python: fix instance handling in static and class method tests

and also fixes a regression in pytest 8.0.0 where `setup_method` crashes
if the class has static or class method tests.

It is allowed to have a test class with static/class methods which
request non-static/class method fixtures (including `setup_method`
xunit-fixture). I take it as a given that we need to support this
somewhat odd scenario (stdlib unittest also supports it).

This raises a question -- when a staticmethod test requests a bound
fixture, what is that fixture's `self`?

stdlib unittest says - a fresh instance for the test.

Previously, pytest said - some instance that is shared by all
static/class methods. This is definitely broken since it breaks test
isolation.

Change pytest to behave like stdlib unittest here.

In practice, this means stopping to rely on `self.obj.__self__` to get
to the instance from the test function's binding. This doesn't work
because staticmethods are not bound to anything.

Instead, keep the instance explicitly and use that.

BTW, I think this will allow us to change `Class`'s fixture collection
(`parsefactories`) to happen on the class itself instead of a class
instance, allowing us to avoid one class instantiation. But needs more
work.

Fixes #12065.

testing/python/fixtures.py

@@ -4577,3 +4577,48 @@ def test_deduplicate_names() -> None:
     assert items == ("a", "b", "c", "d")
     items = deduplicate_names((*items, "g", "f", "g", "e", "b"))
     assert items == ("a", "b", "c", "d", "g", "f", "e")
+
+
+def test_staticmethod_classmethod_fixture_instance(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
+    """Ensure that static and class methods get and have access to a fresh
+    instance.
+
+    This also ensures `setup_method` works well with static and class methods.
+
+    Regression test for #12065.
+    """
+    pytester.makepyfile(
+        """
+        import pytest
+
+        class Test:
+            ran_setup_method = False
+            ran_fixture = False
+
+            def setup_method(self):
+                assert not self.ran_setup_method
+                self.ran_setup_method = True
+
+            @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+            def fixture(self):
+                assert not self.ran_fixture
+                self.ran_fixture = True
+
+            def test_method(self):
+                assert self.ran_setup_method
+                assert self.ran_fixture
+
+            @staticmethod
+            def test_1(request):
+                assert request.instance.ran_setup_method
+                assert request.instance.ran_fixture
+
+            @classmethod
+            def test_2(cls, request):
+                assert request.instance.ran_setup_method
+                assert request.instance.ran_fixture
+        """
+    )
+    result = pytester.runpytest()
+    assert result.ret == ExitCode.OK
+    result.assert_outcomes(passed=3)

testing/python/integration.py

@@ -410,22 +410,37 @@ def test_function_instance(pytester: Pytester) -> None:
     items = pytester.getitems(
         """
         def test_func(): pass
+
         class TestIt:
             def test_method(self): pass
+
             @classmethod
             def test_class(cls): pass
+
             @staticmethod
             def test_static(): pass
         """
     )
     assert len(items) == 4
+
     assert isinstance(items[0], Function)
     assert items[0].name == "test_func"
     assert items[0].instance is None
+
     assert isinstance(items[1], Function)
     assert items[1].name == "test_method"
     assert items[1].instance is not None
     assert items[1].instance.__class__.__name__ == "TestIt"
+
+    # Even class and static methods get an instance!
+    # This is the instance used for bound fixture methods, which
+    # class/staticmethod tests are perfectly able to request.
+    assert isinstance(items[2], Function)
+    assert items[2].name == "test_class"
+    assert items[2].instance is not None
+
     assert isinstance(items[3], Function)
     assert items[3].name == "test_static"
-    assert items[3].instance is None
+    assert items[3].instance is not None
+
+    assert items[1].instance is not items[2].instance is not items[3].instance