,45 @@ class TestMetafunc:
         metafunc = self.Metafunc(lambda x, y: None)
         metafunc.parametrize(("x", "y"), [(1, 2), (3, 4)])
         assert len(metafunc._calls) == 2
-        assert metafunc._calls[0].funcargs == dict(x=1, y=2)
+        assert metafunc._calls[0].params == dict(x=1, y=2)
         assert metafunc._calls[0].id == "1-2"
-        assert metafunc._calls[1].funcargs == dict(x=3, y=4)
+        assert metafunc._calls[1].params == dict(x=3, y=4)
         assert metafunc._calls[1].id == "3-4"
 
+    def test_high_scoped_parametrize_reordering(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+        pytester.makepyfile(
+            """
+            import pytest
+
+            @pytest.mark.parametrize("arg2", [3, 4])
+            @pytest.mark.parametrize("arg1", [0, 1, 2], scope='module')
+            def test1(arg1, arg2):
+                pass
+
+            def test2():
+                pass
+
+            @pytest.mark.parametrize("arg1", [0, 1, 2], scope='module')
+            def test3(arg1):
+                pass
+        """
+        )
+        result = pytester.runpytest("--collect-only")
+        result.stdout.re_match_lines(
+            [
+                r"  <Function test1\[0-3\]>",
+                r"  <Function test1\[0-4\]>",
+                r"  <Function test3\[0\]>",
+                r"  <Function test1\[1-3\]>",
+                r"  <Function test1\[1-4\]>",
+                r"  <Function test3\[1\]>",
+                r"  <Function test1\[2-3\]>",
+                r"  <Function test1\[2-4\]>",
+                r"  <Function test3\[2\]>",
+                r"  <Function test2>",
+            ]
+        )
+
     def test_parametrize_multiple_times(self, pytester: Pytester) -> None:
         pytester.makepyfile(
             """
@@ -1503,6 +1550,98 @@ class TestMetafuncFunctional:
         result = pytester.runpytest()
         assert result.ret == 0
 
+    def test_parametrize_module_level_test_with_class_scope(
+        self, pytester: Pytester
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Test that a class-scoped parametrization without a corresponding `Class`
+        gets module scope, i.e. we only create a single FixtureDef for it per module.
+        """
+        module = pytester.makepyfile(
+            """
+            import pytest
+
+            @pytest.mark.parametrize("x", [0, 1], scope="class")
+            def test_1(x):
+                pass
+
+            @pytest.mark.parametrize("x", [1, 2], scope="module")
+            def test_2(x):
+                pass
+        """
+        )
+        test_1_0, _, test_2_0, _ = pytester.genitems((pytester.getmodulecol(module),))
+
+        assert isinstance(test_1_0, Function)
+        assert test_1_0.name == "test_1[0]"
+        test_1_fixture_x = test_1_0._fixtureinfo.name2fixturedefs["x"][-1]
+
+        assert isinstance(test_2_0, Function)
+        assert test_2_0.name == "test_2[1]"
+        test_2_fixture_x = test_2_0._fixtureinfo.name2fixturedefs["x"][-1]
+
+        assert test_1_fixture_x is test_2_fixture_x
+
+    def test_reordering_with_scopeless_and_just_indirect_parametrization(
+        self, pytester: Pytester
+    ) -> None:
+        pytester.makeconftest(
+            """
+            import pytest
+
+            @pytest.fixture(scope="package")
+            def fixture1():
+                pass
+            """
+        )
+        pytester.makepyfile(
+            """
+            import pytest
+
+            @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+            def fixture0():
+                pass
+
+            @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+            def fixture1(fixture0):
+                pass
+
+            @pytest.mark.parametrize("fixture1", [0], indirect=True)
+            def test_0(fixture1):
+                pass
+
+            @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+            def fixture():
+                pass
+
+            @pytest.mark.parametrize("fixture", [0], indirect=True)
+            def test_1(fixture):
+                pass
+
+            def test_2():
+                pass
+
+            class Test:
+                @pytest.fixture(scope="class")
+                def fixture(self, fixture):
+                    pass
+
+                @pytest.mark.parametrize("fixture", [0], indirect=True)
+                def test_3(self, fixture):
+                    pass
+            """
+        )
+        result = pytester.runpytest("-v")
+        assert result.ret == 0
+        result.stdout.fnmatch_lines(
+            [
+                "*test_0*",
+                "*test_1*",
+                "*test_2*",
+                "*test_3*",
+            ]
+        )
+
 
 class TestMetafuncFunctionalAuto:
     """Tests related to automatically find out the correct scope for
diff --git a/testing/test_config.py b/testing/test_config.py
index 43561000c..04161f238 100644
--- a/testing/test_config.py
+++ b/testing/test_config.py
@@ -642,18 +642,11 @@ class TestConfigAPI:
         p = tmp_path.joinpath("conftest.py")
         p.write_text(f"mylist = {['.', str(somepath)]}", encoding="utf-8")
         config = pytester.parseconfigure(p)
-        assert (
-            config._getconftest_pathlist("notexist", path=tmp_path, rootpath=tmp_path)
-            is None
-        )
-        pl = (
-            config._getconftest_pathlist("mylist", path=tmp_path, rootpath=tmp_path)
-            or []
-        )
-        print(pl)
-        assert len(pl) == 2
-        assert pl[0] == tmp_path
-        assert pl[1] == somepath
+        assert config._getconftest_pathlist("notexist", path=tmp_path) is None
+        assert config._getconftest_pathlist("mylist", path=tmp_path) == [
+            tmp_path,
+            somepath,
+        ]
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("maybe_type", ["not passed", "None", '"string"'])
     def test_addini(self, pytester: Pytester, maybe_type: str) -> None:
diff --git a/testing/test_conftest.py b/testing/test_conftest.py
index 427831507..cfc2d577b 100644
--- a/testing/test_conftest.py
+++ b/testing/test_conftest.py
@@ -62,28 +62,22 @@ class TestConftestValueAccessGlobal:
     def test_basic_init(self, basedir: Path) -> None:
         conftest = PytestPluginManager()
         p = basedir / "adir"
-        assert (
-            conftest._rget_with_confmod("a", p, importmode="prepend", rootpath=basedir)[
-                1
-            ]
-            == 1
-        )
+        conftest._loadconftestmodules(p, importmode="prepend", rootpath=basedir)
+        assert conftest._rget_with_confmod("a", p)[1] == 1
 
     def test_immediate_initialiation_and_incremental_are_the_same(
         self, basedir: Path
     ) -> None:
         conftest = PytestPluginManager()
         assert not len(conftest._dirpath2confmods)
-        conftest._getconftestmodules(
-            basedir, importmode="prepend", rootpath=Path(basedir)
-        )
+        conftest._loadconftestmodules(basedir, importmode="prepend", rootpath=basedir)
         snap1 = len(conftest._dirpath2confmods)
         assert snap1 == 1
-        conftest._getconftestmodules(
+        conftest._loadconftestmodules(
             basedir / "adir", importmode="prepend", rootpath=basedir
         )
         assert len(conftest._dirpath2confmods) == snap1 + 1
-        conftest._getconftestmodules(
+        conftest._loadconftestmodules(
             basedir / "b", importmode="prepend", rootpath=basedir
         )
         assert len(conftest._dirpath2confmods) == snap1 + 2
@@ -91,33 +85,23 @@ class TestConftestValueAccessGlobal:
     def test_value_access_not_existing(self, basedir: Path) -> None:
         conftest = ConftestWithSetinitial(basedir)
         with pytest.raises(KeyError):
-            conftest._rget_with_confmod(
-                "a", basedir, importmode="prepend", rootpath=Path(basedir)
-            )
+            conftest._rget_with_confmod("a", basedir)
 
     def test_value_access_by_path(self, basedir: Path) -> None:
         conftest = ConftestWithSetinitial(basedir)
         adir = basedir / "adir"
-        assert (
-            conftest._rget_with_confmod(
-                "a", adir, importmode="prepend", rootpath=basedir
-            )[1]
-            == 1
-        )
-        assert (
-            conftest._rget_with_confmod(
-                "a", adir / "b", importmode="prepend", rootpath=basedir
-            )[1]
-            == 1.5
+        conftest._loadconftestmodules(adir, importmode="prepend", rootpath=basedir)
+        assert conftest._rget_with_confmod("a", adir)[1] == 1
+        conftest._loadconftestmodules(
+            adir / "b", importmode="prepend", rootpath=basedir
         )
+        assert conftest._rget_with_confmod("a", adir / "b")[1] == 1.5
 
     def test_value_access_with_confmod(self, basedir: Path) -> None:
         startdir = basedir / "adir" / "b"
         startdir.joinpath("xx").mkdir()
         conftest = ConftestWithSetinitial(startdir)
-        mod, value = conftest._rget_with_confmod(
-            "a", startdir, importmode="prepend", rootpath=Path(basedir)
-        )
+        mod, value = conftest._rget_with_confmod("a", startdir)
         assert value == 1.5
         assert mod.__file__ is not None
         path = Path(mod.__file__)
@@ -143,9 +127,7 @@ def test_doubledash_considered(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     conf.joinpath("conftest.py").touch()
     conftest = PytestPluginManager()
     conftest_setinitial(conftest, [conf.name, conf.name])
-    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(
-        conf, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path
-    )
+    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(conf)
     assert len(values) == 1
 
 
@@ -192,26 +174,22 @@ def test_conftestcutdir(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     p = pytester.mkdir("x")
     conftest = PytestPluginManager()
     conftest_setinitial(conftest, [pytester.path], confcutdir=p)
-    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(
-        p, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path
-    )
+    conftest._loadconftestmodules(p, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path)
+    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(p)
     assert len(values) == 0
-    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(
+    conftest._loadconftestmodules(
         conf.parent, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path
     )
+    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(conf.parent)
     assert len(values) == 0
     assert not conftest.has_plugin(str(conf))
     # but we can still import a conftest directly
     conftest._importconftest(conf, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path)
-    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(
-        conf.parent, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path
-    )
+    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(conf.parent)
     assert values[0].__file__ is not None
     assert values[0].__file__.startswith(str(conf))
     # and all sub paths get updated properly
-    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(
-        p, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path
-    )
+    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(p)
     assert len(values) == 1
     assert values[0].__file__ is not None
     assert values[0].__file__.startswith(str(conf))
@@ -221,9 +199,7 @@ def test_conftestcutdir_inplace_considered(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     conf = pytester.makeconftest("")
     conftest = PytestPluginManager()
     conftest_setinitial(conftest, [conf.parent], confcutdir=conf.parent)
-    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(
-        conf.parent, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path
-    )
+    values = conftest._getconftestmodules(conf.parent)
     assert len(values) == 1
     assert values[0].__file__ is not None
     assert values[0].__file__.startswith(str(conf))
@@ -433,10 +409,8 @@ def test_conftest_import_order(pytester: Pytester, monkeypatch: MonkeyPatch) ->
     conftest = PytestPluginManager()
     conftest._confcutdir = pytester.path
     monkeypatch.setattr(conftest, "_importconftest", impct)
-    mods = cast(
-        List[Path],
-        conftest._getconftestmodules(sub, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path),
-    )
+    conftest._loadconftestmodules(sub, importmode="prepend", rootpath=pytester.path)
+    mods = cast(List[Path], conftest._getconftestmodules(sub))
     expected = [ct1, ct2]
     assert mods == expected