pyupgrade docs to Python 3 (#5705)

pyupgrade docs to Python 3

doc/en/assert.rst

@@ -238,14 +238,17 @@ file which provides an alternative explanation for ``Foo`` objects:
 
    def pytest_assertrepr_compare(op, left, right):
        if isinstance(left, Foo) and isinstance(right, Foo) and op == "==":
-           return ["Comparing Foo instances:", "   vals: %s != %s" % (left.val, right.val)]
+           return [
+               "Comparing Foo instances:",
+               "   vals: {} != {}".format(left.val, right.val),
+           ]
 
 now, given this test module:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
    # content of test_foocompare.py
-   class Foo(object):
+   class Foo:
        def __init__(self, val):
            self.val = val
 

doc/en/builtin.rst

@@ -162,7 +162,10 @@ For information about fixtures, see :ref:`fixtures`. To see a complete list of a
 
     no tests ran in 0.12 seconds
 
-You can also interactively ask for help, e.g. by typing on the Python interactive prompt something like::
+You can also interactively ask for help, e.g. by typing on the Python interactive prompt something like:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     import pytest
+
     help(pytest)

doc/en/cache.rst

@@ -33,15 +33,18 @@ Other plugins may access the `config.cache`_ object to set/get
 Rerunning only failures or failures first
 -----------------------------------------------
 
-First, let's create 50 test invocation of which only 2 fail::
+First, let's create 50 test invocation of which only 2 fail:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_50.py
     import pytest
 
+
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("i", range(50))
     def test_num(i):
         if i in (17, 25):
-           pytest.fail("bad luck")
+            pytest.fail("bad luck")
 
 If you run this for the first time you will see two failures:
 
@@ -183,15 +186,19 @@ The new config.cache object
 Plugins or conftest.py support code can get a cached value using the
 pytest ``config`` object.  Here is a basic example plugin which
 implements a :ref:`fixture` which re-uses previously created state
-across pytest invocations::
+across pytest invocations:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_caching.py
     import pytest
     import time
 
+
     def expensive_computation():
         print("running expensive computation...")
 
+
     @pytest.fixture
     def mydata(request):
         val = request.config.cache.get("example/value", None)
@@ -201,6 +208,7 @@ across pytest invocations::
             request.config.cache.set("example/value", val)
         return val
 
+
     def test_function(mydata):
         assert mydata == 23
 

doc/en/capture.rst

@@ -49,16 +49,21 @@ Using print statements for debugging
 ---------------------------------------------------
 
 One primary benefit of the default capturing of stdout/stderr output
-is that you can use print statements for debugging::
+is that you can use print statements for debugging:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_module.py
 
+
     def setup_function(function):
         print("setting up %s" % function)
 
+
     def test_func1():
         assert True
 
+
     def test_func2():
         assert False
 

doc/en/deprecations.rst

@@ -455,7 +455,9 @@ Internal classes accessed through ``Node``
 .. versionremoved:: 4.0
 
 Access of ``Module``, ``Function``, ``Class``, ``Instance``, ``File`` and ``Item`` through ``Node`` instances now issue
-this warning::
+this warning:
+
+.. code-block:: text
 
     usage of Function.Module is deprecated, please use pytest.Module instead
 

doc/en/doctest.rst

@@ -191,15 +191,21 @@ namespace in which your doctests run. It is intended to be used within
 your own fixtures to provide the tests that use them with context.
 
 ``doctest_namespace`` is a standard ``dict`` object into which you
-place the objects you want to appear in the doctest namespace::
+place the objects you want to appear in the doctest namespace:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
     import numpy
+
+
     @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
     def add_np(doctest_namespace):
-        doctest_namespace['np'] = numpy
+        doctest_namespace["np"] = numpy
 
-which can then be used in your doctests directly::
+which can then be used in your doctests directly:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of numpy.py
     def arange():
@@ -219,7 +225,9 @@ Skipping tests dynamically
 
 .. versionadded:: 4.4
 
-You can use ``pytest.skip`` to dynamically skip doctests. For example::
+You can use ``pytest.skip`` to dynamically skip doctests. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: text
 
     >>> import sys, pytest
     >>> if sys.platform.startswith('win'):

doc/en/example/attic.rst

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ example: specifying and selecting acceptance tests
         return AcceptFixture(request)
 
 
-    class AcceptFixture(object):
+    class AcceptFixture:
         def __init__(self, request):
             if not request.config.getoption("acceptance"):
                 pytest.skip("specify -A to run acceptance tests")
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ extend the `accept example`_ by putting this in our test module:
         return arg
 
 
-    class TestSpecialAcceptance(object):
+    class TestSpecialAcceptance:
         def test_sometest(self, accept):
             assert accept.tmpdir.join("special").check()
 

doc/en/example/markers.rst

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ You can "mark" a test function with custom metadata like this:
         pass
 
 
-    class TestClass(object):
+    class TestClass:
         def test_method(self):
             pass
 
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ its test methods:
 
 
     @pytest.mark.webtest
-    class TestClass(object):
+    class TestClass:
         def test_startup(self):
             pass
 
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ Due to legacy reasons, it is possible to set the ``pytestmark`` attribute on a T
     import pytest
 
 
-    class TestClass(object):
+    class TestClass:
         pytestmark = pytest.mark.webtest
 
 or if you need to use multiple markers you can use a list:
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ or if you need to use multiple markers you can use a list:
     import pytest
 
 
-    class TestClass(object):
+    class TestClass:
         pytestmark = [pytest.mark.webtest, pytest.mark.slowtest]
 
 You can also set a module level marker::
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ code you can read over all such settings.  Example:
 
 
     @pytest.mark.glob("class", x=2)
-    class TestClass(object):
+    class TestClass:
         @pytest.mark.glob("function", x=3)
         def test_something(self):
             pass
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ test function.  From a conftest file we can read it like this:
 
     def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
         for mark in item.iter_markers(name="glob"):
-            print("glob args=%s kwargs=%s" % (mark.args, mark.kwargs))
+            print("glob args={} kwargs={}".format(mark.args, mark.kwargs))
             sys.stdout.flush()
 
 Let's run this without capturing output and see what we get:

doc/en/example/parametrize.rst

@@ -19,24 +19,30 @@ Generating parameters combinations, depending on command line
 
 Let's say we want to execute a test with different computation
 parameters and the parameter range shall be determined by a command
-line argument.  Let's first write a simple (do-nothing) computation test::
+line argument.  Let's first write a simple (do-nothing) computation test:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_compute.py
 
+
     def test_compute(param1):
         assert param1 < 4
 
-Now we add a test configuration like this::
+Now we add a test configuration like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
 
+
     def pytest_addoption(parser):
-        parser.addoption("--all", action="store_true",
+        parser.addoption("--all", action="store_true", help="run all combinations")
-            help="run all combinations")
+
 
     def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
-        if 'param1' in metafunc.fixturenames:
+        if "param1" in metafunc.fixturenames:
-            if metafunc.config.getoption('all'):
+            if metafunc.config.getoption("all"):
                 end = 5
             else:
                 end = 2
@@ -83,7 +89,9 @@ Running pytest with ``--collect-only`` will show the generated IDs.
 
 Numbers, strings, booleans and None will have their usual string representation
 used in the test ID. For other objects, pytest will make a string based on
-the argument name::
+the argument name:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_time.py
 
@@ -112,7 +120,7 @@ the argument name::
     def idfn(val):
         if isinstance(val, (datetime,)):
             # note this wouldn't show any hours/minutes/seconds
-            return val.strftime('%Y%m%d')
+            return val.strftime("%Y%m%d")
 
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", testdata, ids=idfn)
@@ -120,12 +128,18 @@ the argument name::
         diff = a - b
         assert diff == expected
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", [
+
-        pytest.param(datetime(2001, 12, 12), datetime(2001, 12, 11),
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-                     timedelta(1), id='forward'),
+        "a,b,expected",
-        pytest.param(datetime(2001, 12, 11), datetime(2001, 12, 12),
+        [
-                     timedelta(-1), id='backward'),
+            pytest.param(
-    ])
+                datetime(2001, 12, 12), datetime(2001, 12, 11), timedelta(1), id="forward"
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                datetime(2001, 12, 11), datetime(2001, 12, 12), timedelta(-1), id="backward"
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
     def test_timedistance_v3(a, b, expected):
         diff = a - b
         assert diff == expected
@@ -171,10 +185,13 @@ A quick port of "testscenarios"
 Here is a quick port to run tests configured with `test scenarios`_,
 an add-on from Robert Collins for the standard unittest framework. We
 only have to work a bit to construct the correct arguments for pytest's
-:py:func:`Metafunc.parametrize`::
+:py:func:`Metafunc.parametrize`:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_scenarios.py
 
+
     def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
         idlist = []
         argvalues = []
@@ -182,13 +199,15 @@ only have to work a bit to construct the correct arguments for pytest's
             idlist.append(scenario[0])
             items = scenario[1].items()
             argnames = [x[0] for x in items]
-            argvalues.append(([x[1] for x in items]))
+            argvalues.append([x[1] for x in items])
         metafunc.parametrize(argnames, argvalues, ids=idlist, scope="class")
 
-    scenario1 = ('basic', {'attribute': 'value'})
-    scenario2 = ('advanced', {'attribute': 'value2'})
 
-    class TestSampleWithScenarios(object):
+    scenario1 = ("basic", {"attribute": "value"})
+    scenario2 = ("advanced", {"attribute": "value2"})
+
+
+    class TestSampleWithScenarios:
         scenarios = [scenario1, scenario2]
 
         def test_demo1(self, attribute):
@@ -244,11 +263,15 @@ The parametrization of test functions happens at collection
 time.  It is a good idea to setup expensive resources like DB
 connections or subprocess only when the actual test is run.
 Here is a simple example how you can achieve that, first
-the actual test requiring a ``db`` object::
+the actual test requiring a ``db`` object:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_backends.py
 
     import pytest
+
+
     def test_db_initialized(db):
         # a dummy test
         if db.__class__.__name__ == "DB2":
@@ -256,20 +279,27 @@ the actual test requiring a ``db`` object::
 
 We can now add a test configuration that generates two invocations of
 the ``test_db_initialized`` function and also implements a factory that
-creates a database object for the actual test invocations::
+creates a database object for the actual test invocations:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
     import pytest
 
-    def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
-        if 'db' in metafunc.fixturenames:
-            metafunc.parametrize("db", ['d1', 'd2'], indirect=True)
 
-    class DB1(object):
+    def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
+        if "db" in metafunc.fixturenames:
+            metafunc.parametrize("db", ["d1", "d2"], indirect=True)
+
+
+    class DB1:
         "one database object"
-    class DB2(object):
+
+
+    class DB2:
         "alternative database object"
 
+
     @pytest.fixture
     def db(request):
         if request.param == "d1":
@@ -327,23 +357,29 @@ parameter on particular arguments. It can be done by passing list or tuple of
 arguments' names to ``indirect``. In the example below there is a function ``test_indirect`` which uses
 two fixtures: ``x`` and ``y``. Here we give to indirect the list, which contains the name of the
 fixture ``x``. The indirect parameter will be applied to this argument only, and the value ``a``
-will be passed to respective fixture function::
+will be passed to respective fixture function:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_indirect_list.py
 
     import pytest
-    @pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+
+
+    @pytest.fixture(scope="function")
     def x(request):
         return request.param * 3
 
-    @pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+
+    @pytest.fixture(scope="function")
     def y(request):
         return request.param * 2
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('x, y', [('a', 'b')], indirect=['x'])
+
-    def test_indirect(x,y):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("x, y", [("a", "b")], indirect=["x"])
-        assert x == 'aaa'
+    def test_indirect(x, y):
-        assert y == 'b'
+        assert x == "aaa"
+        assert y == "b"
 
 The result of this test will be successful:
 
@@ -370,23 +406,28 @@ Parametrizing test methods through per-class configuration
 
 Here is an example ``pytest_generate_tests`` function implementing a
 parametrization scheme similar to Michael Foord's `unittest
-parametrizer`_ but in a lot less code::
+parametrizer`_ but in a lot less code:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of ./test_parametrize.py
     import pytest
 
+
     def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
         # called once per each test function
         funcarglist = metafunc.cls.params[metafunc.function.__name__]
         argnames = sorted(funcarglist[0])
-        metafunc.parametrize(argnames, [[funcargs[name] for name in argnames]
+        metafunc.parametrize(
-                for funcargs in funcarglist])
+            argnames, [[funcargs[name] for name in argnames] for funcargs in funcarglist]
+        )
 
-    class TestClass(object):
+
+    class TestClass:
         # a map specifying multiple argument sets for a test method
         params = {
-            'test_equals': [dict(a=1, b=2), dict(a=3, b=3), ],
+            "test_equals": [dict(a=1, b=2), dict(a=3, b=3)],
-            'test_zerodivision': [dict(a=1, b=0), ],
+            "test_zerodivision": [dict(a=1, b=0)],
         }
 
         def test_equals(self, a, b):
@@ -447,36 +488,47 @@ If you want to compare the outcomes of several implementations of a given
 API, you can write test functions that receive the already imported implementations
 and get skipped in case the implementation is not importable/available.  Let's
 say we have a "base" implementation and the other (possibly optimized ones)
-need to provide similar results::
+need to provide similar results:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
 
     import pytest
 
+
     @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
     def basemod(request):
         return pytest.importorskip("base")
 
+
     @pytest.fixture(scope="session", params=["opt1", "opt2"])
     def optmod(request):
         return pytest.importorskip(request.param)
 
-And then a base implementation of a simple function::
+And then a base implementation of a simple function:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of base.py
     def func1():
         return 1
 
-And an optimized version::
+And an optimized version:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of opt1.py
     def func1():
         return 1.0001
 
-And finally a little test module::
+And finally a little test module:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_module.py
 
+
     def test_func1(basemod, optmod):
         assert round(basemod.func1(), 3) == round(optmod.func1(), 3)
 
@@ -579,22 +631,28 @@ Use :func:`pytest.raises` with the
 in which some tests raise exceptions and others do not.
 
 It is helpful to define a no-op context manager ``does_not_raise`` to serve
-as a complement to ``raises``. For example::
+as a complement to ``raises``. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from contextlib import contextmanager
     import pytest
 
+
     @contextmanager
     def does_not_raise():
         yield
 
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('example_input,expectation', [
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-        (3, does_not_raise()),
+        "example_input,expectation",
-        (2, does_not_raise()),
+        [
-        (1, does_not_raise()),
+            (3, does_not_raise()),
-        (0, pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError)),
+            (2, does_not_raise()),
-    ])
+            (1, does_not_raise()),
+            (0, pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError)),
+        ],
+    )
     def test_division(example_input, expectation):
         """Test how much I know division."""
         with expectation:
@@ -604,14 +662,20 @@ In the example above, the first three test cases should run unexceptionally,
 while the fourth should raise ``ZeroDivisionError``.
 
 If you're only supporting Python 3.7+, you can simply use ``nullcontext``
-to define ``does_not_raise``::
+to define ``does_not_raise``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from contextlib import nullcontext as does_not_raise
 
-Or, if you're supporting Python 3.3+ you can use::
+Or, if you're supporting Python 3.3+ you can use:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from contextlib import ExitStack as does_not_raise
 
-Or, if desired, you can ``pip install contextlib2`` and use::
+Or, if desired, you can ``pip install contextlib2`` and use:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from contextlib2 import ExitStack as does_not_raise

doc/en/example/pythoncollection.rst

@@ -131,12 +131,15 @@ Here is an example:
 
 This would make ``pytest`` look for tests in files that match the ``check_*
 .py`` glob-pattern, ``Check`` prefixes in classes, and functions and methods
-that match ``*_check``. For example, if we have::
+that match ``*_check``. For example, if we have:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of check_myapp.py
-    class CheckMyApp(object):
+    class CheckMyApp:
         def simple_check(self):
             pass
+
         def complex_check(self):
             pass
 
@@ -238,7 +241,9 @@ You can easily instruct ``pytest`` to discover tests from every Python file:
 However, many projects will have a ``setup.py`` which they don't want to be
 imported. Moreover, there may files only importable by a specific python
 version. For such cases you can dynamically define files to be ignored by
-listing them in a ``conftest.py`` file::
+listing them in a ``conftest.py`` file:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
     import sys
@@ -247,7 +252,9 @@ listing them in a ``conftest.py`` file::
     if sys.version_info[0] > 2:
         collect_ignore.append("pkg/module_py2.py")
 
-and then if you have a module file like this::
+and then if you have a module file like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of pkg/module_py2.py
     def test_only_on_python2():
@@ -256,10 +263,12 @@ and then if you have a module file like this::
         except Exception, e:
             pass
 
-and a ``setup.py`` dummy file like this::
+and a ``setup.py`` dummy file like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of setup.py
-    0/0  # will raise exception if imported
+    0 / 0  # will raise exception if imported
 
 If you run with a Python 2 interpreter then you will find the one test and will
 leave out the ``setup.py`` file:
@@ -295,7 +304,9 @@ patterns to ``collect_ignore_glob``.
 
 The following example ``conftest.py`` ignores the file ``setup.py`` and in
 addition all files that end with ``*_py2.py`` when executed with a Python 3
-interpreter::
+interpreter:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
     import sys

doc/en/example/simple.rst

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ Example:
     def checkconfig(x):
         __tracebackhide__ = True
         if not hasattr(x, "config"):
-            pytest.fail("not configured: %s" % (x,))
+            pytest.fail("not configured: {}".format(x))
 
 
     def test_something():
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ this to make sure unexpected exception types aren't hidden:
     def checkconfig(x):
         __tracebackhide__ = operator.methodcaller("errisinstance", ConfigException)
         if not hasattr(x, "config"):
-            raise ConfigException("not configured: %s" % (x,))
+            raise ConfigException("not configured: {}".format(x))
 
 
     def test_something():
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ tests in a class.  Here is a test module example:
 
 
     @pytest.mark.incremental
-    class TestUserHandling(object):
+    class TestUserHandling:
         def test_login(self):
             pass
 
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ Here is an example for making a ``db`` fixture available in a directory:
     import pytest
 
 
-    class DB(object):
+    class DB:
         pass
 
 

doc/en/example/special.rst

@@ -5,30 +5,36 @@ A session-scoped fixture effectively has access to all
 collected test items.  Here is an example of a fixture
 function which walks all collected tests and looks
 if their test class defines a ``callme`` method and
-calls it::
+calls it:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
 
     import pytest
 
+
     @pytest.fixture(scope="session", autouse=True)
     def callattr_ahead_of_alltests(request):
         print("callattr_ahead_of_alltests called")
-        seen = set([None])
+        seen = {None}
         session = request.node
         for item in session.items:
             cls = item.getparent(pytest.Class)
             if cls not in seen:
                 if hasattr(cls.obj, "callme"):
-                   cls.obj.callme()
+                    cls.obj.callme()
                 seen.add(cls)
 
 test classes may now define a ``callme`` method which
-will be called ahead of running any tests::
+will be called ahead of running any tests:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_module.py
 
-    class TestHello(object):
+
+    class TestHello:
         @classmethod
         def callme(cls):
             print("callme called!")
@@ -39,16 +45,20 @@ will be called ahead of running any tests::
         def test_method2(self):
             print("test_method1 called")
 
-    class TestOther(object):
+
+    class TestOther:
         @classmethod
         def callme(cls):
             print("callme other called")
+
         def test_other(self):
             print("test other")
 
+
     # works with unittest as well ...
     import unittest
 
+
     class SomeTest(unittest.TestCase):
         @classmethod
         def callme(self):

doc/en/existingtestsuite.rst

@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ Running an existing test suite with pytest
 Say you want to contribute to an existing repository somewhere.
 After pulling the code into your development space using some
 flavor of version control and (optionally) setting up a virtualenv
-you will want to run::
+you will want to run:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
     cd <repository>
     pip install -e .  # Environment dependent alternatives include

doc/en/fixture.rst

@@ -49,20 +49,25 @@ argument. For each argument name, a fixture function with that name provides
 the fixture object.  Fixture functions are registered by marking them with
 :py:func:`@pytest.fixture <_pytest.python.fixture>`.  Let's look at a simple
 self-contained test module containing a fixture and a test function
-using it::
+using it:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of ./test_smtpsimple.py
     import pytest
 
+
     @pytest.fixture
     def smtp_connection():
         import smtplib
+
         return smtplib.SMTP("smtp.gmail.com", 587, timeout=5)
 
+
     def test_ehlo(smtp_connection):
         response, msg = smtp_connection.ehlo()
         assert response == 250
-        assert 0 # for demo purposes
+        assert 0  # for demo purposes
 
 Here, the ``test_ehlo`` needs the ``smtp_connection`` fixture value.  pytest
 will discover and call the :py:func:`@pytest.fixture <_pytest.python.fixture>`
@@ -180,12 +185,15 @@ Possible values for ``scope`` are: ``function``, ``class``, ``module``, ``packag
 
 The next example puts the fixture function into a separate ``conftest.py`` file
 so that tests from multiple test modules in the directory can
-access the fixture function::
+access the fixture function:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
     import pytest
     import smtplib
 
+
     @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
     def smtp_connection():
         return smtplib.SMTP("smtp.gmail.com", 587, timeout=5)
@@ -193,16 +201,20 @@ access the fixture function::
 The name of the fixture again is ``smtp_connection`` and you can access its
 result by listing the name ``smtp_connection`` as an input parameter in any
 test or fixture function (in or below the directory where ``conftest.py`` is
-located)::
+located):
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_module.py
 
+
     def test_ehlo(smtp_connection):
         response, msg = smtp_connection.ehlo()
         assert response == 250
         assert b"smtp.gmail.com" in msg
         assert 0  # for demo purposes
 
+
     def test_noop(smtp_connection):
         response, msg = smtp_connection.noop()
         assert response == 250
@@ -477,18 +489,21 @@ Fixtures can introspect the requesting test context
 Fixture functions can accept the :py:class:`request <FixtureRequest>` object
 to introspect the "requesting" test function, class or module context.
 Further extending the previous ``smtp_connection`` fixture example, let's
-read an optional server URL from the test module which uses our fixture::
+read an optional server URL from the test module which uses our fixture:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
     import pytest
     import smtplib
 
+
     @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
     def smtp_connection(request):
         server = getattr(request.module, "smtpserver", "smtp.gmail.com")
         smtp_connection = smtplib.SMTP(server, 587, timeout=5)
         yield smtp_connection
-        print("finalizing %s (%s)" % (smtp_connection, server))
+        print("finalizing {} ({})".format(smtp_connection, server))
         smtp_connection.close()
 
 We use the ``request.module`` attribute to optionally obtain an
@@ -503,12 +518,15 @@ again, nothing much has changed:
     2 failed in 0.12 seconds
 
 Let's quickly create another test module that actually sets the
-server URL in its module namespace::
+server URL in its module namespace:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_anothersmtp.py
 
     smtpserver = "mail.python.org"  # will be read by smtp fixture
 
+
     def test_showhelo(smtp_connection):
         assert 0, smtp_connection.helo()
 
@@ -540,16 +558,14 @@ of a fixture is needed multiple times in a single test. Instead of returning
 data directly, the fixture instead returns a function which generates the data.
 This function can then be called multiple times in the test.
 
-Factories can have parameters as needed::
+Factories can have parameters as needed:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     @pytest.fixture
     def make_customer_record():
-
         def _make_customer_record(name):
-            return {
+            return {"name": name, "orders": []}
-                "name": name,
-                "orders": []
-            }
 
         return _make_customer_record
 
@@ -559,7 +575,9 @@ Factories can have parameters as needed::
         customer_2 = make_customer_record("Mike")
         customer_3 = make_customer_record("Meredith")
 
-If the data created by the factory requires managing, the fixture can take care of that::
+If the data created by the factory requires managing, the fixture can take care of that:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     @pytest.fixture
     def make_customer_record():
@@ -598,14 +616,16 @@ configured in multiple ways.
 Extending the previous example, we can flag the fixture to create two
 ``smtp_connection`` fixture instances which will cause all tests using the fixture
 to run twice.  The fixture function gets access to each parameter
-through the special :py:class:`request <FixtureRequest>` object::
+through the special :py:class:`request <FixtureRequest>` object:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
     import pytest
     import smtplib
 
-    @pytest.fixture(scope="module",
+
-                    params=["smtp.gmail.com", "mail.python.org"])
+    @pytest.fixture(scope="module", params=["smtp.gmail.com", "mail.python.org"])
     def smtp_connection(request):
         smtp_connection = smtplib.SMTP(request.param, 587, timeout=5)
         yield smtp_connection
@@ -690,28 +710,35 @@ Numbers, strings, booleans and None will have their usual string
 representation used in the test ID. For other objects, pytest will
 make a string based on the argument name.  It is possible to customise
 the string used in a test ID for a certain fixture value by using the
-``ids`` keyword argument::
+``ids`` keyword argument:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
    # content of test_ids.py
    import pytest
 
+
    @pytest.fixture(params=[0, 1], ids=["spam", "ham"])
    def a(request):
        return request.param
 
+
    def test_a(a):
        pass
 
+
    def idfn(fixture_value):
        if fixture_value == 0:
            return "eggs"
        else:
            return None
 
+
    @pytest.fixture(params=[0, 1], ids=idfn)
    def b(request):
        return request.param
 
+
    def test_b(b):
        pass
 
@@ -754,14 +781,19 @@ Using marks with parametrized fixtures
 :func:`pytest.param` can be used to apply marks in values sets of parametrized fixtures in the same way
 that they can be used with :ref:`@pytest.mark.parametrize <@pytest.mark.parametrize>`.
 
-Example::
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_fixture_marks.py
     import pytest
+
+
     @pytest.fixture(params=[0, 1, pytest.param(2, marks=pytest.mark.skip)])
     def data_set(request):
         return request.param
 
+
     def test_data(data_set):
         pass
 
@@ -792,20 +824,25 @@ can use other fixtures themselves.  This contributes to a modular design
 of your fixtures and allows re-use of framework-specific fixtures across
 many projects.  As a simple example, we can extend the previous example
 and instantiate an object ``app`` where we stick the already defined
-``smtp_connection`` resource into it::
+``smtp_connection`` resource into it:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_appsetup.py
 
     import pytest
 
-    class App(object):
+
+    class App:
         def __init__(self, smtp_connection):
             self.smtp_connection = smtp_connection
 
+
     @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
     def app(smtp_connection):
         return App(smtp_connection)
 
+
     def test_smtp_connection_exists(app):
         assert app.smtp_connection
 
@@ -854,11 +891,14 @@ this eases testing of applications which create and use global state.
 
 The following example uses two parametrized fixtures, one of which is
 scoped on a per-module basis, and all the functions perform ``print`` calls
-to show the setup/teardown flow::
+to show the setup/teardown flow:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_module.py
     import pytest
 
+
     @pytest.fixture(scope="module", params=["mod1", "mod2"])
     def modarg(request):
         param = request.param
@@ -866,19 +906,25 @@ to show the setup/teardown flow::
         yield param
         print("  TEARDOWN modarg %s" % param)
 
-    @pytest.fixture(scope="function", params=[1,2])
+
+    @pytest.fixture(scope="function", params=[1, 2])
     def otherarg(request):
         param = request.param
         print("  SETUP otherarg %s" % param)
         yield param
         print("  TEARDOWN otherarg %s" % param)
 
+
     def test_0(otherarg):
         print("  RUN test0 with otherarg %s" % otherarg)
+
+
     def test_1(modarg):
         print("  RUN test1 with modarg %s" % modarg)
+
+
     def test_2(otherarg, modarg):
-        print("  RUN test2 with otherarg %s and modarg %s" % (otherarg, modarg))
+        print("  RUN test2 with otherarg {} and modarg {}".format(otherarg, modarg))
 
 
 Let's run the tests in verbose mode and with looking at the print-output:
@@ -953,7 +999,9 @@ current working directory but otherwise do not care for the concrete
 directory.  Here is how you can use the standard `tempfile
 <http://docs.python.org/library/tempfile.html>`_ and pytest fixtures to
 achieve it.  We separate the creation of the fixture into a conftest.py
-file::
+file:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
 
@@ -961,19 +1009,23 @@ file::
     import tempfile
     import os
 
+
     @pytest.fixture()
     def cleandir():
         newpath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         os.chdir(newpath)
 
-and declare its use in a test module via a ``usefixtures`` marker::
+and declare its use in a test module via a ``usefixtures`` marker:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_setenv.py
     import os
     import pytest
 
+
     @pytest.mark.usefixtures("cleandir")
-    class TestDirectoryInit(object):
+    class TestDirectoryInit:
         def test_cwd_starts_empty(self):
             assert os.listdir(os.getcwd()) == []
             with open("myfile", "w") as f:
@@ -1050,25 +1102,32 @@ without declaring a function argument explicitly or a `usefixtures`_ decorator.
 As a practical example, suppose we have a database fixture which has a
 begin/rollback/commit architecture and we want to automatically surround
 each test method by a transaction and a rollback.  Here is a dummy
-self-contained implementation of this idea::
+self-contained implementation of this idea:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_db_transact.py
 
     import pytest
 
-    class DB(object):
+
+    class DB:
         def __init__(self):
             self.intransaction = []
+
         def begin(self, name):
             self.intransaction.append(name)
+
         def rollback(self):
             self.intransaction.pop()
 
+
     @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
     def db():
         return DB()
 
-    class TestClass(object):
+
+    class TestClass:
         @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
         def transact(self, request, db):
             db.begin(request.function.__name__)
@@ -1116,7 +1175,9 @@ Here is how autouse fixtures work in other scopes:
 Note that the above ``transact`` fixture may very well be a fixture that
 you want to make available in your project without having it generally
 active.  The canonical way to do that is to put the transact definition
-into a conftest.py file **without** using ``autouse``::
+into a conftest.py file **without** using ``autouse``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
     @pytest.fixture
@@ -1125,10 +1186,12 @@ into a conftest.py file **without** using ``autouse``::
         yield
         db.rollback()
 
-and then e.g. have a TestClass using it by declaring the need::
+and then e.g. have a TestClass using it by declaring the need:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     @pytest.mark.usefixtures("transact")
-    class TestClass(object):
+    class TestClass:
         def test_method1(self):
             ...
 

doc/en/funcarg_compare.rst

@@ -21,19 +21,23 @@ funcarg for a test function is required.  If a factory wants to
 re-use a resource across different scopes, it often used
 the ``request.cached_setup()`` helper to manage caching of
 resources.  Here is a basic example how we could implement
-a per-session Database object::
+a per-session Database object:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
-    class Database(object):
+    class Database:
         def __init__(self):
             print("database instance created")
+
         def destroy(self):
             print("database instance destroyed")
 
+
     def pytest_funcarg__db(request):
-        return request.cached_setup(setup=DataBase,
+        return request.cached_setup(
-                                    teardown=lambda db: db.destroy,
+            setup=DataBase, teardown=lambda db: db.destroy, scope="session"
-                                    scope="session")
+        )
 
 There are several limitations and difficulties with this approach:
 
@@ -68,7 +72,9 @@ Direct scoping of fixture/funcarg factories
 
 Instead of calling cached_setup() with a cache scope, you can use the
 :ref:`@pytest.fixture <pytest.fixture>` decorator and directly state
-the scope::
+the scope:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
     def db(request):
@@ -90,11 +96,13 @@ Previously, funcarg factories could not directly cause parametrization.
 You needed to specify a ``@parametrize`` decorator on your test function
 or implement a ``pytest_generate_tests`` hook to perform
 parametrization, i.e. calling a test multiple times with different value
-sets.  pytest-2.3 introduces a decorator for use on the factory itself::
+sets.  pytest-2.3 introduces a decorator for use on the factory itself:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     @pytest.fixture(params=["mysql", "pg"])
     def db(request):
-        ... # use request.param
+        ...  # use request.param
 
 Here the factory will be invoked twice (with the respective "mysql"
 and "pg" values set as ``request.param`` attributes) and all of
@@ -107,7 +115,9 @@ allow to re-use already written factories because effectively
 parametrized via
 :py:func:`~_pytest.python.Metafunc.parametrize(indirect=True)` calls.
 
-Of course it's perfectly fine to combine parametrization and scoping::
+Of course it's perfectly fine to combine parametrization and scoping:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     @pytest.fixture(scope="session", params=["mysql", "pg"])
     def db(request):
@@ -128,7 +138,9 @@ No ``pytest_funcarg__`` prefix when using @fixture decorator
 
 When using the ``@fixture`` decorator the name of the function
 denotes the name under which the resource can be accessed as a function
-argument::
+argument:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     @pytest.fixture()
     def db(request):
@@ -137,7 +149,9 @@ argument::
 The name under which the funcarg resource can be requested is ``db``.
 
 You can still use the "old" non-decorator way of specifying funcarg factories
-aka::
+aka:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def pytest_funcarg__db(request):
         ...

doc/en/getting-started.rst

@@ -35,12 +35,15 @@ Install ``pytest``
 Create your first test
 ----------------------------------------------------------
 
-Create a simple test function with just four lines of code::
+Create a simple test function with just four lines of code:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_sample.py
     def func(x):
         return x + 1
 
+
     def test_answer():
         assert func(3) == 5
 
@@ -83,13 +86,18 @@ Run multiple tests
 Assert that a certain exception is raised
 --------------------------------------------------------------
 
-Use the :ref:`raises <assertraises>` helper to assert that some code raises an exception::
+Use the :ref:`raises <assertraises>` helper to assert that some code raises an exception:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_sysexit.py
     import pytest
+
+
     def f():
         raise SystemExit(1)
 
+
     def test_mytest():
         with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
             f()
@@ -105,17 +113,19 @@ Execute the test function with “quiet” reporting mode:
 Group multiple tests in a class
 --------------------------------------------------------------
 
-Once you develop multiple tests, you may want to group them into a class. pytest makes it easy to create a class containing more than one test::
+Once you develop multiple tests, you may want to group them into a class. pytest makes it easy to create a class containing more than one test:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_class.py
-    class TestClass(object):
+    class TestClass:
         def test_one(self):
             x = "this"
-            assert 'h' in x
+            assert "h" in x
 
         def test_two(self):
             x = "hello"
-            assert hasattr(x, 'check')
+            assert hasattr(x, "check")
 
 ``pytest`` discovers all tests following its :ref:`Conventions for Python test discovery <test discovery>`, so it finds both ``test_`` prefixed functions. There is no need to subclass anything. We can simply run the module by passing its filename:
 
@@ -142,7 +152,9 @@ The first test passed and the second failed. You can easily see the intermediate
 Request a unique temporary directory for functional tests
 --------------------------------------------------------------
 
-``pytest`` provides `Builtin fixtures/function arguments <https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/builtin.html>`_ to request arbitrary resources, like a unique temporary directory::
+``pytest`` provides `Builtin fixtures/function arguments <https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/builtin.html>`_ to request arbitrary resources, like a unique temporary directory:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_tmpdir.py
     def test_needsfiles(tmpdir):

doc/en/goodpractices.rst

@@ -12,13 +12,17 @@ pip_ for installing your application and any dependencies,
 as well as the ``pytest`` package itself.
 This ensures your code and dependencies are isolated from your system Python installation.
 
-Next, place a ``setup.py`` file in the root of your package with the following minimum content::
+Next, place a ``setup.py`` file in the root of your package with the following minimum content:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from setuptools import setup, find_packages
 
     setup(name="PACKAGENAME", packages=find_packages())
 
-Where ``PACKAGENAME`` is the name of your package. You can then install your package in "editable" mode by running from the same directory::
+Where ``PACKAGENAME`` is the name of your package. You can then install your package in "editable" mode by running from the same directory:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
      pip install -e .
 
@@ -60,7 +64,9 @@ Tests outside application code
 
 Putting tests into an extra directory outside your actual application code
 might be useful if you have many functional tests or for other reasons want
-to keep tests separate from actual application code (often a good idea)::
+to keep tests separate from actual application code (often a good idea):
+
+.. code-block:: text
 
     setup.py
     mypkg/
@@ -92,7 +98,9 @@ be imported as ``test_app`` and ``test_view`` top-level modules by adding ``test
 ``sys.path``.
 
 If you need to have test modules with the same name, you might add ``__init__.py`` files to your
-``tests`` folder and subfolders, changing them to packages::
+``tests`` folder and subfolders, changing them to packages:
+
+.. code-block:: text
 
     setup.py
     mypkg/
@@ -114,7 +122,9 @@ This is problematic if you are using a tool like `tox`_ to test your package in
 because you want to test the *installed* version of your package, not the local code from the repository.
 
 In this situation, it is **strongly** suggested to use a ``src`` layout where application root package resides in a
-sub-directory of your root::
+sub-directory of your root:
+
+.. code-block:: text
 
     setup.py
     src/
@@ -140,7 +150,9 @@ Tests as part of application code
 
 Inlining test directories into your application package
 is useful if you have direct relation between tests and application modules and
-want to distribute them along with your application::
+want to distribute them along with your application:
+
+.. code-block:: text
 
     setup.py
     mypkg/
@@ -153,7 +165,9 @@ want to distribute them along with your application::
             test_view.py
             ...
 
-In this scheme, it is easy to run your tests using the ``--pyargs`` option::
+In this scheme, it is easy to run your tests using the ``--pyargs`` option:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
     pytest --pyargs mypkg
 

doc/en/logging.rst

@@ -70,7 +70,9 @@ caplog fixture
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 Inside tests it is possible to change the log level for the captured log
-messages.  This is supported by the ``caplog`` fixture::
+messages.  This is supported by the ``caplog`` fixture:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def test_foo(caplog):
         caplog.set_level(logging.INFO)
@@ -78,59 +80,69 @@ messages.  This is supported by the ``caplog`` fixture::
 
 By default the level is set on the root logger,
 however as a convenience it is also possible to set the log level of any
-logger::
+logger:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def test_foo(caplog):
-        caplog.set_level(logging.CRITICAL, logger='root.baz')
+        caplog.set_level(logging.CRITICAL, logger="root.baz")
         pass
 
 The log levels set are restored automatically at the end of the test.
 
 It is also possible to use a context manager to temporarily change the log
-level inside a ``with`` block::
+level inside a ``with`` block:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def test_bar(caplog):
         with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO):
             pass
 
 Again, by default the level of the root logger is affected but the level of any
-logger can be changed instead with::
+logger can be changed instead with:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def test_bar(caplog):
-        with caplog.at_level(logging.CRITICAL, logger='root.baz'):
+        with caplog.at_level(logging.CRITICAL, logger="root.baz"):
             pass
 
 Lastly all the logs sent to the logger during the test run are made available on
 the fixture in the form of both the ``logging.LogRecord`` instances and the final log text.
-This is useful for when you want to assert on the contents of a message::
+This is useful for when you want to assert on the contents of a message:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def test_baz(caplog):
         func_under_test()
         for record in caplog.records:
-            assert record.levelname != 'CRITICAL'
+            assert record.levelname != "CRITICAL"
-        assert 'wally' not in caplog.text
+        assert "wally" not in caplog.text
 
 For all the available attributes of the log records see the
 ``logging.LogRecord`` class.
 
 You can also resort to ``record_tuples`` if all you want to do is to ensure,
 that certain messages have been logged under a given logger name with a given
-severity and message::
+severity and message:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def test_foo(caplog):
-        logging.getLogger().info('boo %s', 'arg')
+        logging.getLogger().info("boo %s", "arg")
 
-        assert caplog.record_tuples == [
+        assert caplog.record_tuples == [("root", logging.INFO, "boo arg")]
-            ('root', logging.INFO, 'boo arg'),
-        ]
 
-You can call ``caplog.clear()`` to reset the captured log records in a test::
+You can call ``caplog.clear()`` to reset the captured log records in a test:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def test_something_with_clearing_records(caplog):
         some_method_that_creates_log_records()
         caplog.clear()
         your_test_method()
-        assert ['Foo'] == [rec.message for rec in caplog.records]
+        assert ["Foo"] == [rec.message for rec in caplog.records]
 
 
 The ``caplog.records`` attribute contains records from the current stage only, so

doc/en/monkeypatch.rst

@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ to do this using the ``setenv`` and ``delenv`` method. Our example code to test:
         username = os.getenv("USER")
 
         if username is None:
-            raise EnvironmentError("USER environment is not set.")
+            raise OSError("USER environment is not set.")
 
         return username.lower()
 
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ both paths can be safely tested without impacting the running environment:
         """Remove the USER env var and assert EnvironmentError is raised."""
         monkeypatch.delenv("USER", raising=False)
 
-        with pytest.raises(EnvironmentError):
+        with pytest.raises(OSError):
             _ = get_os_user_lower()
 
 This behavior can be moved into ``fixture`` structures and shared across tests:
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ This behavior can be moved into ``fixture`` structures and shared across tests:
 
 
     def test_raise_exception(mock_env_missing):
-        with pytest.raises(EnvironmentError):
+        with pytest.raises(OSError):
             _ = get_os_user_lower()
 
 

doc/en/plugins.rst

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ Installing and Using plugins
 This section talks about installing and using third party plugins.
 For writing your own plugins, please refer to :ref:`writing-plugins`.
 
-Installing a third party plugin can be easily done with ``pip``::
+Installing a third party plugin can be easily done with ``pip``:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
     pip install pytest-NAME
     pip uninstall pytest-NAME
@@ -95,7 +97,9 @@ Finding out which plugins are active
 ------------------------------------
 
 If you want to find out which plugins are active in your
-environment you can type::
+environment you can type:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
     pytest --trace-config
 
@@ -108,7 +112,9 @@ and their names. It will also print local plugins aka
 Deactivating / unregistering a plugin by name
 ---------------------------------------------
 
-You can prevent plugins from loading or unregister them::
+You can prevent plugins from loading or unregister them:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
     pytest -p no:NAME
 

doc/en/pythonpath.rst

@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ Consider this file and directory layout::
              |- test_foo.py
 
 
-When executing::
+When executing:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
     pytest root/
 
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ Consider this file and directory layout::
              |- test_foo.py
 
 
-When executing::
+When executing:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
     pytest root/
 

doc/en/reference.rst

@@ -469,9 +469,11 @@ testdir
 This fixture provides a :class:`Testdir` instance useful for black-box testing of test files, making it ideal to
 test plugins.
 
-To use it, include in your top-most ``conftest.py`` file::
+To use it, include in your top-most ``conftest.py`` file:
 
-    pytest_plugins = 'pytester'
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    pytest_plugins = "pytester"
 
 
 
@@ -1001,6 +1003,8 @@ passed multiple times. The expected format is ``name=value``. For example::
 
    issuing ``pytest test_hello.py`` actually means::
 
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
         pytest --maxfail=2 -rf test_hello.py
 
    Default is to add no options.

doc/en/skipping.rst

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ You can use the ``skipif`` marker (as any other marker) on classes:
 .. code-block:: python
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="does not run on windows")
-    class TestPosixCalls(object):
+    class TestPosixCalls:
         def test_function(self):
             "will not be setup or run under 'win32' platform"
 
@@ -180,13 +180,17 @@ Skipping on a missing import dependency
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 You can use the following helper at module level
-or within a test or test setup function::
+or within a test or test setup function:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     docutils = pytest.importorskip("docutils")
 
 If ``docutils`` cannot be imported here, this will lead to a
 skip outcome of the test.  You can also skip based on the
-version number of a library::
+version number of a library:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     docutils = pytest.importorskip("docutils", minversion="0.3")
 
@@ -223,7 +227,9 @@ XFail: mark test functions as expected to fail
 ----------------------------------------------
 
 You can use the ``xfail`` marker to indicate that you
-expect a test to fail::
+expect a test to fail:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     @pytest.mark.xfail
     def test_function():

doc/en/tmpdir.rst

@@ -90,10 +90,14 @@ provide a temporary directory unique to the test invocation,
 created in the `base temporary directory`_.
 
 ``tmpdir`` is a `py.path.local`_ object which offers ``os.path`` methods
-and more.  Here is an example test usage::
+and more.  Here is an example test usage:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_tmpdir.py
     import os
+
+
     def test_create_file(tmpdir):
         p = tmpdir.mkdir("sub").join("hello.txt")
         p.write("content")

doc/en/unittest.rst

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ It's meant for leveraging existing ``unittest``-based test suites
 to use pytest as a test runner and also allow to incrementally adapt
 the test suite to take full advantage of pytest's features.
 
-To run an existing ``unittest``-style test suite using ``pytest``, type::
+To run an existing ``unittest``-style test suite using ``pytest``, type:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
 
     pytest tests
 
@@ -78,7 +80,9 @@ Running your unittest with ``pytest`` allows you to use its
 tests.  Assuming you have at least skimmed the pytest fixture features,
 let's jump-start into an example that integrates a pytest ``db_class``
 fixture, setting up a class-cached database object, and then reference
-it from a unittest-style test::
+it from a unittest-style test:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of conftest.py
 
@@ -87,10 +91,12 @@ it from a unittest-style test::
 
     import pytest
 
+
     @pytest.fixture(scope="class")
     def db_class(request):
-        class DummyDB(object):
+        class DummyDB:
             pass
+
         # set a class attribute on the invoking test context
         request.cls.db = DummyDB()
 
@@ -103,21 +109,24 @@ as the ``cls`` attribute, denoting the class from which the fixture
 is used.  This architecture de-couples fixture writing from actual test
 code and allows re-use of the fixture by a minimal reference, the fixture
 name.  So let's write an actual ``unittest.TestCase`` class using our
-fixture definition::
+fixture definition:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_unittest_db.py
 
     import unittest
     import pytest
 
+
     @pytest.mark.usefixtures("db_class")
     class MyTest(unittest.TestCase):
         def test_method1(self):
             assert hasattr(self, "db")
-            assert 0, self.db   # fail for demo purposes
+            assert 0, self.db  # fail for demo purposes
 
         def test_method2(self):
-            assert 0, self.db   # fail for demo purposes
+            assert 0, self.db  # fail for demo purposes
 
 The ``@pytest.mark.usefixtures("db_class")`` class-decorator makes sure that
 the pytest fixture function ``db_class`` is called once per class.
@@ -179,17 +188,19 @@ Let's look at an ``initdir`` fixture which makes all test methods of a
 ``TestCase`` class execute in a temporary directory with a
 pre-initialized ``samplefile.ini``.  Our ``initdir`` fixture itself uses
 the pytest builtin :ref:`tmpdir <tmpdir>` fixture to delegate the
-creation of a per-test temporary directory::
+creation of a per-test temporary directory:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of test_unittest_cleandir.py
     import pytest
     import unittest
 
-    class MyTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    class MyTest(unittest.TestCase):
         @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
         def initdir(self, tmpdir):
-            tmpdir.chdir() # change to pytest-provided temporary directory
+            tmpdir.chdir()  # change to pytest-provided temporary directory
             tmpdir.join("samplefile.ini").write("# testdata")
 
         def test_method(self):

doc/en/usage.rst

@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ to all tests.
         record_testsuite_property("STORAGE_TYPE", "CEPH")
 
 
-    class TestMe(object):
+    class TestMe:
         def test_foo(self):
             assert True
 
@@ -754,24 +754,33 @@ Calling pytest from Python code
 
 
 
-You can invoke ``pytest`` from Python code directly::
+You can invoke ``pytest`` from Python code directly:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     pytest.main()
 
 this acts as if you would call "pytest" from the command line.
 It will not raise ``SystemExit`` but return the exitcode instead.
-You can pass in options and arguments::
+You can pass in options and arguments:
 
-    pytest.main(['-x', 'mytestdir'])
+.. code-block:: python
 
-You can specify additional plugins to ``pytest.main``::
+    pytest.main(["-x", "mytestdir"])
+
+You can specify additional plugins to ``pytest.main``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     # content of myinvoke.py
     import pytest
-    class MyPlugin(object):
+
+
+    class MyPlugin:
         def pytest_sessionfinish(self):
             print("*** test run reporting finishing")
 
+
     pytest.main(["-qq"], plugins=[MyPlugin()])
 
 Running it will show that ``MyPlugin`` was added and its

doc/en/warnings.rst

@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ This will ignore all warnings of type ``DeprecationWarning`` where the start of
 the regular expression ``".*U.*mode is deprecated"``.
 
 .. note::
+
     If warnings are configured at the interpreter level, using
     the `PYTHONWARNINGS <https://docs.python.org/3/using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONWARNINGS>`_ environment variable or the
     ``-W`` command-line option, pytest will not configure any filters by default.
@@ -277,7 +278,9 @@ argument ``match`` to assert that the exception matches a text or regex::
       ...
     Failed: DID NOT WARN. No warnings of type ...UserWarning... was emitted...
 
-You can also call ``pytest.warns`` on a function or code string::
+You can also call ``pytest.warns`` on a function or code string:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     pytest.warns(expected_warning, func, *args, **kwargs)
     pytest.warns(expected_warning, "func(*args, **kwargs)")
@@ -411,7 +414,7 @@ These warnings might be filtered using the same builtin mechanisms used to filte
 Please read our :ref:`backwards-compatibility` to learn how we proceed about deprecating and eventually removing
 features.
 
-The following warning types ares used by pytest and are part of the public API:
+The following warning types are used by pytest and are part of the public API:
 
 .. autoclass:: pytest.PytestWarning
 

doc/en/writing_plugins.rst

@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ declaring the hook functions directly in your plugin module, for example:
     # contents of myplugin.py
 
 
-    class DeferPlugin(object):
+    class DeferPlugin:
         """Simple plugin to defer pytest-xdist hook functions."""
 
         def pytest_testnodedown(self, node, error):

doc/en/xunit_setup.rst

@@ -27,11 +27,14 @@ Module level setup/teardown
 
 If you have multiple test functions and test classes in a single
 module you can optionally implement the following fixture methods
-which will usually be called once for all the functions::
+which will usually be called once for all the functions:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def setup_module(module):
         """ setup any state specific to the execution of the given module."""
 
+
     def teardown_module(module):
         """ teardown any state that was previously setup with a setup_module
         method.
@@ -43,7 +46,9 @@ Class level setup/teardown
 ----------------------------------
 
 Similarly, the following methods are called at class level before
-and after all test methods of the class are called::
+and after all test methods of the class are called:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(cls):
@@ -51,6 +56,7 @@ and after all test methods of the class are called::
         usually contains tests).
         """
 
+
     @classmethod
     def teardown_class(cls):
         """ teardown any state that was previously setup with a call to
@@ -60,13 +66,16 @@ and after all test methods of the class are called::
 Method and function level setup/teardown
 -----------------------------------------------
 
-Similarly, the following methods are called around each method invocation::
+Similarly, the following methods are called around each method invocation:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def setup_method(self, method):
         """ setup any state tied to the execution of the given method in a
         class.  setup_method is invoked for every test method of a class.
         """
 
+
     def teardown_method(self, method):
         """ teardown any state that was previously setup with a setup_method
         call.
@@ -75,13 +84,16 @@ Similarly, the following methods are called around each method invocation::
 As of pytest-3.0, the ``method`` parameter is optional.
 
 If you would rather define test functions directly at module level
-you can also use the following functions to implement fixtures::
+you can also use the following functions to implement fixtures:
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def setup_function(function):
         """ setup any state tied to the execution of the given function.
         Invoked for every test function in the module.
         """
 
+
     def teardown_function(function):
         """ teardown any state that was previously setup with a setup_function
         call.